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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cjas</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Cuban J. Agric. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2079-3480</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Ediciones ICA</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00011</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ANIMAL SCIENCE</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Evaluation of the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of <italic>Mucuna pruriens</italic> (L) <italic>cv. utilis</italic> forage meal and their polyphenols extract in Sprague Dowley rats</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9516-7182</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Scull Rodríguez</surname>
						<given-names>Idania</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9880-0310</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Savón Valdés</surname>
						<given-names>Lourdes</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2181-4535</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Spengler Salabarria</surname>
						<given-names>Iraida</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2641-1815</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Herrera Villafranca</surname>
						<given-names>Magaly</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Dpto. Monogástrico, Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Apartado Postal 24, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto de Ciencia Animal</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Dpto. Monogástrico</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Ciencia Animal</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>San José de las Lajas</city>
					<state>Mayabeque</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CU">Cuba</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro de Estudios de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Química, Universidad de La Habana, Cuidad de La Habana, Cuba.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de La Habana</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro de Estudios de Productos Naturales</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Química</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de La Habana</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Cuidad de La Habana</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CU">Cuba</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Email: <email>idascull@ica.co.cu</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>01</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>54</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>243</fpage>
			<lpage>255</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>24</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>21</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>In order to evaluate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect of <italic>Mucuna pruriens</italic> (L) cv. utilis forage meal and their polyphenol extract, an intoxication model induced with carbon tetrachloride (CCl<sub>4</sub>) was used. A total of 60 Sprague Dowley rats from both sex of 7-8 weeks of age were used, distributed in three treatments, according to a completely random design. The treatments consisted in a control group with EAO-1004 diet, which contained the premixture with antioxidants, and two experimental groups, which was supplied the <italic>Mucuna pruriens</italic> forage meal and their polyphenol extract, in a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight respectively, in replacement of the control diet premixture. All groups received the diet of their treatments and water <italic>ad libitum</italic>. At the end of the experimental period (30d), the animals were slaughtered and biochemical blood indicators were studied, the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) enzymes were quantified. The activity of the catalase antioxidant enzyme and the antioxidant state of the animals were also determined. The increase of the catalase enzyme concentration in liver (10.42 UI/L) and blood serum (20.50 UI/L) showed that the meal and their extract change the redox state caused by the CCl<sub>4</sub>.The forage meal and their polyphenols extract showed its hepatoprotective effect against the damage action of the CCl<sub>4</sub>,evaluated by the alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. The results showed that it is possible to use, in diets for rats the forage meal and their polyphenols extract with antioxidants effects similar to those of the control diet, which used synthetic antioxidants, vitamins and minerals. It is suggested to developed similar studies in productive animals, that includes studies of doses optimization for different animal categories. </p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Key words:</title>
				<kwd><italic>oxidative stress</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>serum polyphenols</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>catalase</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>aspartate aminotransferase</italic></kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="10"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="41"/>
				<page-count count="13"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>The vegetables have biologically active substances which can exert beneficial effects on the physiology, productivity and health of animals, when acting as antioxidants, antimicrobial and antiparasitics (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Salazar <italic>et al</italic>. 2019</xref>). </p>
		<p>Scientifics evidences show that the use of some plants, such as legumes or some of their components protects the organism from the oxidative stress damages (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Rojas <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>).Tropical legumes, besides constituting an excellent nutrients source, they also supply secondary compounds with certain chemical structures, able to contribute new products with antioxidant activity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">García <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>).This is the case of <italic>Mucuna pruriens</italic>, a legume from the Fabaceae family, with potential to prevent damages derivate from the oxidative stress, an aspect a little known in Cuba until today (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Longhi <italic>et al</italic>. 2011</xref>).</p>
		<p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of <italic>Mucuna pruriens</italic> (L) cv. utilis forage meal and their polyphenols extract, with the use of rats as animal model.</p>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>Materials and Methods</title>
			<p><italic>Plant material collection.</italic> Plants from <italic>Mucuna pruriens</italic> (L) DC. cv. utilis (Wall. ex Wight) L. H. Bailey, sowing in June, in rainy season, in a brown soil with carbonate were used (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Hernández <italic>et al</italic>. 2019</xref>). An area from“Ayala” farm belonging to the Instituto de Ciencia Animal (ICA) was used. The seeds were obtained in the legumes seed bank from the Estación Experimental de Pastos y Forrajes “Miguel Sistach Naya” (ICA). Fertilization and irrigation was not used.</p>
			<p>The plants cut was manually carry out, with knife, at 80 d after sowing, at a height of 5cm over soil level, and when 100 % was flowered, according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Díaz <italic>et al</italic>. (2003)</xref>. The plot was totally cut during the morning, moment in which samples were selected, and 50cm of border effect was eliminated.</p>
			<p><italic>Meals elaboration.</italic> The plants (leaves, young stems and flowers) were cut and chopped. Later, were dried at room temperature, in a aired room. Humidity was reduced up 20%, which was monitoring with the dry matter (DM) determination in different moments of the drying process. Samples were milled at 1 mm particle size and stored in paper bags until their use.</p>
			<p><italic>Elaboration of polyphenols extract.</italic> To evaluate the effect of phenolic compounds on antioxidant activity <italic>in vivo</italic>, an extract from <italic>M. pruriens</italic> forage meal was elaborated in triplicate, according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Makkar (2003)</xref> methodology. A total of 100 g of meal were weighed and 1000 mL of hydroalcoholic solution (70 %) were added. The extraction was performed for 15 min with the use of a Bandelin Sonorlex Sonicator, serie 2000, made in Germany. The supernatant was separated and the extraction process was repeated three times to the solid waste. The resulting solution was filtered and rotovaporated (volume was reduce to 50%). The obtained extract was keep in amber bottles and refrigerated at 5-8 °C temperature until their use. </p>
			<p>The organoleptic characteristics of the hydroalcoholic extract, obtained from <italic>M. pruriens</italic> forage meal were intense green color, herbarium odor and insipid taste.</p>
			<p><italic>Area of research.</italic> The study was carry out in the Centro de Toxicología Experimental (CETEX) from the Centro Nacional para la Producción de Animales de Laboratorio (CENPALAB).</p>
			<p>The test was performed with the approving of the Comité Institucional para el Cuidado y Uso de los Animales de Laboratorio (CICUAL) from CENPALAB. The research was performed according to the Principles of Good Laboratory Practices (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">MINSAP 2004</xref>), the Operational Procedures of Work for Experimental Toxicology (POT) from <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">CETEX (2012)</xref>, and by the biosafety considerations expressed in the Biosafety Manual from the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">CETEX (2012)</xref>.</p>
			<p><italic>Environmental conditions.</italic> The environmental conditions were daily recorded by a RH 600(POT 05.01.06.067) meter of temperature and relative humidity. The mean temperature of the room was 23.3 ± 0.3 ºC, humidity 67.7 ± 0.9 % and the photoperiod 12:12 hours light/dark.</p>
			<p><italic>Animals and diets.</italic> A total of 60 Sprague Dawley young rats of both sex with weight between 125-150 g and average age between 7and 8 weeks were used. They were randomly housed in T3 autoclaveables TECNIPLAST boxes, translucent plastics, individuals, with bottom and stainless metal grid lid. </p>
			<p>A total of 20 animals (10/sex) were distributed per treatments. A control with EAO 1004 diet was established, which had the antioxidant premixture (buthylhydroxytoluene BHT, vitamins and minerals) (treatment 1), and other two experimental groups, to which was supplied <italic>M. pruriens</italic> forage meal (treatment 2) and their polyphenols extract (treatment 3) in replacement of the antioxidant premixture, present in the control diet, that represents 2%. To the experimental groups was supplied a unique dose of forage meal (300 mg/kg live weight) and their polyphenols extract. The diets were formulated in accordance with the nutritional requirements for this species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">NRC 1995</xref>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Chemical composition of the experimental diets</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Indicators (%)</th>
