Implications of sexual reproduction of Tithonia diversifolia for implementing intensive silvopastoral systems
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Conventional cattle breeding, from pasture to free-range, is one of the primary contributors to global environmental problems, including deforestation, climate change, and biodiversity loss, thereby representing an unsustainable production form. As a response, intensive silvopastoral systems combining purposely cattle and different plant strata (pastures, grasses, shrubs, palms and/or trees) have increased in Latin America. These systems increase forage supply and soil quality, promote greater diversity in organisms, and enhance animal welfare, which involves a sustainable agricultural practice. The use of Tithonia diversifolia as forage shrub represents a source rich in proteins and phosphorus for cattle. Its use raises incomes, due to higher productivity. The spread of T. diversifolia has been conducted primarily in a vegetative form, which translates into higher implementation costs, genetic variability reduction, and plants of feebler and more superficial roots. Seed sowing could optimize its use in intensive silvopastoral systems, being crucial to identify this species reproductive condition. Likewise, getting to know fruit heteromorphism variability (two forms in the individual) at population level may provide standards for the correct planning of seed collections. This study compiles outcomes on sexual reproduction and fruit heteromorphism in T. diversifolia, permitting to gain knowledge on the plant and its effect on the implementation of intensive silvopastoral systems.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Those authors that have publications with this journal accept the following terms:
1. They will retain their copyright and guarantee the journal the right of first publication of their work, which will be simultaneously subject to the License Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) that allows third parties to share the work whenever its author is indicated and its first publication this journal. Under this license the author will be free of:
- Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
- Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material
- The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
- Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
- NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.
- No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
2. The authors may adopt other non-exclusive license agreements to distribute the published version of the work (e.g., deposit it in an institutional telematics file or publish it in a monographic volume) whenever the initial publication is indicated in this journal.
3. The authors are allowed and recommended disseminating their work through the Internet (e.g. in institutional telematics archives or on their website) before and during the submission process, which can produce interesting exchanges and increase the citations of the published work. (See the Effect of open access).
References
Achard, F., Beuchle, R., Mayaux, P., Stibig, H-J., Bodart, C., Brink, A., Donnay, F., Lupi, A., Carboni, S., Desclee, B., Donnay, F., Eva, H.D., Lupi, A., Rasi, R., Seliher, R. & Simonetti, D. 2014. "Determination of tropical deforestation rates and related carbon losses from 1990 to 2010". Global Change Biology, 20(8): 2540-2554, ISSN: 1365-2486. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12605.
AGAL 2008. Livestock Policy Briefs 03: Cattle ranching and deforestation. FAO-ONU. Rome Available: http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/resources/en/pubs_sap.html
Agboola, D.A., Idowu, W.F., Kadiri, M. 2006."Seed germination and seedling growth of the Mexican sunflower Tithonia diversifolia (Compositae) in Nigeria, Africa". Revista de Biología Tropical, 54(2): 395-402, ISSN: 0034-7744.
Alexandratos, N. & Bruinsma, J. 2012. World Agriculture towards 2030/2050: The 2012 Revision. Paper No. 12-03, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome.
Bacab, H.M., Madera, N.B., Solorio, F.J., Vera, F. & Marrufo, D.F. 2013. "Los sistemas silvopastoriles intensivos con Leucaena leucocephala: una opción para la ganadería tropical". Avances en Investigación Agropecuaria, 17(3): 67-81, ISSN: 0188-7890.
Baccini, A., Goetz, S. J., Walker, W.S., Laporte, N.T., Sun, M., Sulla-Menashe, D., Hackler, J., Beck, P.S.A., Dubayah, R., Friedl, M. A., Samanta, S. & Houghton, R.A. 2012."Estimated carbon dioxide emissions from tropical deforestation improved by carbon-density maps". Nature Climate Change, 2: 182-185, ISSN: 1758-6798. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1354.
