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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cjas</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Cuban J. Agric. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2079-3480</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Ediciones ICA</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00003</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ANIMAL SCIENCE</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Ligninolytic potential of <italic>Curvularia kusanoi</italic> L7 laccases for animal production</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0562-1052</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Alberto Vazquez</surname>
						<given-names>Maryen</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4178-3286</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Valiño Cabreras</surname>
						<given-names>Elaine Cristina</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2694-8265</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Torta</surname>
						<given-names>Livio</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5531-0669</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Laudicina</surname>
						<given-names>A.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8070-307X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mirabile</surname>
						<given-names>Giulia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Institute of Animal Science (ICA), km 47 ½ Carretera Central San José de Las Lajas, 32700, Mayabeque, Cuba</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto de Ciencia Animal</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Institute of Animal Science</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Mayabeque</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CU">Cuba</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali (SAAF) Department, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale Delle Scienze, Ed. 5, 90128 Palermo, Italy</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Università degli Studi di Palermo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali (SAAF) Department</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Università degli Studi di Palermo</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Palermo</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="IT">Italy</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Email. <email>mvazquez@ica.co.cu</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>01</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>54</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>157</fpage>
			<lpage>167</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>15</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>29</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>The present research was conducted with the objective of evaluating the ligninolytic potential of <italic>Curvularia kusanoi</italic> L7 laccases in improving the nutritional quality of fibrous substrates for animal feed. Laccase production was obtained from <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7 under native conditions by solid submerged fermentation of wheat bran and by biological interactions with <italic>Trichoderma viride</italic> M5-2 and <italic>Trichoderma pleuroticola.</italic> The enzymes were purified from the culture broths by triphasic partition. The degradative potential of native and induced laccases where evaluated by determining foliar lignololytic capacity, raw wheat (<italic>Triticum aestinum</italic>) straw delignification and the effect of enzyme pretreatment on fibrous fractionation and <italic>in vitro</italic> digestibility of sugarcane bagasse. Laccases, both native and induced, presented high foliar degradation and delignification of raw wheat straw. Regarding to the improvement of nutritional quality of sugarcane bagasse, all the enzyme pretreatments managed to decrease the fiber content and increase <italic>in vitro</italic> digestibility. Compared to untreated bagasse, native laccase pretreatment obtained the highest digestibility values (P&lt;0,05) for dry matter (54.71%), organic matter (63.14%), acid detergent fiber (63.59%) and cellulose (65.46%). It is concluded that <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7 laccases can be used as a novel tool in improving the nutritional quality of fibrous sources for animal feed. </p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Key words:</title>
				<kwd><italic>Enzyme</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>induction</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>fiber</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>pretreatment</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic><italic>in vitro</italic> digestibility</italic></kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="4"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="36"/>
				<page-count count="11"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>The rapidly grow of world population results in the depletion of many resources and aggravates the international food situation. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">FAO (2019)</xref>, hunger affects over 42.5 millions of people only in the Caribbean and Latin America region. For these reasons, the development of tropical animal production is essential as one of the important ways to reduce the negative impact of the food deficit.</p>