								<th align="center">Control diet EAO 1004</th>
								<th align="center"><bold>(<italic>M. pruriens</italic>) forage meal</bold></th>
								<th align="center">Polyphenols extract</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">DM</td>
								<td align="center">93.40</td>
								<td align="center">88.54</td>
								<td align="center">88.91</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">CP</td>
								<td align="center">26.23</td>
								<td align="center">26.61</td>
								<td align="center">27.90</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Ca</td>
								<td align="center">0.80</td>
								<td align="center">0.56</td>
								<td align="center">0.59</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">P</td>
								<td align="center">0.48</td>
								<td align="center">0.42</td>
								<td align="center">0.43</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p><italic>Diets ingredients</italic>. The diets were composed by wheat, barley, soybean, sunflower, fish meal, sugar, calcium carbonate and common salt. The premixture contained retinol, cholecalciferol, tocopherol, phylloquinone, thiamine, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, choline, pyridoxine, cobalamin, folic acid, nicotinic acid, ascorbic acid, antioxidant (BHT), magnesium, potassium, iodine, iron, copper, cobalt, manganese, zinc, selenium and molybdenum. </p>
			<p>The adaptation of the animals to the food was carry out when supplying a mixture 50:50 of the EAO 1004 diet and the corresponding diet to each experimental group during three days. Later, in a period of 7d, they intake the diet for each group, to finish the adaptation to the food. Water and food were offered <italic>ad libitum</italic>. </p>
			<p><italic>Experimental procedure.</italic> The experiment was developed during thirty days. Twenty hours before finished the experimental period, carbon tetrachloride (CCl<sub>4</sub>) at 10 % was given to the animals by intraperitoneal way (doses: 1 mL/kg live weight) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">POT 2010</xref>; 05.02.02.008), with the objective of inducing the oxidative stress in the organism. Later, the rats were slaughtered by the application of a lethal dose of diethyl ether. With 12h fasting, blood (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">POT 2010</xref>; 05.02.02.009) was extracted to the animals through the orbital sinus (five/sex). The blood was collected in 2 mL vial, where was coagulate. Later, was centrifugated at 12 000 r.p.m. in an Eppendorf centrifuge for 10min. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">POT 2010</xref>; 05.01.06.075) and the serum was separated. A part was use to perform biochemical determination and the other one was stored at -80ºC to perform other enzymatic determinations. Finally the incision of the abdominal cavity was carried out and the liver and the intestine were extracted for preparing the homogenates. </p>
			<p><italic>Preparation of the liver and intestine homogenates.</italic> A portion of the respective tissues with weight between 1.2 y 1.5 g approximately was cut. It was divided in small fragments and washed twice with 10 mL of sodium chloride solution (NaCl) 0. 9 % at 4°C. A total of 1g of tissue was weighed and it was added 10 mL of trichloroacetic acid solution (5 %) with disodic salt and ethylendiamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) 1x10<sup>-3</sup> M. It was homogenized for 6min. at 10000 rpm, at 4 °C temperature. Later, it was placed in refrigerated centrifuge for 15min, at 5000 rpm and 4 °C. When finished, the precipitate was throwing away and the supernatant was stored at 4°C until performing the conveniently enzymatic determinations.</p>
			<p><italic>Clinical observations.</italic> The clinical observations were daily performed in the morning during all the experimental period. The general state of animals (POT 05.02.02.002) was evaluated, as well as the changes in skin and coat, mucous membrane and eyes, respiratory and circulatory systems, central nervous system and autonomous, somatosense activity and behavior pattern. A particular attention was taking to the appearance of diarrhea, shaking, convulsions, lethargies, salivations, sleep, and/or possible deaths. </p>
			<p><italic>Catalase determination.</italic> The activity of this enzyme was determined according to the methodology described in the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">PNO/TEC/0314</xref>, from Centro de Estudios para las Investigaciones y Evaluaciones Biológicas (CEIEB) in Cuba. The method is based on measure the decomposition speed of hydrogen peroxide, catalyzed by the catalase enzyme, at a 240 nm wavelength. For these a spectrophotometer was used (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Boehringer 1987</xref>). The catalase activity was expressed in international units per liter (IU/L).</p>
			<p><italic>Total phenols in serum (TF).</italic> To determine the total polyphenols a reference solution of tannic acid (Sigma Aldrich) at 0.5 g/L concentration was used. The analysis was carrying out by using the Folin-Ciocalteau reagent, according to the methodology described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Makkar (2003)</xref>. </p>
			<p><italic>Indicators of the blood biochemical.</italic> A total of 10 animals per treatment (5per sex) were used. It was determined the total cholesterol (T- CHOL), triglycerides (TG), uric acid (UA), total proteins (TP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). An automatic analyzer Cobas Integra 400 PLUS (Roche Diagnostic Systems) (POT 05.01.06.081) was used for these determinations. </p>
			<p><italic>Statistical analysis.</italic> The theoretical assumptions of the analysis of variance for the ALT and AST variables for the errors normality were proven. The <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Shapiro-Wilk (1965)</xref> test and the variance homogeneity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Levene 1960</xref>) were used. Both variables fulfill with the assumptions that is why a completely random design in 3 x 2 factorial arrangements was used. The factors were the three treatments (control, forage meal and polyphenols extract), and the sex (females and males). The results were analyzed by the Infostat statistical package (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Di Rienzo <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>). For means comparison the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Duncan (1955)</xref> test for P&lt;0.05 was used.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>Results and Discussion</title>
			<p>During the experiment development there were not changes associated to treatments effects on the animal’s clinical events, whose behavior was normal for the species, except a male animal from treatment 3, which showed crackling noises and apparent increase of the respiratory frequency, between the 9 and 11 study days. The test end with 100% of survival. </p>
			<p>The determination of the antioxidant effect of the forage meal and their polyphenols extract was evaluated by the quantification of the enzymatic activity of the catalase in serum, liver and intestine. There were interaction of the factors treatment and sex for this enzyme (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table 2</xref>). </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Activity of the catalase antioxidant enzyme in serum, liver and intestine of Sprague Dawley rats, treated with <italic>M. pruriens</italic> forage meal and their polyphenols extract. </title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" rowspan="2">Catalase activity (UI/L)</th>
								<th align="center" rowspan="2">Sex</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="3">Treatment</th>
								<th align="center" rowspan="2">(±) SE Signif.</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">Control</th>
								<th align="center">Forage meal</th>
								<th align="center">Polyphenols extract</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="2">Serum</td>
								<td align="center">Male</td>
								<td align="center">15.08 <sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">16.42 <sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">20.50 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">0.11 P=0.0493</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Female</td>
								<td align="center">15.08 <sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">16.00 <sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">15.33 <sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="2">Liver </td>
								<td align="center">Male</td>
								<td align="center">12.17 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">10.42 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">6.67 <sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">0.76 P=0.0063</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Female</td>
								<td align="center">6.42 <sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">6.05 <sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">6.03 <sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="2">Intestine</td>
								<td align="center">Male</td>
								<td align="center">4.33 <sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">4.33 <sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">3.92 <sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">0.53 P=0.0166</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Female</td>
								<td align="center">8.00 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">5.08 <sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">4.77 <sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p><sup>a,b</sup> Different letters per rows show significant differences for P &lt; 0.05 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Duncan 1955</xref>)</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>The catalase serum activity showed high values (P &lt; 005) in the males from the treatment with the polyphenols extract. While, in the liver there was higher activity of the enzyme in the males from the treatment with forage meal, which was similar to the control. In the case of the intestine, the experimental treatments and the control of the males showed low calatase activity than those found in the females from the control group. </p>
			<p>The phenolic compounds that the polyphenols extract contributes are the main responsible for the increase of the activity of the catalase antioxidant enzyme in the blood serum. The literature reports that the polyphenols which form the different vegetables extracts and foods increased the endogenous antioxidants levels, as the enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gupta <italic>et al</italic>. 2006</xref>).</p>
			<p>To several flavonoids are known by their ability of inhibit the formation of free radicals, aspect related with the basic chemical structure of this compounds. The hydroxyl groups in the C<sub>5</sub> and C<sub>7</sub>, join by the double bond between the C<sub>2</sub> and C<sub>3,</sub> are essential for its high inhibit activity in the free radicals formation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Spanou <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Scull (2018)</xref> identified flavone glycosides in <italic>M. pruriens</italic> forage meal, compounds that corresponds with type of structure, that is why the inhibit activity observed in this study can attributed, in part, to the structural characteristics of these phenolic compounds. </p>