Barrett, S.C.H. 2014. Evolution of mating systems: outcrossing versus selfing. In: The Princeton Guide to Evolution (Ed. J. Losos) Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, pp. 356-362.
Becerra, J.X. & Lloyd, D.G. 1992. "Competition-dependent abscission of self-pollinated flowers of Phormium tenax (Agavaceae): a second action of self-incompatibility at the whole flower level?". Evolution, 46(2): 458-469, ISSN: 1558-5646. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1992.tb02051.x
Blake, S.F. 1921. "Revision of the genus Tithonia". Contributions from the United States National Herbarium, 20(10): 423-436, ISSN: 0097-1618.
Calle, Z. & Murgueitio, E. 2008. "El botón de oro: arbusto de gran utilidad para sistemas ganaderos de tierra caliente y de montaña. Bogotá, Colombia". Revista Carta Fedegán, 108: 54-63, ISSN: 0123-2312.
Calle, Z., Murgueitio, E. & Chará J. 2012. "Integrating forestry, sustainable cattle ranching and landscape restoration". Unasylva, 63(239): 31-40, ISSN: 0041-6436.
Crenna, E., Sinkko, T. & Sala, S. 2019. "Biodiversity impacts due to food consumption in Europe". Journal of Cleaner Production, 227: 378-391, ISSN: 1879-1786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.054.
Chará, J., Reyes, E., Peri, P., Otte, J., Arce, E. & Schneider, F. 2019.Silvopastoral Systems and their Contribution to Improved Resource Use and Sustainable Development Goals: Evidence from Latin America. FAO, CIPAV and Agri Benchmark, Cali, 60 pp.
Cheptou, P.O., Imbert, E., Lepart, J. & Escarre, J. 2000. "Effects of competition on lifetime estimates of inbreeding depression in the outcrossing plant Crepis sancta (Asteraceae)". Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 13(3): 522-531, ISSN: 1010-061X. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1420-9101.2000.00175.x.
European Commission- Joint Research Center (EC-JRC). 2022. Consumption footprint platform. Available: https://epl-ca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ConsumptionFootprintPlatform.html
Engler, J.O.& von Wehrden, H. 2018. "Global assessment of the non-equilibrium theory of rangelands: Revisited and refined". Land Use Policy, 70(6): 479-484, ISSN: 1873-5754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.11.026.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2020. https://www.fao.org/faostat/
FRA. 2020. Available in: https://www.fao.org/forest-resources-assessment/remote-sensing/fra-2020-remote-sensing-survey/en/
Gibbs, H.K., Ruesch, A.S., Achard, F., Clayton, M.K., Holmgren, P., Ramankutty, N. & Foley, J.A. 2010. "Tropical forests were the primary sources of new agricultural land in the 1980s and 1990s". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(38): 16732-16737, ISSN: 1091-6490. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0910275107.
Goldman, E., Weisse, M.J., Harris, N. & Schneider, M. 2020. Estimating the Role of Seven Commodities in Agriculture-Linked Deforestation: Oil Palm, Soy, Cattle, Wood Fiber, Cocoa, Coffee, and Rubber. Technical Note. Washington, DC: World Resources Institute. Available: wri.org/publication/estimating-the-role-of-seven-commodities-in-agriculture-linked-deforestation
González, R., Sánchez, M.S., Chirinda, N., Arango, J., Bolívar, D.M., Escobar, D., Tapasco, J. & Barahona, R. 2015. "Limitaciones para la implementación de acciones de mitigación de emisiones de gases de efecto de invernadero (GEI) en sistemas ganaderos en Latinoamérica". Livestock Research for Rural Development, 27(12), Article #249, ISSN: 2521-9952. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd27/12/gonz27249.html.
González, J.M. 2013. "Costos y beneficios de un sistema silvopastoril intensivo (SSPI), con base en Leucaena leucocephala. Estudio de caso en el municipio de Tepalcatepec, Michoacán, México". Avances en Investigación Agropecuaria, 17(3): 35-50, ISSN: 0188-7890.