		<p>Several studies are conducted with the aim of achieving more sustainable productions, capable of supplying international demand and promoting the use of alternative sources for animal feed that do not compete with human consumption. In this sense, different strategies are valued, where enzymatic pretreatment of fibrous sources stands out (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Pinos <italic>et al.</italic> 2019</xref>). However, the structural complexity of lignin, as well as its close association and chemical crosslinking with the carbohydrate fraction of the plant cell wall, make it a biomolecule with a recalcitrant character and difficult degradation. </p>
		<p>The enzymes that modify this biopolymer are oxidative, nonspecific and, in addition, they act through non-protein mediators in contrast to hydrolytic cellulase and hemicellulase enzymes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Mehandiaa <italic>et al.</italic> 2020</xref>). One of the main lignolytic enzymes that catalyze the progressive depolymerization of lignin is laccase and within their group, they have the greatest industrial application (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Munk et al. 2015</xref>).</p>
		<p>Compared to the use of lignocellulolytic microorganisms, the enzymatic pretreatment of high fiber substrates has great economic benefits and reduces the time of the degradation process (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Zhao <italic>et al.</italic> 2019</xref>). However, there are only few studies on the evaluation of ligninolytic enzymes in improving the nutritional quality of fibrous sources for animal feed, and none of them highlight the importance of laccase for these purposes. That´s why the present research aims to: Evaluate the ligninolytic potential of <italic>Curvularia kusanoi</italic> L7 laccases for its use in animal feed</p>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>Material and Methods </title>
			<p><italic>Enzyme crudes obtaining by solid submerged fermentation of wheat bran</italic>. Microorganism. <italic>Curvularia kusanoi</italic> L7 strainwas used, isolated from lemon tree, with number of nucleotide sequences registered in the GenBank, and accession number KY795957.</p>
			<p><italic>Procedure</italic>: From the pure culture of <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7, 3 cm<sup>2</sup> were taken and inoculated in an Erlenmeyer flask containing 3 g of wheat bran and 100 mL of citrate buffer (50 mM, pH 5.0), and they were incubated at 30 °C in an orbital shaker at 120 rpm for 168 h of fermentation. The contents of each Erlenmeyer were filtered through a Buchner funnel, the resulting liquid was centrifuged (4 °C, 10 000 rpm, 3 min) and the supernatant (crude enzyme extract) were stored in Corning tubes at -20 °C for subsequent determinations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Wang <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p><italic>Laccase induction in C. kusanoi L7 cultures through biological interactions with Trichoderma viride M5-2 and Trichoderma pleuroticola</italic>. The induction of laccase enzymes in <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7 cultures was carried out through biological interactions with two strains of <italic>Trichoderma</italic> (<italic>T. viride</italic> M5-2 and <italic>T. pleuroticola</italic>, with nucleotide sequences registered in the GenBank and number of accession KY977981 and MK992922, respectively). Inoculums of these strains (1x107 CFU/g of substrate) were incorporated into the <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7 cultures at 48h of growth. The induction process was carried out in solid submerged fermentation of wheat bran as described in the previous section. For both <italic>Trichoderma</italic> strains the procedure was similar.</p>
			<p><italic>Laccase purification by three phase partition</italic>. The enzymatic extracts of <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7 and those resulting from the induction process, were purified using the three-phase partitioning methodology proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alberto <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref>. Ter-butanol was added to the crude extracts in a ratio of 1.0: 1.1 (v/v), respectively. This mixture was saturated at 78% with ammonium sulfate. The system formed was homogenized by vortex for 1 minute and then incubated for 1 hour at 38 °C in a temperature controlled incubation bath until the phases were separated. The system was centrifuged (4000 rpm x 10 minutes at 25 °C) in an IEC CL31R thermo-scientific centrifuge. The middle phase was separated from the rest and re-dissolved in phosphate buffer (50 mM, pH 7). Finally, enzyme activity and protein concentration were determined.</p>
			<p><italic>Determination of laccase activity</italic>. Laccase activity was determined using a UV-Vis split beam spectrophotometer, Rigol Ultra-3400. The reaction mixture formed by 100 µL of syringaldazine (5 mM in ethanol) and 800 µL of citrate buffer (50 mM, pH 4.5) was incubated at 30 °C for 1 minute. An aliquot of 100 µL of the enzyme crude was added to reach the final reaction volume of 1mL and the syringaldazine oxidation reaction was monitored kinetically for 1 minute under aerobic conditions at 530 nm. The amount of enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 1.0 mmol of syringaldazine per minute was considered as a unit of laccase activity (U) according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Perna <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref>.</p>
			<p><italic>Determination of protein concentration</italic>. Protein concentration was determined by the method proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bradford (1976)</xref> using a standard curve of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in the concentration range of 50 - 0.01 mg/mL. The procedure was conducted in the same way for initial crude extracts and those resulting from the purification process.</p>