			<p>In the liver, the increase of the enzyme activity, in the control group as in the meal treatment, seems to answer to the effect of the high number of bioactive compounds of different chemical structure presents in the diet. Similar results to this study showed <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Batista <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref>, when evaluating the <italic>in vivo</italic> antioxidant activity of the Buriti fruit (<italic>Mauritia flexuosa</italic>) in Wistar rats, and no found differences between the catalase values of the experimental group and the control. </p>
			<p>When analyzing the intestine, there were significant differences between the treatment and sex. However, the females that intake the control treatment were the ones that have high activity in this organ. This result could be related with the use of one level of doses for the test products (300 mg/kg live weight) was not enough for the meal and their polyphenols extract showed antioxidant defenses in this organ. This aspect become worse, due to the high fiber (NDF) content the meal has could increase this damages. </p>
			<p>The CCl<sub>4</sub> led the oxidative stress and damages in the intestine, which exceed the antioxidant capacity of the catalase, with the consistent decrease of their activity respect to the female control. These results are similar to those reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Stojanović <italic>et al</italic>. (2016)</xref>, who observed the decrease of the catalase enzyme activity in Wistar rats intestine, when supplying a solution of D.L homocystein tiolactone.</p>
			<p>The antioxidant state of animals was determined by the concentration of phenolic compounds in plasma. There was not interaction of the treatments and sex for the serum polyphenols. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref> shows the results of the total polyphenols in the serum of the Sprague Dawley rats in experimentation, for the components treatments and sex. </p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Concentration of total polyphenols in rats serum treated with <italic>M. pruriens</italic> forage meal and their polyphenols extracts</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-54-02-243-gf1.svg"/>
					<attrib>P=0.0098; SE (±) 0.67</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>The concentration of total polyphenols in the animals serum that intake the forage meal was similar to that of the control, and differed of the polyphenols content of the group that intake the polyphenols extract. This could be due to chemical structures of the flavonoid glycosides present in the extract, because the aglicone and their glucoside can create derivates, which can be hydrosolubles and more easily to excrete (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Kamiloglu <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>).</p>
			<p>Several studies coincided in showing that compounds with antioxidants properties as polyphenols, can improve the antioxidant oxidant state in the organism (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Quiñones <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Prescha <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>). However, the results are related with the physiology of each animal species, since the action of these compounds directly depend on their bioavailability and intrinsic factors (gastric Ph, digestive enzyme activity and bacterial microflora). These aspects can lead the hydrolysis and/or transformation of polyphenols to biologically active and bioavailability molecules (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Lizárraga-Velázquez <italic>et al</italic>. 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Concentration of total polyphenols in the serum of female and male rats, treated with <italic>M. pruriens</italic> forage meal and their polyphenols extract</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-54-02-243-gf2.svg"/>
					<attrib>P=0.0008; SE (±) 0.54</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>In the sex component there was high (P&lt;005) polyphenol concentration in the serum of the male rats with respect to the males total. The genus is another factor that is associated with the differences in the oxidative stress, probably due to the estrogens with antioxidant properties in females. The estrogens has a hydroxyl group in C<sub>3</sub> position, that allows to eliminating reactive species of the oxygen and also showed its protective effect before the cellular damage of the free radicals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Kander <italic>et al</italic>. 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>The evaluation of the antioxidant and hepatoprotective effect of the forage meal and their polyphenols extract before the hepatic intoxication, lead by the carbon tetrachloride (CCl<sub>4</sub>), was performed by the transaminase activity. In the serum levels of the enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) there was interaction of the factors treatment and sex for both enzymes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">table 3</xref>). </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Table 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Transaminase enzymes in blood serum of rats treated with <italic>M. pruriens</italic> forage meal and their polyphenols extract. </title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" rowspan="2">Catalase activity (UI/L)</th>
								<th align="center" rowspan="2">Sex</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="3">Treatment</th>
								<th align="center" rowspan="2">(±) SE Signif.</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">Control</th>
								<th align="center">Forage meal</th>
								<th align="center">Polyphenols extract</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="2">ALT (U/L)</td>
								<td align="center">Male</td>
								<td align="center">67.00 <sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">126.67 <sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td align="center">72.00 <sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">28.62 P=0.0385</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Female</td>
								<td align="center">187.00 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">80.67 <sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">133.33 <sup>ab</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="2">AST (U/L)</td>
								<td align="center">Male</td>
								<td align="center">187.00 <sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">349.67 <sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="center">202.67 <sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">50.11 P=0.0366</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Female</td>
								<td align="center">488.00 <sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">389.33 <sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">496.67 <sup>c</sup></td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p><sup>a,b,c</sup> Different letters per rows show significant differences for P &lt; 0.05 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Duncan 1955</xref>)</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>The serum activity of the ALT enzyme differed (P&lt;0.05) between females and males that received the control treatment. The groups that intake the resting treatments showed similar performance in both sex. The ALT enzymatic activity in the male control group did not have significant differences between the groups that were added the polyphenols extract and mucuna forage for females and males, respectively. In the serum levels of the ATS enzyme there were not differences between the female groups that intake these treatments, which showed the highest activity values. With respect to males, there were not significant differences in the control groups and those that intake the meal treatment. </p>
			<p>When analyzing these results, it was observed that the CCL<sub>4</sub> supply caused in the male rats from the control treatment increase of the ALT serum levels over the reference values (32,2-80,9 UI/L), reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alemán <italic>et al</italic>. (1998)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">León <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref> for Sprague Dawley species. This observation was provided by several authors during the evaluation of the antioxidant activity of different substances, in which a model of hepatic intoxication with carbon tetrachloride was used (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gupta <italic>et al</italic>. 2006</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bhoomannavar <italic>et al</italic>. 2011</xref>). In comparison, the males showed an activity that is considered in the referenced limits for this sex, according the previous mentioned authors. </p>
			<p>An aspect to highlighted in female rats is the decrease of the ALT serum levels in the group corresponding to the mucuna forage meal related to the control group (P&lt;005). This show the forage meal efficiency as natural antioxidant for counteracts the CCl<sub>4</sub> toxic effects.</p>
			<p>The ALT is an enzyme that is in the hepatocytes mitochondria, whose crossing to the surrounding environment occurs due to damage in the hepatic functioning. The CCl<sub>4</sub> is a chemical inductor of the hepatic damage that is why the supplying causes increase of the serum levels of this enzyme as a secondary effect (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Weber <italic>et al</italic>. 2003</xref>). In this sense, the supplying of substances with antioxidant properties could avoid or decrease the toxic effect of this substance. </p>
			<p>In the case of the AST enzyme, the protective effect is better for the males from the treatment where the polyphenols extract was supplied. In females, although the serum concentrations of this enzyme did not differ between treatments, the enzymatic activity was superior to the referenced levels (253 UI/L) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">León <italic>et al</italic>. 2011</xref>). The previous could be due to the high dispersion of data (SE= 50.11 %).</p>
			<p>Likewise, the AST is in the cytosol and mitochondria of hepatic cells, heart, skeletal muscle, brain, kidney, pancreas, lung, erythrocytes and lymphocytes, that is why the AST high levels are not specific of hepatic damage (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Grattagliano <italic>et al</italic>. 2009</xref>). The results with the ALT enzyme are similar to those showed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Yang <italic>et al</italic>. (2018)</xref> in the evaluation of the hepatoprotective effect of the methyl ferulic acid before the oxidative stress induced by CCl<sub>4</sub> in rats.</p>
			<p>Substances as total proteins and the uric acid acted as defense mechanism against the oxidative damage of body fluids. In this experiment, where the effect of the replacement of the antioxidant premixture from the control group by the forage meal and their polyphenols extract in the blood biochemical indicators was analyzed, there were not significant interactions between sex and treatments. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tables 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">5</xref> show the determinations for the main effects. </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Table 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Performance of the blood biochemical indicators in rats treated with <italic>M. pruriens</italic> forage meal and their polyphenols extract. </title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Blood biochemical </th>