Grether, R., Martínez-Bernal, A., Luckow, M., Zárate, S. 2006. Mimosaceae. Tribu Mimoseae. En: Dávila A, Villaseñor R, Medina L. Téllez V. (eds.). Flora del Valle de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán. Fascículo 44. Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. México, D.F
Herrero, M., Henderson, B., Havlík, P., Thornton, P.K., Conant, R.T., Smith, P., Wirsenius, S., Hristov, A. N., Gerber, P., Gill, M., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Valin, H., Garnett, T. & Stehfest, E. 2016. "Greenhouse gas mitigation potentials in the livestock sector". Nature Climate Change, 6(5): 452-461, ISSN: 1758-6798. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2925.
Herrero, M., Grace, D., Njuki, J., Johnson, N., Enahoro, D., Silvestri, S. & Rufino, M.C. 2013. "The roles of livestock in developing countries". Animal, 7: 3-18, ISSN: 1751-732X. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731112001954.
Jarne, P. & Charlesworth, D. 1993. "The evolution of the selfing rate in functionally hermaphrodite plants and animals". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 24: 441-466, ISSN: 0066-4162. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.24.110193.002301.
Lewis, S.L., Edwards, D.P. & Galbraith, D. 2015. "Increasing human dominance of tropical forests". Science, 349(6250): 827-832, ISSN: 1095-9203. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa9932.
Linhart, Y.B. & Grant, M.C. 1996. "Evolutionary significance of local genetic differentiation in plants". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 27: 237-277, ISSN: 0066-4162.
López-Santiago, J.G., Casanova-Lugo, F., Villanueva-López, G., Díaz Echeverría, V.F., Solorio-Sánchez, J., Martínez-Zurimendi, P., Aryal, D.R. & Chay-Canul, A.J. 2019. "Carbon storage in a silvopastoral system compared to that in a deciduous dry forest in Michoacán, Mexico". Agroforestry Systems, 93(1): 13, ISSN: 1572-9680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-018-0259-x.
Lloyd, D.G & Webb, C. J. 1992. The evolution of heterostyly. In: S. C. H. Barrett (Ed.). Evolution and function of heterostyly (pp. 151-178). Heidelberg, Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Mauricio, R.M., Calsavara, L.H.F., Ribeiro, R., Pereira, L.G.R., Freitas, D.S., Paciullo, D.S., Barahona, R., Rivera, J.E., Chará, J. & Murgueitio, E. 2017. "Feed ruminants using Tithonia diversifolia as forage". Journal of Dairy, Veterinary & Animal Research, 5(3): 117-120, ISSN: 2377-4312. https://doi.org/10.15406/jdvar.2017.05.00146.
Mahecha, L., Escobar, J.P., Suárez., J.F. & Restrepo, L.F. 2007. "Tithonia diversifolia (Helmsl.) Gray (botón de oro) como suplemento forrajero de vacas F1 (Holstein por Cebú)". Livestock Research for Rural Development, 19(2), Article #16, ISSN: 2521-9952. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd19/2/mahe19016.htm
Mitchell, J., Johnston, I.G. & Bassel, GW. 2017. "Variability in seeds: Biological, ecological, and agricultural implications". Journal of Experimental Botany, 68(4): 809-817, ISSN: 1460-2431. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erw397.
Murgueitio, E., Uribe, F., Molina, C., Molina, E., Galindo, W., Chará, J., Flores, M., Giraldo, C., Cuartas, C., Naranjo, J., Solarte, L. & González, J. 2016. Establecimiento y manejo de sistemas silvopastoriles intensivos con leucaena. Murgueitio E, Galindo W, Chará J, Uribe F (eds) Editorial CIPAV. Cali, Colombia. 220p.
Murgueitio, E., Chará, J., Barahona, R. & Rivera, J.E. 2019. "Development of sustainable cattle rearing in silvopastoral systems in Latin America". Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 53(1): 65-71, ISSN: 2079-3480.