			<p><italic>Evaluation of the ligninolytic capacity of C. kusanoi L7 laccases on raw wheat straw by Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy with Fourier Transform (ATR-FT-IR).</italic> To evaluate the ligninolytic capacity of <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7 laccases on raw wheat straw, the substrate was incubated with the different enzymes preparation (native laccase of <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7, laccase induced by <italic>T. viride</italic> M5-2 and laccase induced by <italic>T. pleuroticola</italic>) at a ratio of 1: 1 (w/v) in glass tubes, for 5 days at 40ºC. The ligninolytic capacity of the enzyme treatments was compared with a control treatment where the enzyme was replaced by 1mL of distilled water. Differences in lignin degradation were evidenced by Total Attenuated Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FT-IR) on Pelkin Elmer equipment with ATR diamond base and MCT/A detector. The scans were performed from 4000 to 400 cm<sup>-1</sup>.</p>
			<p><italic>Fibrous fractioning and in vitro digestibility of sugarcane bagasse pretreated with purified laccases from C. kusanoi L7.</italic> To evaluate the activity of <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7 laccases on the fibrous components of sugarcane bagasse, a completely randomized design with four treatments was used: control (untreated bagasse) and three enzymatic treatments (bagasse treated with native laccase, bagasse treated with laccase induced by <italic>T. viride</italic> M5-2 and bagasse treated with laccase induced by <italic>T. pleuroticola</italic>). The analyses where performed with six repetition for a total of 24 samples. </p>
			<p>To obtain each treatment, the different enzymes were incubated with 1g of substrate at a rate of 4 IU/g in an orbital shaker at 40 °C for 72 hours. Fibrous fractioning was performed according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Goering and Van Soest (1970)</xref>.</p>
			<p>The digestibility of sugarcane bagasse pretreated with <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7 laccases was evaluated using the <italic>in vitro</italic> technique proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Marrero <italic>et al</italic>. (1998)</xref> with pig fecal inoculum. A crossbred pig (Yorkshire x Landrace x Duroc) was taken as the feces donor, who received 1.5 kg of corn-soybean based feed and water at will. Feces were taken immediately after defecation. Subsequently, in the residues was determined the content of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">AOAC (1995)</xref>, acid detergent fiber (FND) lignin and cellulose by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Goering and van Soest (1970)</xref>. Incubation medium was used as the blank for digestibility calculations.</p>
			<p><italic>Statistical analysis</italic>. Both experiments were processed according to a simple classification model by the InfoStat statistical package (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Di Rienzo <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Duncan (1955)</xref> test was used when necessary to discriminate differences between the means.</p>
			<p><italic>Foliar ligninolytic capacity of laccase C. kusanoi L7 in lemon tree (Citrus x limon)</italic>To evaluate the ligninolytic effect of <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7 laccases on the lemon tree leaf surface, 3 young plants were used for each treatment (control with distilled water, native laccase of <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7, laccase induced by <italic>T. viride</italic> M5-2 and laccase induced by <italic>T. pleuroticola</italic>). All of these treatments were applied in 5 leaves per each plant, for a total of 15 leaves per treatment. The leaf surface was cleaned with distilled water and 1 mL of the enzyme was sprayed. Foliar degradative capacity was evaluated every 24 hours for a period of 7 days. The experiment was carried out at room temperature at the experimental station of the Agri-Food and Forest Sciences of the University of Palermo, Sicily, Italy.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>Results and Discussion</title>
			<p><italic>Evaluation of the ligninolytic capacity of C. kusanoi L7 laccases on raw wheat straw by Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy with Fourier Transform (ATR-FT-IR).</italic> The ATR-FT-IR spectra of raw wheat straw and straw treated with <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7 laccases are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref>. In accordance with previous studies by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Xu <italic>et al.</italic> (2004</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">2006)</xref>, the presence of lignin in the sample is detected through characteristic signals in the spectrum. </p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>ATR-FT-IR spectrum of raw wheat straw and treated with native and induced lacases of <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7 in the range 400 to 4000 cm<sup>-1</sup>. The numbers 1-12 correspond to the characteristic signals of lignin. Blue line represent raw wheat straw, green line represent raw wheat straw degraded by native laccase, purple line represent raw wheat straw degraded by <italic>T. viride</italic> M5-2 induced laccase and red line represent raw wheat straw degraded by <italic>T. pleuroticola</italic> induced laccase</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-54-02-157-gf1.svg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>In the present investigation, the following bands associated with lignin were identified:</p>