								<th align="center">Control</th>
								<th align="center">Forage meal</th>
								<th align="center">Polyphenols extract</th>
								<th align="center">(±) SE Signif.</th>
								<th align="center">Refernce values<sup>1</sup></th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">ALP (U/L)</td>
								<td align="center">110.33</td>
								<td align="center">119.67</td>
								<td align="center">120.00</td>
								<td align="center">11.66 P=0.8047</td>
								<td align="center">82.8-311.7</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">PT (g/L)</td>
								<td align="center">68.00</td>
								<td align="center">66.48</td>
								<td align="center">67.93</td>
								<td align="center">1.49 P=0.7246</td>
								<td align="center">56.69-73.5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">AU (mg/dL)</td>
								<td align="center">0.89</td>
								<td align="center">1.01</td>
								<td align="center">0.84</td>
								<td align="center">0.12 P=0.5957</td>
								<td align="center">0.87-4.72</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">CHOL-T (mmol/L)</td>
								<td align="center">1.95</td>
								<td align="center">1.91</td>
								<td align="center">1.84</td>
								<td align="center">0.15 P=0.8670</td>
								<td align="center">2.23-4.70</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">TG (mmol/L)</td>
								<td align="center">0.66</td>
								<td align="center">0.82</td>
								<td align="center">0.60</td>
								<td align="center">0.12 P=0.4242</td>
								<td align="center">2.49-6.65</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p><sup>1</sup>References values, according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">León <italic>et al.</italic> (2011)</xref>.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t5">
					<label>Table 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Sex component for the bichemical blood indicators in rats treated with <italic>M. pruriens</italic> forage meal and their polyphenols extract. </title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Blood biochemical</th>
								<th align="center">Female</th>
								<th align="center">Male</th>
								<th align="center">(±) SE Signif.</th>
								<th align="center">Reference values<sup>1</sup></th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">ALP (U/L)</td>
								<td align="center">86.33</td>
								<td align="center">147.00</td>
								<td align="center">
									<p>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>9.52 </p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>P=0.0007</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</p>
								</td>
								<td align="center">
									<p>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>F: 82.8- 297.3 </p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>M: 85.4- 311.7</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</p>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">PT (g/L)</td>
								<td align="center">69.30</td>
								<td align="center">65.64</td>
								<td align="center">
									<p>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>1.22 </p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>P=0,0550</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</p>
								</td>
								<td align="center">
									<p>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>F: 56.69-73.5 </p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>M: 59.9- 73.5</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</p>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">AU (mg/dL)</td>
								<td align="center">0.89</td>
								<td align="center">0.94</td>
								<td align="center">
									<p>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>0.10 </p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>P=0.7289</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</p>
								</td>
								<td align="center">
									<p>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>F: 2.22- 4.72 </p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>M: 0.97- 4.72</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</p>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">CHOL-T (mmol/L)</td>
								<td align="center">2.14</td>
								<td align="center">1.66</td>
								<td align="center">
									<p>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>0.12 </p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>P=0.0188</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</p>
								</td>
								<td align="center">
									<p>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>F: 2.28- 3.28 </p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>M: 2.23 - 4.70</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</p>
								</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">TG (mmol/L)</td>
								<td align="center">0.52</td>
								<td align="center">0.86</td>
								<td align="center">
									<p>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>0.10 </p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>P=0.0313</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</p>
								</td>
								<td align="center">
									<p>
										<list list-type="simple">
											<list-item>
												<p>F: 4.24-7.37 </p>
											</list-item>
											<list-item>
												<p>M: 2.49-6.65</p>
											</list-item>
										</list>
									</p>
								</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p><sup>1</sup>Reference values, according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">León <italic>et al.</italic> (2011)</xref>.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>The applying of CCl<sub>4</sub> to the rats did not caused differences for the treatment factor (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">table 5</xref>). All the analyzed indicators were similar to the reference values for the species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">León <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>). </p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Al Said <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref> when using the CCl<sub>4</sub> model in rats found that the Grevistenax ethanolic extract, in 250 mg/kg doses, significantly prevent the alkaline phosphatase increase. </p>
			<p>In several researches of natural products with hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity is referred, generally, decrease of the protein synthesis, caused by the carbon tetrachloride (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bhoomannavar <italic>et al</italic>. 2011</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Heba <italic>et al</italic>. 2011</xref>).These reports are not corresponding with the results found in this experiment, which could be mean that the mucuna forage meal and their polyphenols extract exerted their antioxidant action. This not allowed that the liver biosynthetic capacity could be affected. </p>
			<p>The serum levels of the cholesterol and triglycerides of the experimental treatments were similar to the control. It is known that the CCl<sub>4</sub> cause hepatic damage through peroxidation process of the lipids that are in the membrane of the hepatic tissue, or through oxidant mechanisms (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Surendra and Bodakhe 2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bhoomannavar <italic>et al</italic>. 2011</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Heba <italic>et al</italic>. 2011</xref>). In addition, the carbon tetrachloride is a very lipophilic compound, that could also acting increasing fat solubility and making easier its passing to the bloodstream.</p>
			<p>Related to sex factor (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">table 5</xref>), the males differed to the females in all the analyzed indicators, except the AU levels. Females, in general, were superior to males for total proteins and cholesterol, while the males exceed the females in the serum values of phosphatase and triglycerides.</p>
			<p>The fact that the males have serum concentrations of alkaline phosphatase higher than the females could be due to their fasting growing and this enzyme reached higher values in fast growing animals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Wolford <italic>et al</italic>. 1986</xref>). Similar results were fund by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alemán <italic>et al</italic>. (1998)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Hatayama <italic>et al</italic>. (2003)</xref>, when they analyzed biochemical blood indicators in laboratory rats from the Sprague Dawley species. </p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">León <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref>, when reporting the common performance ranges for hematochemical indicators in rats, explained that the differences between genus can be due to the organism physical size and the hormonal changes of each sex. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Kander <italic>et al.</italic> (2017)</xref> showed the relation between the genus and the oxidative stress, since stress is involved in many diseases that are in different ways between males and females. For the oxidative stress occurred, should exits imbalance between the ERO production and the antioxidant defense system. That is why, it is considered that there is difference in the expression and/or activities of the antioxidant enzymes between man and women. </p>
			<p>In spite of the results showed until today, a great number of researchers to better explore the function that the genus developed in the gene expression of the antioxidants and other genes associated to the oxidative stress are needed. </p>
			<p>The results of this experiment showed that the <italic>M. pruriens</italic> forage meal and their poliphenos extract have antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective functions against the oxidative stress damage in Sprague Dawley rats. It suggested to evaluate their antioxidant potential in productive animals and to include studies of doses optimization for different animal categories. </p>
			<p>The performed study should contribute and stimulate the use of the aggregate value of this legume as local resource for animal feeding, because the use of plants in productive systems is still poor.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Acknowledgments</title>
			<p>Thanks to the researches, specialists and technicians from the Centro de Toxicología Experimental (CETEX), del Centro Nacional para la Producción de Animales de Laboratorio (CENPALAB), for carry out part of this experiment. </p>
		</ack>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="es">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>CIENCIA ANIMAL</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Evaluación de la actividad antioxidante y hepatoprotectora de la harina de forraje de <italic>Mucuna pruriens</italic> (L) <italic>vc. utilis</italic> y su extracto de polifenoles en ratas Sprague Dowley</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9516-7182</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Scull Rodríguez</surname>
						<given-names>Idania</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9880-0310</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Savón Valdés</surname>