Nason, J.D. & Ellstrand, N.D. 1995. "Lifetime estimates of biparental inbreeding depression in the self-incompatible annual plant Raphanus sativus". Evolution, 49(2): 307-316, ISSN:1558-5646. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1558-5646.1995.tb02243.x.
Picó, X. & Koubek, T. 2003. "Inbreeding effects on fitness traits in the heterocarpic herb Leontodon autumnalis L. (Asteraceae) ". Acta Oecologica, 24(5-6): 289-294, ISSN: 1873-6238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2003.09.005.
Team, R. 2018. A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
Rivera, J.E., Arenas, F.A., Cuartas, C., Hurtado, E., Naranjo, J.F., Murgueitio, E., Tafur, O., Zambrano, F. & Gacharná, N. 2011. "Producción y calidad de leche bovina en un sistema de pastoreo en monocultivo y un sistema silvopastoril intensivo (SSPi) compuesto de Tithonia diversifolia bajo ramoneo directo, Brachiaria spp; árboles maderables en el piedemonte amazónico". Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias, 24: 524, ISSN: 2256-2958.
Rodríguez, I., Padilla, C. & Ojeda, M. 2019. "Características de la germinación de la semilla gámica de Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) Gray y su comportamiento en condiciones de vivero". Livestock Research for Rural Development, 31(5), Article #69, ISSN: 2521-9952. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd31/5/idalma31069/html.
Romero González, R. 2018. Ganadería agroecológica en una zona de bosque de niebla in: Halffter G, Cruz M, Huerta C (Comps.) Ganadería sustentable en el Golfo de México. Instituto de Ecología, A.C., México, 432 pp.
Ruiz, T.E., Febles, G.J., Galindo, J.L., Savón, L.L., Chongo, B.B., Torres, V., Cino, D.M., Alonso, J., Martínez, Y., Gutiérrez, D., Crespo, G.J., Mora, L., Scull, I., La, O.O., González, J., Lok, S., González, N. & Zamora, A. 2014. "Tithonia diversifolia, its possibilities in cattle rearing systems". Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 48(1): 79-82, ISSN: 2079-3480.
Ruiz, T.E., Febles, G., Achan, G., Díaz, H. & González, J. 2018. "Capacidad germinativa de semilla gámica de materiales colectados de Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) Gray en la zona centro-occidental de Cuba". Livestock Research for Rural Development, 30(5), Article #81, ISSN: 2521-9952. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd30/5/ruiz30081.html.
Santos-Gally, R., Muñoz, M. & Franco, G. 2020. "Fruit heteromorphism and germination success in the perennial shrub Tithonia diversifolia (Asteraceae)". Flora, 271: 151686, ISSN: 1618-0585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2020.151686.
Simas, A.B. & Rocha, A.V. 2006. betareg: Beta Regression. R package version 1.2, URL http://CRAN.R-project.org/src/contrib/Archive/betareg/.
Valin, H., Sands, R.D., van der Mensbrugghe, D., Nelson, G.C., Ahammad, H., Blanc, E., Bodirsky, B., Fujimori, S., Hasegawa, T., Havlik, P., Heyhoe, E., Kyle, P., Mason-D'Croz, D., Paltsev, S., Rolinski, S., Tabeau, A., van Meijl, H., von Lampe, M. & Willenbockel, D. 2014. "The future of food demand: understanding differences in global economic models". Agricultural Economics, 45(1): 51-67, ISSN: 0169-5150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/agec.12089.
Wen, B. 2015. "Effects of high temperature and water stress on seed germination of the invasive species Mexican sunflower". PLoS ONE, 10: e0141567, ISSN: 1932-6203. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141567.
Zapata Cadavid, A. & Silva Tapasco, B.E. 2016. Sistemas silvopastoriles aspectos teóricos y prácticos. CARDER, COPAV. CIPAV ed., Cali, Colombia. 217 pp.