			<p>
				<list list-type="order">
					<list-item>
						<p>Stretching vibration of O-H groups (phenolic and aliphatic) corresponding band in the range of 3400 to 3200 cm<sup>-1</sup></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Stretching vibration of C-H of the CH<sub>3</sub> and CH<sub>2</sub> groups detected at 2930 cm<sup>-1</sup></p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Small band at 2850 cm<sup>-1</sup> attributed to vibration of OCH<sub>3</sub> groups.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Band at 1711 cm<sup>-1</sup> attributed to the C=O stretching of unconjugated ketones, carbonyl groups, conjugated aldehyde or ester groups and carboxylic acids.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Band at 1610 cm<sup>-1</sup> associated with aromatic C=C double bonds</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Band at 1510 cm<sup>-1</sup> associated with vibrations of C=C bonds of the aromatic and phenolic units of lignin</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Band detected at 1420 cm<sup>-1</sup> associated with vibrations of lignin phenylpropane aromatic skeleton</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Band detected at 1333cm<sup>-1</sup> associated with the vibrations of the aliphatic C−H bonds (CH or CH<sub>2</sub> groups)</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Band detected at 1320 cm<sup>-1</sup> associated with symmetrical flexing of C-H aliphatic bonds.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Band detected at 1210 cm<sup>-1</sup> associated with the presence of C−O bonds of the guaiacyl ring.</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Band detected at 1160 cm<sup>-1</sup> associated with the antisymmetric stretch vibration C-O of the secondary alcohols or of the hydroxycinnamic acids ester-bound (such as esterified ρ-coumaryc acid and ferulyc acid) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Sun and Cheng, 2002</xref>)</p>
					</list-item>
					<list-item>
						<p>Band detected at 1035 cm<sup>-1</sup> associated with the vibrations produced by the O-CH<sub>3</sub> bonds of the guaiacyl and syringyl type units</p>
					</list-item>
				</list>
			</p>
			<p>Laccase treatments, both induced and native, show a marked intensities reduction of the lignin associated signals. <italic>T. pleuroticola</italic> induced laccase treatment achieves the greatest reduction of these signals, although there are only small differences from the rest. In all cases, the greatest reductions were observed in the characteristic triplet (5, 6 and 7), attributed to the vibrations of the lignin aromatic ring, which corresponds to similar studies made by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Ibarra et al. (2004)</xref>
			</p>
			<p>These results are also agree to those proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Mwaikambo and Ansell (2011)</xref>, who found a marked decrease in the band between 3300 and 3100 cm<sup>-1</sup> after treatments of straw fibers with laccase enzyme. It is known that the action mechanism of this enzyme itself implies the oxidative depolymerization of phenolic compounds through the formation of unstable phenoxyl radicals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Ghoul and Chebil, 2012</xref>), which is why variations in the intensity of these bands are indicative of the enzyme action on the phenolic units of lignin. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mattinen <italic>et al.</italic> (2005)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Kahar (2013)</xref> changes at 1512 cm<sup>-1</sup> attributed to lignin aromatic ring vibrations due to aromatic skeletal vibration (C═C), are indicative of changes in lignin surface, by what a lower intensity of this band demonstrates the laccase capacity to oxidize the phenolic units present on the fibers surface (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Oliva <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Liu <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p><italic>In vitro digestibility and fibrous fractioning and of sugarcane bagasse pretreated with purified laccases from C. kusanoi L7.</italic> <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> summarizes the fibrous fractioning of sugarcane bagasse pretreated with the laccase enzymes of <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7. In all cases, the enzymatic pretreatment process allowed a decrease in both the acid detergent fiber and the levels of lignin and cellulose. The reduction of these indicators is an important aspect for a better utilization of sugarcane bagasse in animal production.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Fibrous fractioning of sugarcane bagasse pretreated with laccase enzymes from <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col span="4"/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" rowspan="2">Indicators (%)</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="4">Sugarcane bagasse</th>
								<th align="center" rowspan="2">SE ± sign. </th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">Bagasse control</th>
								<th align="center">Treated with native laccase</th>
								<th align="center">Treated with <italic>T. viride</italic> induced laccase</th>
								<th align="center">Treated with <italic>T. pleuroticola</italic> induced laccase</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">DM</td>
								<td align="center">94.65</td>
								<td align="center">94.68</td>
								<td align="center">94.79</td>
								<td align="center">94.28</td>