						<given-names>Lourdes</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2181-4535</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Spengler Salabarria</surname>
						<given-names>Iraida</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2641-1815</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Herrera Villafranca</surname>
						<given-names>Magaly</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Dpto. Monogástrico, Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Apartado Postal 24, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro de Estudios de Productos Naturales, Facultad de Química, Universidad de La Habana, Cuidad de La Habana, Cuba.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>*</label>Email: <email>idascull@ica.co.cu</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<p>Para evaluar el efecto antioxidante y hepatoprotector de la harina de forraje de <italic>Mucuna pruriens</italic> (L) <italic>vc. utilis</italic> y su extracto de polifenoles, se utilizó un modelo de intoxicación inducida con tetracloruro de carbono (CCl<sub>4</sub>). Se emplearon 60 ratas Sprague Dowley de ambos sexos, de 7-8 semanas de edad, distribuidas en tres tratamientos, según diseño completamente aleatorizado. Los tratamientos consistieron en un grupo control con dieta EAO-1004, que contenía la premezcla con los antioxidantes, y dos grupos experimentales, a los que se les suministró la harina de forraje de <italic>Mucuna pruriens</italic> y su extracto de polifenoles, en una dosis de 300 mg/kg de peso corporal respectivamente, en sustitución de la premezcla de la dieta control. Todos los grupos recibieron la dieta de sus respectivos tratamientos y el agua <italic>ad libitum</italic>. Al término del período experimental (30 d), los animales se sacrificaron y se estudiaron indicadores de la bioquímica sanguínea, se cuantificaron las enzimas alanino aminotrasferasa (ALT) y el aspartato aminotransferasa (AST). También se determinó la actividad de la enzima antioxidante catalasa y el estatus antioxidante de los animales. El incremento de la concentración de la enzima catalasa en hígado (10.42 UI/L) y suero (20.50 UI/L) indicó que la harina y su extracto transformaron el estado redox producido por el CCl<sub>4</sub>. La harina de forraje y su extracto de polifenoles mostraron su efecto hepatoprotector ante la acción nociva del CCl<sub>4</sub>, evaluado por la alanino aminotrasferasa y aspartato aminotransferasa. Los resultados señalan que es posible utilizar en la dieta de las ratas la harina de forraje y su extracto de polifenoles con efectos antioxidantes similares a los que manifiesta la dieta control, que utiliza antioxidantes sintéticos, vitaminas y minerales. Se sugiere desarrollar en animales productivos estudios similares, que incluyan trabajos de optimización de dosis para diferentes categorías de animales. </p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd><italic>estrés oxidativo</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>polifenoles séricos</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>catalasa</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>aspartato aminotransferasa</italic></kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>Los vegetales contienen sustancias biológicamente activas que pueden ejercer efectos benéficos en la fisiología, productividad y salud de los animales, al actuar como antioxidantes, antimicrobianos y antiparasitarios (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Salazar <italic>et al</italic>. 2019</xref>). </p>
			<p>Evidencias científicas demuestran que el uso de algunas plantas, como las leguminosas, o de algunos de sus componentes, protegen el organismo de los daños del estrés oxidativo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Rojas <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>). Las leguminosas tropicales, además de constituir una fuente excelente de nutrientes, también proporcionan compuestos secundarios con determinadas estructuras químicas, capaces de aportar nuevos productos con actividad antioxidante (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">García <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>). Este es el caso de <italic>Mucuna pruriens</italic>, una leguminosa de la familia Fabaceae, con potencial para la prevención de daños derivados del estrés oxidativo, aspecto poco estudiado en Cuba hasta el momento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Longhi <italic>et al</italic>. 2011</xref>). </p>
			<p>El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la actividad antioxidante y hepatoprotectora de la harina de forraje de <italic>Mucuna pruriens</italic> (L) <italic>vc. utilis</italic> y su extracto de polifenoles, con la utilización de ratas como modelo animal. </p>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>Materiales y Métodos</title>
				<p><italic>Recolección del material vegetal</italic>. Se emplearon plantas de <italic>Mucuna pruriens</italic> (L) DC. vc. <italic>utilis</italic> (Wall. ex Wight) L. H. Bailey, sembradas en junio, en la época lluviosa, en un suelo de tipo pardo con carbonato (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Hernández <italic>et al</italic>. 2019</xref>). Se utilizó para ello un área de la finca “Ayala” del Instituto de Ciencia Animal (ICA) de la República de Cuba. Las semillas se obtuvieron en el banco de semillas de leguminosas de la Estación Experimental de Pastos y Forrajes “Miguel Sistach Naya” del propio instituto. No se aplicó fertilización ni riego. </p>
				<p>El corte de las plantas se efectuó manualmente, con cuchillo, a los 80 d de sembradas, a altura de 5 cm sobre el nivel del suelo, y cuando 100 % se encontraba en flor, según describe <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Díaz <italic>et al</italic>. (2003)</xref>. La parcela se cortó totalmente durante la mañana, momento en el que se seleccionaron las muestras, y se consideró la eliminación de 50 cm de efecto de borde. </p>
				<p><italic>Elaboración de las harinas</italic>. Las plantas (hojas, tallos tiernos y flores) se cortaron y trocearon. Posteriormente, se secaron a temperatura ambiente, en un local ventilado. Se redujo la humedad hasta 20 %, lo que se monitoreó con la determinación de la materia seca (MS) en diferentes momentos del proceso de secado. Las muestras se molinaron a tamaño de partícula de 1 mm y se almacenaron en bolsas de papel hasta el momento de su uso.</p>
				<p><italic>Elaboración del extracto de polifenoles</italic>. Para evaluar el efecto de los compuestos fenólicos en la actividad antioxidante <italic>in vivo</italic>, se elaboró por triplicado un extracto a partir de la harina de forraje de <italic>M. pruriens</italic>, según la metodología propuesta por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Makkar (2003)</xref>. Se pesaron 100 g de la harina y se le añadieron 1000 mL de la solución hidroalcohólica (70%). Se realizó la extracción durante 15 min. con la asistencia de un equipo de ultrasonido marca Bandelin Sonorlex, serie 2000, fabricado en Alemania. Se separó el sobrenadante y al residuo sólido se le repitió tres veces el proceso de extracción. La solución resultante se filtró y se rotoevaporó (se redujo el volumen a 50%). El extracto obtenido se guardó en frascos de color ámbar y refrigeración, a temperatura de 5-8 °C hasta su uso. </p>
				<p>Las características organolépticas del extracto hidroalcohólico, obtenido a partir de la harina de forraje de <italic>M. pruriens,</italic> fueron el color verde intenso, olor herbario y sabor insípido.</p>
				<p><italic>Área de la investigación.</italic> Este estudio se realizó en el Centro de Toxicología Experimental (CETEX) del Centro Nacional para la Producción de Animales de Laboratorio (CENPALAB), Cuba.</p>
				<p>El ensayo se realizó con la aprobación del Comité Institucional para el Cuidado y Uso de los Animales de Laboratorio (CICUAL) del CENPALAB. El experimento tuvo en cuenta los Principios de las Buenas Prácticas de Laboratorio (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">MINSAP 2004</xref>), los Procedimientos Operacionales de Trabajo para la Toxicología Experimental (POT) del <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">CETEX (2012)</xref>, y por las consideraciones sobre bioseguridad expresadas en el Manual de Bioseguridad del <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">CETEX (2012)</xref>.</p>
				<p><italic>Condiciones ambientales</italic>. Las condiciones ambientales se registraron diariamente mediante un medidor de temperatura y humedad relativa, marca RH 600 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">POT 2010</xref>, 05.01.06.067). La temperatura media de la sala fue 23.3 ± 0.3 ºC, la humedad 67.7 ± 0.9 % y el fotoperíodo de 12:12 horas luz/oscuridad.</p>
				<p><italic>Animales y dietas</italic>. Se utilizaron 60 ratas jóvenes Sprague Dawley, de ambos sexos, con peso entre 125-150 g y edad promedio entre 7 y 8 semanas. Se alojaron de manera aleatoria en cajas T3 autoclaveables TECNIPLAST, plásticas traslúcidas, individuales, con fondo y tapa de rejilla de metal inoxidable. </p>
				<p>Se distribuyeron 20 animales (10/sexo) por tratamientos. Se estableció un control, con dieta EAO 1004, que contenía la premezcla de antioxidante (butilhidroxitolueno BHT, vitaminas y minerales) (tratamiento 1), y otros dos grupos experimentales, a los que se suministró la harina de forraje de <italic>M. pruriens</italic> (tratamiento 2) y su extracto de polifenoles (tratamiento 3) en sustitución de la premezcla antioxidante, presente en la dieta control, que representó 2 %. A los grupos experimentales se les administró una dosis única de la harina de forraje (300 mg/kg de peso vivo) y su extracto de polifenoles. Las dietas se formularon de acuerdo con los requerimientos nutricionales para esta especie (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">NRC 1995</xref>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabla 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Tabla 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Composición química de las dietas experimentales.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Indicadores (%)</th>
									<th align="center">Dieta control EAO 1004</th>
									<th align="center"><bold>Harina forraje (<italic>M. pruriens</italic>)</bold></th>
									<th align="center">Extracto polifenoles</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">MS</td>
									<td align="center">93.40</td>
									<td align="center">88.54</td>
									<td align="center">88.91</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">PB</td>
									<td align="center">26.23</td>
									<td align="center">26.61</td>
									<td align="center">27.90</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Ca</td>
									<td align="center">0.80</td>
									<td align="center">0.56</td>
									<td align="center">0.59</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">P</td>
									<td align="center">0.48</td>
									<td align="center">0.42</td>
									<td align="center">0.43</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p><italic>Ingredientes de la dieta</italic>. Las dietas estuvieron compuestas por trigo, cebada, soya, girasol, harina de pescado, azúcar, carbonato de calcio y sal común. La premezcla contenía retinol, colecalciferol, tocoferol, filoquinonas, tiamina, riboflavina, ácido pantoténico, colina, piridoxina, cobalamina, ácido fólico, ácido nicotínico, ácido ascórbico, antioxidante (BHT), magnesio, potasio, iodo, hierro, cobre, cobalto, manganeso, zinc, selenio y molibdeno. </p>
				<p>La adaptación de los animales al alimento se efectuó al suministrar una mezcla 50:50 de la dieta EAO 1004 y la dieta correspondiente a cada grupo experimental durante tres días. Posteriormente, en un período de 7 d, consumieron la fórmula destinada a cada grupo, para culminar la adaptación al alimento. El agua y el alimento se ofrecieron <italic>ad libitum</italic>. </p>
				<p><italic>Procedimiento experimental</italic>. El experimento se desarrolló durante treinta días. Veinticuatro horas antes de concluir el período experimental, se les administró a los animales tetracloruro de carbono (CCl<sub>4</sub>) al 10 % por vía intraperitoneal (dosis: 1 mL/kg de peso vivo) (POT 05.02.02.008), con el propósito de inducir el estrés oxidativo en el organismo. Posteriormente, las ratas se sacrificaron por la aplicación de una dosis letal de éter dietílico. Con previo ayuno de 12 h, se les extrajo sangre (POT 05.02.02.009) a los animales a través del seno orbital (cinco/sexo). La sangre se recolectó en viales de 2 mL, donde se dejó coagular. Luego, se centrifugó a 12 000 r.p.m. en una centrífuga Eppendorf durante 10 min. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">POT 2010</xref>, 05.01.06.075) y se separó el suero. Una parte se utilizó para realizar las determinaciones bioquímicas, y la otra se conservó a -80ºC para realizar otras determinaciones enzimáticas. Por último, se realizó la incisión de la cavidad abdominal y se extrajo el hígado y el intestino para preparar los homogenatos. </p>
				<p><italic>Preparación de los homogenatos de hígado e intestino</italic>
 <bold>.</bold> Se cortó una porción de los tejidos respectivos, con peso entre 1.2 y 1.5 g, aproximadamente. Se dividió en pequeños fragmentos y se lavó dos veces con 10 mL de una disolución de cloruro de sodio (NaCl) 0,9 % a 4°C. Se pesó 1 g de tejido y se adicionó10 mL de una disolución de ácido tricloroacético (5 %) con sal disódica y ácido etilendiamino tetraacético (EDTA) 1x10-3 M. Se homogenizó durante 6 min. a 10000 rpm, a temperatura de 4 °C. Posteriormente, se introdujo en una centrifuga refrigerada durante 15 min, a 5000 rpm y 4 °C. Al terminar se desechó el precipitado y se conservó el sobrenadante a 4 °C hasta realizar las determinaciones enzimáticas convenientes.</p>
				<p><italic>Observaciones clínicas</italic>. Las observaciones clínicas se realizaron diariamente en horas de la mañana durante todo el período experimental. Se evaluó el estado general de los animales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">POT 2010</xref>; 05.02.02.002), así como la aparición de cambios en piel y pelaje, membranas mucosas y ojos, sistemas respiratorio, circulatorio, nervioso central y autónomo, actividad somatomotora, y patrón de comportamiento. Se prestó particular atención a la aparición de diarreas, temblores, convulsiones, letargos, salivaciones, sueño, coma y/o posibles muertes.</p>
				<p><italic>Determinación de la catalasa</italic>. La actividad de esta enzima se determinó según la metodología descrita en el <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">PNO/TEC/0314</xref>, del Centro de Estudios para las Investigaciones y Evaluaciones Biológicas (CEIEB) en Cuba. El método se basa en medir la velocidad de descomposición del peróxido de hidrógeno, catalizada por la enzima catalasa, a longitud de onda de 240 nm. Se utilizó para ello un espectrofotómetro (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Boehringer 1987</xref>). La actividad de la catalasa se expresó en unidades internacionales por litro (UI/L).</p>
				<p><italic>Fenoles totales en suero (FT)</italic>. Para determinar la concentración de polifenoles totales se utilizó una disolución de referencia de ácido tánico (Sigma Aldrich), a concentración 0.5 g/L. El análisis se realizó mediante el uso del reactivo de Folin-Ciocalteau, según la metodología descrita por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Makkar (2003)</xref>. </p>
				<p><italic>Indicadores de la bioquímica sanguínea</italic>. Se utilizaron 10 animales por tratamiento (5 por sexo). Se determinó colesterol total (CHOL-T), triglicéridos (TG), ácido úrico (AU), proteínas totales (PT), fosfatasa alcalina (ALP), alanino aminotransferasa (ALT) y aspartato aminotransferasa (AST). Se usó para estas determinaciones un analizador automático Cobas Integra 400 PLUS (Roche Diagnostic Systems) (POT 05.01.06.081). </p>
				<p><italic>Análisis estadístico.</italic> Se probaron los supuestos teóricos del análisis de varianza para las variables ALT y AST para la normalidad de los errores. Se utilizó la dócima de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Shapiro-Wilk (1965)</xref> y la homogeneidad de varianza (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Levene 1960</xref>). Ambas variables cumplieron con dichos supuestos, por lo que se empleó un diseño completamente aleatorizado en arreglo factorial 3 x 2. Los factores fueron los tres tratamientos (control, harina de forraje y extracto de polifenoles) y los sexos (hembras y machos). Los resultados se analizaron por el paquete estadístico Infostat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Di Rienzo <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>). Para la comparación de medias se empleó la dócima de comparación de rangos múltiples de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Duncan (1955)</xref> para P&lt;0.05.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>Resultados y Discusión</title>
				<p>Durante el desarrollo del experimento no se hallaron alteraciones asociadas a efectos del tratamiento en los signos clínicos de los animales, cuyo comportamiento fue normal para la especie, excepto un animal macho del tratamiento 3, que mostró ruidos crepitantes y aparente aumento de la frecuencia respiratoria, entre los días 9 y 11 del estudio. El ensayo concluyó con supervivencia del 100 %.</p>
				<p>La determinación del efecto antioxidante de la harina de forraje y su extracto de polifenoles se evaluó por la cuantificación de la actividad enzimática de la catalasa en suero, hígado e intestino. Se encontró interacción de los factores tratamiento y sexo para esta enzima (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">tabla 2</xref>). </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t7">
						<label>Tabla 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Actividad de la enzima antioxidante catalasa en suero, hígado e intestino de ratas <italic>Sprague Dawley</italic>, tratadas con la harina de forraje de <italic>M. pruriens</italic> y su extracto de polifenoles.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" rowspan="2">Actividad catalasa (UI/L)</th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2">Sexo</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="3">Treatment</th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2">(±) EE Signif.</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Control</th>
									<th align="center">Harina forraje</th>
									<th align="center">Extracto polifenoles</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">Suero</td>
									<td align="center">Macho</td>
									<td align="center">15.08 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">16.42 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">20.50 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="2">0.11 P=0.0493</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Hembra</td>
									<td align="center">15.08 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">16.00 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">15.33 <sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">Hígado</td>
									<td align="center">Macho</td>
									<td align="center">12.17 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">10.42 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">6.67 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="2">0.76 P=0.0063</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Hembra</td>
									<td align="center">6.42 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">6.05 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">6.03 <sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">Intestino</td>
									<td align="center">Macho</td>
									<td align="center">4.33 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">4.33 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">3.92 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="2">0.53 P=0.0166</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Hembra</td>
									<td align="center">8.00 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">5.08 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">4.77 <sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p><sup>a,b</sup> Letras distintas por filas indican diferencias significativas para P &lt; 0.05</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>La actividad sérica de la catalasa mostró valores superiores (P &lt; 005) en los machos del tratamiento con el extracto de polifenoles. Mientras, en el hígado se observó mayor actividad de la enzima en los machos del tratamiento con la harina de forraje, que fue similar al control. En el caso del intestino, los tratamientos experimentales y el control de los machos presentaron menor actividad de la catalasa que la hallada en las hembras del grupo control.</p>
				<p>Los compuestos fenólicos que aporta el extracto de polifenoles son los principales responsables del incremento de la actividad de la enzima antioxidante catalasa en el suero sanguíneo. La literatura informa que los polifenoles, que componen los diferentes extractos vegetales y alimentos, incrementan los niveles de antioxidantes endógenos, como las enzimas superóxido dismutasa y catalasa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gupta <italic>et al</italic>. 2006</xref>).</p>
				<p>A varios flavonoides se les conoce por su capacidad de inhibir la formación de radicales libres, aspecto relacionado con la estructura química básica de estos compuestos. Los grupos hidroxilos en los C<sub>5</sub> y C<sub>7</sub>, unidos por el doble enlace entre los C<sub>2</sub> y C<sub>3,</sub> son esenciales para su alta actividad inhibitoria en la formación de los radicales libres (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Spanou <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Scull (2018)</xref> identificó flavonas glicosiladas en la harina de forraje de <italic>M. pruriens</italic>, compuestos que corresponden con este tipo de estructura, por lo que la actividad inhibidora observada en este estudio se le puede atribuir, en parte, a las características estructurales de estos compuestos fenólicos.</p>
				<p>En el hígado, el aumento de la actividad de la enzima, en el grupo control como en el tratamiento de la harina, parece responder al efecto del elevado número de compuestos bioactivos de diferente estructura química presentes en la dieta. Resultados similares a los de este estudio señalaron <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Batista <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref>, al evaluar la actividad antioxidante <italic>in vivo</italic> de la fruta de buriti (<italic>Mauritia flexuosa</italic>) en la ratas Wistar, y no encontrar diferencias entre los valores de catalasa de los grupos experimentales y el control. </p>