								<td align="center">±0.24 P=0.4875</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">ADF</td>
								<td align="center">51.88 <sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">40.14 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">39.72 <sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">39.74 <sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">±0.09 P&lt;0.0001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Lignin</td>
								<td align="center">8.93 <sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">6.12 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">6.12 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">5.35 <sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">±0.10 P&lt;0.0001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Cellulose</td>
								<td align="center">39.49 <sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">30.06 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">28.07 <sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">27.57 <sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">±0.26 P&lt;0.0001</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p><sup>a, b, c</sup> Different letters indicate significant differences for P &lt;0.05 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Duncan, 1955</xref>). DM (dry matter), ADF (acid detergent fiber)</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">López <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref> stated that pretreatment methods must be able to improve the biodegradability of the substrate and present low energy consumption, ease waste disposal and low economic cost. That is why pretreatment methods constitute a sustainable and effective alternative for the bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass.</p>
			<p>The modification of the sugarcane bagasse fibers through the action of laccase enzymes, allows obtaining a more accessible and more biodegradable substrate. The <italic>in vitro</italic> digestibility of pre-treated bagasse is summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table 2</xref>. As observed, the difference compared to the control, clearly indicate that degradation process was effective in improving the nutritional quality of this fibrous source.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>In vitro digestibility of sugarcane bagasse pretreated with the laccase enzymes of <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col span="3"/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" rowspan="2">Indicators (%)</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="4">Sugarcane bagasse</th>
								<th align="center" rowspan="2">SE ± sign</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">Bagasse control</th>
								<th align="center">Treated with native laccase</th>
								<th align="center">Treated with <italic>T. viride</italic> M5-2 induced laccase</th>
								<th align="center">Treated with <italic>T. pleuroticola</italic> induced laccase</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">DMD</td>
								<td align="center">34.88 <sup>d</sup></td>
								<td align="center">54.71 <sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">44.59 <sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">48.60 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">±0.48 P&lt;0.0001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">OMD</td>
								<td align="center">45.43 <sup>d</sup></td>
								<td align="center">63.14 <sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">54.78 <sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">58.91 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">±0.60 P&lt;0.0001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">ADFD</td>
								<td align="center">50.53 <sup>d</sup></td>
								<td align="center">63.59 <sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">56.88 <sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">61.16 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">±0.36 P&lt;0.0001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">CD</td>
								<td align="center">52.45 <sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">65.46 <sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">60.88 <sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">64.48 <sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">±0.51 P&lt;0.0001</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p><sup>a, b, c, d</sup> Different letters indicate significant differences for P &lt;0.05 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Duncan, 1955</xref>). DMD (dry matter digestibility), OMD (organic matter digestibility), ADFD (acid detergent fiber digestibility) and CD (cellulose digestibility).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Vargas and Pérez (2018)</xref> stated that the utilization of sugarcane bagasse is affected by its low digestibility, which is the fundamental reason for the application of pre-digestion processes that improve its nutritional quality. These types of pretreatments vary from the use of alkalis such as sodium hydroxide to the use of physical methods with high energy consumption that can increase digestibility up to 60%.</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Lagos and Castro (2019)</xref> stated that sugarcane bagasse, unlike whole cane, has higher fiber content, so its digestibility is lower (around 25%). These authors pointed out that the use of this fibrous source in animal feed requires the incorporation of different methodologies and procedures that improve its bioconversion and extend its use. An example of this statement is the investigations made in Veracruz, Mexico, where a predigested feed was developed from sugarcane bagasse for animal feed. The increase in the fibrous component digestibility was achieved by alkaline pretreatment, obtaining greater digestibility and applicability of this resource in cattle feeding (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Llanes 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>Other strategies to increase the fibrous digestibility of highly fiber substrate are the use of fibrolytic enzymes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Gado <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>)<bold>.</bold> These types of enzymes are used in the feeding of monogastrics and ruminants species and allow a better utilization of these sources. </p>