				<p>Al analizar el intestino, se observó que hubo diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos y el sexo. Sin embargo, las hembras que consumieron el tratamiento control fueron las que presentaron mayor actividad en este órgano. Este resultado puede estar relacionado con que la utilización de un solo nivel de dosis para los productos de ensayos (300 mg/kg de peso vivo) no fue suficiente para que la harina y su extracto de polifenoles mostraran defensas antioxidantes en este órgano. Este aspecto se agrava, debido a que el alto contenido de fibra (FDN) que tiene la harina pudo incrementar estos daños.</p>
				<p>El CCl<sub>4</sub> induce el estrés oxidativo y daños en el intestino, los que superan la capacidad antioxidante de la enzima catalasa, con la consecuente disminución de su actividad respecto al control de las hembras. Estos resultados son similares a los informados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Stojanović <italic>et al</italic>. (2016)</xref>, quienes observaron la disminución de la actividad de la enzima catalasa en el intestino de ratas Wistar, al administrarle una solución de D.L homocisteina tiolactona. </p>
				<p>El estado antioxidante de los animales se determinó mediante la concentración de compuestos fenólicos en el plasma. No se encontró interacción de los tratamientos y los sexos para los polifenoles séricos. En las <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">figuras 1</xref> y <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">2</xref> se muestran los resultados de los polifenoles totales en el suero de las ratas Sprague Dawley en experimentación, para los componentes tratamiento y sexo. </p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f3">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Concentración de polifenoles totales en el suero de ratas tratadas con la harina de forraje de <italic>M. pruriens</italic> y su extracto de polifenoles.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-54-02-243-gf3.svg"/>
						<attrib>P=0.0098; EE (±) 0.67</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>La concentración de polifenoles totales en el suero de los animales que consumieron la harina de forraje fue similar a la del control, y difirió del contenido de polifenoles del grupo que ingirió el extracto de polifenoles. Esto se puede deber a las estructuras químicas de los flavonoides glicosilados presentes en el extracto, ya que las agliconas y su glucósido pueden generar derivados, que pueden ser hidrosolubles y más fácilmente excretables (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Kamiloglu <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>). </p>
				<p>Varios estudios coinciden en señalar que compuestos con propiedades antioxidantes, como los polifenoles, pueden mejorar el estado antioxidante/oxidante en el organismo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Quiñones <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Prescha <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>). Sin embargo, los resultados están relacionados con la fisiología de cada especie animal, ya que la acción de estos compuestos dependerá directamente de su biodisponibilidad y de factores intrínsecos (pH gástrico, actividad de las enzimas digestivas y microflora bacteriana). Estos aspectos pueden inducir la hidrólisis y/o transformación de los polifenoles a moléculas biológicamente activas y biodisponibles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Lizárraga-Velázquez <italic>et al</italic>. 2018</xref>). </p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f4">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Concentración de polifenoles totales en el suero de ratas hembras y machos, tratadas con la harina de forraje de <italic>M. pruriens</italic> y su extracto de polifenoles.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-54-02-243-gf4.svg"/>
						<attrib>P=0.0008; EE (±) 0.54</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>En el componente sexo se encontró mayor (P&lt;005) concentración de polifenoles en el suero del total de ratas hembras con respecto al total de los machos. El género es otro factor que está asociado con las diferencias en el estrés oxidativo, probablemente debido a la presencia de estrógenos con propiedades antioxidantes en las hembras. Los estrógenos presentan un grupo hidroxilo en la posición C<sub>3,</sub> que permite eliminar especies reactivas del oxígeno y por tanto, manifestar su efecto protector ante el daño celular de los radicales libres (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Kander <italic>et al</italic>. 2017</xref>). </p>
				<p>La evaluación del efecto antioxidante y hepatoprotector de la harina de forraje y su extracto de polifenoles ante la intoxicación hepática, inducida por el tetracloruro de carbono (CCl<sub>4</sub>), se realizó por la actividad de las transaminasas. En los niveles séricos de las enzimas alanino aminotransferasa (ALT) y aspartato aminotransferasa (AST) se encontró interacción de los factores tratamientos y sexos para ambas enzimas (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">tabla 3</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t8">
						<label>Tabla 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Enzimas transaminasas en suero sanguíneo de ratas tratadas con la harina de forraje de <italic>M. pruriens</italic> y su extracto de polifenoles. </title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" rowspan="2">Variable</th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2">Sexo</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="3">Treatment</th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2">(±) EE Signif.</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Control</th>
									<th align="center">Harina forraje</th>
									<th align="center">Extracto polifenoles</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">ALT (U/L)</td>
									<td align="center">Macho</td>
									<td align="center">67.00 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">126.67 <sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="center">72.00 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="2">28.62 P=0.0385</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Hembra</td>
									<td align="center">187.00 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">80.67 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">133.33 <sup>ab</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">AST (U/L)</td>
									<td align="center">Macho</td>
									<td align="center">187.00 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">349.67 <sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">202.67 <sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="2">50.11 P=0.0366</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Hembra</td>
									<td align="center">488.00 <sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">389.33 <sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">496.67 <sup>c</sup></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p><sup>a,b,c</sup> Letras distintas por filas indican diferencias significativas para P&lt;0.05</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>La actividad sérica de la enzima ALT difirió (P&lt;0,05) entre hembras y machos que recibieron el tratamiento control. Los grupos que consumieron los tratamientos restantes presentaron comportamiento similar en ambos sexos. La actividad enzimática de la ALT en el grupo control de los machos no tuvo diferencias significativas entre los grupos a los que se le añadió el extracto de polifenoles y el forraje de mucuna para las hembras y machos, respectivamente. En los niveles séricos de la enzima AST no se apreciaron diferencias entre los grupos de hembras que consumieron estos tratamientos, los que mostraron los mayores valores de actividad. Con respecto a los machos, se observó que no hubo diferencias significativas en los grupos del control, y aquellos que consumieron el tratamiento de la harina.</p>
				<p>Al analizar estos resultados, se observó que la administración de CCL<sub>4</sub> produjo en las ratas hembras del tratamiento control incremento de los niveles séricos de ALT por encima de los valores de referencia (32,2-80,9 UI/L), informados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alemán et al. (1998)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">León et al. (2011)</xref> para la especie Sprague Dawley. Esta observación se documentó por distintos autores durante la evaluación de la actividad antioxidante de diferentes sustancias, en las que se utilizó un modelo de intoxicación hepática con tetracloruro de carbono (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gupta <italic>et al</italic>. 2006</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bhoomannavar <italic>et al</italic>. 2011</xref>). En contraposición, los machos mostraron una actividad que se considera en los límites referenciados para este sexo, según los autores previamente citados. </p>
				<p>Un aspecto a destacar en las ratas hembras es la disminución de los niveles séricos de ALT en el grupo correspondiente a la harina de forraje de mucuna con relación al grupo control (P&lt;005). Esto evidencia la eficiencia de la harina de forraje como antioxidante natural para contrarrestar los efectos tóxicos del CCl<sub>4</sub>. </p>
				<p>La ALT es una enzima que se halla en la mitocondria de los hepatocitos, cuyo paso al medio circundante se produce debido a un daño en el funcionamiento hepático. El CCl<sub>4</sub> es un inductor químico del daño hepático, por lo que el suministro ocasiona aumento de los niveles séricos de esta enzima como un efecto secundario (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Weber <italic>et al</italic>. 2003</xref>). En este sentido, la administración de sustancias con propiedades antioxidantes podría evitar o disminuir el efecto tóxico de esta sustancia. </p>
				<p>En el caso de la enzima AST, el efecto protector se observa mejor para los machos del tratamiento donde se administró el extracto de polifenoles. En las hembras, aunque las concentraciones séricas de esta enzima no difirieron entre tratamientos, la actividad enzimática fue superior a los niveles referenciados (253 UI/L) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">León <italic>et al</italic>. 2011</xref>). Lo anterior se puede deber a la alta dispersión de los datos (EE= 50.11 %). </p>
				<p>Asimismo, la AST está presente en el citosol y mitocondria de células hepáticas, corazón, músculo esquelético, cerebro, riñón, páncreas, pulmón, eritrocitos y linfocitos, por lo que los niveles elevados de AST no son específicos de daño hepático (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Grattagliano <italic>et al</italic>. 2009</xref>). Los resultados con la enzima ALT son similares a los señalados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Yang <italic>et al</italic>. (2018)</xref> en la evaluación del efecto hepatoprotector del ácido metil ferúlico ante el estrés oxidativo inducido por el CCl<sub>4</sub> en ratas.</p>
				<p>Sustancias como las proteínas totales y el ácido úrico actúan como mecanismos de defensa contra el daño oxidativo de fluidos corporales. En este experimento, donde se analizó el efecto de la sustitución de la premezcla antioxidante del grupo control por la harina de forraje y su extracto de polifenoles en los indicadores de la bioquímica sanguínea, no se observaron interacciones significativas entre sexos y tratamientos. En las <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">tablas 4</xref> y <xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">5</xref> se muestran las determinaciones para los efectos principales.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t9">
						<label>Tabla 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Comportamiento de los indicadores de la bioquímica sanguínea en ratas tratadas con harina de forraje de <italic>M. pruriens</italic> y su extracto de polifenoles.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Bioquímica sanguínea </th>
									<th align="center">Control</th>
									<th align="center">Harina forraje</th>
									<th align="center">Extracto polifenoles</th>
									<th align="center">(±) EE Signif.</th>
									<th align="center">Valores de referencia<sup>1</sup></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">ALP (U/L)</td>
									<td align="center">110.33</td>
									<td align="center">119.67</td>
									<td align="center">120.00</td>
									<td align="center">11.66 P=0.8047</td>
									<td align="center">82.8-311.7</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">PT (g/L)</td>
									<td align="center">68.00</td>
									<td align="center">66.48</td>
									<td align="center">67.93</td>
									<td align="center">1.49 P=0.7246</td>
									<td align="center">56.69-73.5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">AU (mg/dL)</td>
									<td align="center">0.89</td>
									<td align="center">1.01</td>
									<td align="center">0.84</td>
									<td align="center">0.12 P=0.5957</td>
									<td align="center">0.87-4.72</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">CHOL-T (mmol/L)</td>
									<td align="center">1.95</td>
									<td align="center">1.91</td>
									<td align="center">1.84</td>
									<td align="center">0.15 P=0.8670</td>
									<td align="center">2.23-4.70</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">TG (mmol/L)</td>
									<td align="center">0.66</td>
									<td align="center">0.82</td>
									<td align="center">0.60</td>
									<td align="center">0.12 P=0.4242</td>
									<td align="center">2.49-6.65</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN7">
								<p><sup>1</sup>Valores de referencias, según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">León <italic>et al.</italic> (2011)</xref>.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t10">
						<label>Tabla 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Componente sexo para los indicadores de la bioquímica sanguínea en ratas tratadas con la harina de forraje de <italic>M. pruriens</italic> y su extracto de polifenoles. </title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Bioquímica sanguínea </th>
									<th align="center">Hembra</th>
									<th align="center">Macho</th>
									<th align="center">(±) EE Signif.</th>
									<th align="center">Valores de referencia<sup>1</sup></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">ALP (U/L)</td>
									<td align="center">86,33</td>
									<td align="center">147,00</td>
									<td align="center">
										<p>
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>9,52</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>P=0,0007</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</p>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<p>
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>H: 82,8- 297,3</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>M: 85,4- 311,7</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</p>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">PT (g/L)</td>
									<td align="center">69,30</td>
									<td align="center">65,64</td>
									<td align="center">
										<p>
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>1,22</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>P=0,0550</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</p>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<p>
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>H: 56,69-73,5</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>M: 59,9- 73,5</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</p>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">AU (mg/dL)</td>
									<td align="center">0,89</td>
									<td align="center">0,94</td>
									<td align="center">
										<p>
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>0,10</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>P=0,7289</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</p>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<p>
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>H: 2,22- 4,72</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>M: 0,97- 4,72</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</p>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">CHOL-T (mmol/L)</td>
									<td align="center">2,14</td>
									<td align="center">1,66</td>
									<td align="center">
										<p>
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>0,12</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>P=0,0188</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</p>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<p>
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>H: 2,28- 3,28</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>M: 2,23- 4,70</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</p>
									</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">TG (mmol/L)</td>
									<td align="center">0,52</td>
									<td align="center">0,86</td>
									<td align="center">
										<p>
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>0,10</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>P=0,0313</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</p>
									</td>
									<td align="center">
										<p>
											<list list-type="simple">
												<list-item>
													<p>H: 4,24-7,37</p>
												</list-item>
												<list-item>
													<p>M: 2,49-6,65</p>
												</list-item>
											</list>
										</p>
									</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN8">
								<p><sup>1</sup>Valores de referencia, según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">León <italic>et al.</italic> (2011)</xref>.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>La administración de CCl<sub>4</sub> a las ratas no ocasionó diferencias para el factor tratamiento (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">tabla 5</xref>). Todos los indicadores analizados fueron similares a los valores de referencia para la especie (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">León <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>). </p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Al Said <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref> encontraron al utilizar el modelo de CCl<sub>4</sub> en ratas que el extracto etanólico de Grevistenax, en dosis de 250 mg/kg, previno significativamente la elevación de la fosfatasa alcalina.</p>
				<p>En diferentes investigaciones de productos naturales con actividad hepatoprotectora y antioxidante se refiere, generalmente, disminución de la síntesis de proteínas, causada por el tetracloruro de carbono (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bhoomannavar <italic>et al</italic>. 2011</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Heba <italic>et al</italic>. 2011</xref>). Estos informes no se corresponden con los resultados hallados en este experimento, lo que pudiera significar que la harina de forraje de mucuna y su extracto de polifenoles ejercieron su acción antioxidante. Esto no permitió que se afectara la capacidad biosintética del hígado.</p>
				<p>Los niveles séricos de colesterol y triglicéridos de los tratamientos experimentales fueron similares al control. Se conoce que el CCl<sub>4</sub> causa daño hepático por medio de procesos de peroxidación de los lípidos presentes en la membrana del tejido hepático, o sea, a través de mecanismos oxidantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Surendra y Bodakhe 2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bhoomannavar <italic>et al</italic>. 2011</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Heba <italic>et al</italic>. 2011</xref>). A este hecho contribuye que el tetracloruro de carbono es un compuesto muy lipofílico, que pudiera también actuar aumentando la solubilidad de las grasas y facilitando su transporte hacia el torrente sanguíneo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Surendra y Bodakhe 2007</xref>).</p>
				<p>Con relación al factor sexo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">tabla 5</xref>), se encontró que los machos difirieron de las hembras en todos los indicadores analizados, excepto en los niveles de AU. Las hembras, en general, fueron superiores a los machos para proteínas totales y colesterol, en tanto que los machos superaron a las hembras en los valores séricos de fosfatasa alcalina y triglicéridos.</p>
				<p>El hecho de que los machos tengan concentraciones séricas de fosfatasa alcalina más elevadas que las hembras se puede deber a que crecen más rápido, y esta enzima alcanza valores más altos en animales de rápido crecimiento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Wolford <italic>et al</italic>. 1986</xref>). Resultados similares hallaron <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alemán <italic>et al</italic>. (1998)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Hatayama <italic>et al</italic>. (2003)</xref>, cuando analizaron indicadores de la bioquímica sanguínea en las ratas de laboratorio de la especie Sprague Dawley.</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">León <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref>, al informar los rangos de comportamiento normal para los indicadores hematoquímicos en ratas, argumentaron que las diferencias entre género se pueden explicar debido al tamaño físico del organismo y a los cambios hormonales de cada sexo. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Kander <italic>et al.</italic> (2017)</xref> señalaron la relación entre el género y el estrés oxidativo, ya que el estrés está involucrado en muchas enfermedades que se presentan de manera diferente entre varones y hembras. Para que ocurra el estrés oxidativo, debe existir desequilibrio entre la producción de ERO y el sistema de defensa antioxidante. Por tanto, se considera que hay diferencia en la expresión y/o actividades de las enzimas antioxidantes entre hombres y mujeres. </p>
				<p>A pesar de los resultados mostrados hasta el momento, se necesita mayor número investigaciones para explorar mejor la función que desempeña el género en la expresión génica de los antioxidantes y otros genes asociados al estrés oxidativo.</p>
				<p>Los resultados de este experimento mostraron que la harina de forraje de <italic>M. pruriens</italic> y su extracto de polifenoles poseen actividad antioxidante y funciones hepatoprotectoras contra el daño del estrés oxidativo en ratas <italic>Sprague Dawley</italic>. Se sugiere evaluar su potencial antioxidante en animales productivos e incluir estudios de optimización de dosis para diferentes categorías de animales. </p>
				<p>El estudio realizado debe contribuir e incentivar el aprovechamiento del valor agregado de esta leguminosa como recurso local para la alimentación animal, ya que el uso de plantas en los sistemas productivos todavía es insuficiente.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>Agradecimientos</title>
				<p>Se agradece a los investigadores, especialistas y técnicos del Centro de Toxicología Experimental (CETEX), del Centro Nacional para la Producción de Animales de Laboratorio (CENPALAB), por la realización de una parte de este experimento.</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>