			<p>In ruminant species, fibrolytic enzymes are used mainly as additives in cattle feed, where they present important results by increasing the digestibility of fiber, improving the efficient use of energy from pastures and reducing the costs of diets (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Mendoza 2000</xref>). In monogastric species, the addition of fibrolytic enzymes allows altering the structure of the cell wall and improving the utilization of the fibrous fraction of the nutrients. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Aranda <italic>et al.</italic> (2004)</xref>, the fibrolytic pretreatment of alternative food sources allows increase its inclusion levels in the diets of these species. The use of fibrolytic products in animal production has an important impact in the diet optimization and nutrient assimilation, especially because fibrolytic enzymes stimulate the complex fiber degradation mechanism.</p>
			<p>Most of the international companies that commercialize fibrolytic enzyme products, presents formulation based on cellulase, hemicellulase and xylanase enzymes, such as Grasszyme®, Alfazyme® and Fibrozyme® (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Zilio <italic>et al.</italic> 2019</xref>). However these preparations doesn´t have lignin-modifying enzymes. It is known that ligninolytic enzymes are fundamentals for accomplish the lignin rupture and bring better access to cellulose fibers. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Lillington <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref> the joint action of cellulolytic and ligninolytic enzymes are essential to accomplish a better degradation of fibrous substrates. For these reasons, the inclusion of laccase like enzymes in fibrolytic preparations might convert these products in much more efficient technologies.</p>
			<p><italic>Foliar lignolytic capacity of C. kusanoi L7 laccases on the lemon tree (Citrus aurantifolia). C. kusanoi</italic> L7 fungus was isolated from lemon tree, that’s why the evaluation of the laccases lignolytic capacity on it constitute an example of how these enzymes are essential in the colonization and pathogenicity of the microorganism. On the other hand, it is known that enzymatic activity is affected in highly degree by substrate conditions, for that is important to evaluate different reaction environments to be sure of enzyme catalytic capacity. According to this, the evaluation of <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7 laccases on lemon tree, allows to confirm the fibrolytic ability of these enzymes. </p>
			<p>The present study showed that <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7 laccases treatments had high differences respect to the untreated control. After spraying the enzyme, the wilting state of the leaves was observed almost immediately. After the first 24 hours (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figure 2</xref>), great degradation of the leaf surface was found and after 72 hours of application, general tissue necrosis and loss of all the treated leaves were observed. Although the induced laccases differ from the native enzyme, all the treatments generated in the same level the progressive depolymerization of lignin and the consequent degradation of the plant tissue.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Foliar lignolytic capacity of <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7 laccases at 24 h of treatment</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-54-02-157-gf2.svg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>It’s known that <italic>Curvularia</italic> species, together with other species of the genera <italic>Cladosporium</italic>, Alternaria, <italic>Epicoccum</italic> and <italic>Nigrospora</italic> are known to be considered as primary degrading organisms, which proliferate as the leaves aged. Its spores accumulate on the leaf surface and remain latent until the death of plant tissues. These species are generally colonizers of most senescent leaf tissues of old trees, shrubs, and grasses; action that largely depends on its enzymatic production (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Hudson 1968</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Valenzuela <italic>et al.</italic> (2001)</xref> also stated that about 80% of the leaf litter degradation is due to the degrading activity of the extracellular enzymes secreted by these fungi. That is why the enzymes isolation from these microorganisms assurance a great degradation capacity on these type of substrates</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusions</title>
			<p><italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7 laccases, both native and induced, presented high ligninolytic potential. They are able of modifying lignin structure and improve nutritional quality and <italic>in vitro</italic> digestibility of sugarcane bagasse. These novel results lead futures investigations to <italic>in vivo</italic> evaluation of fibrous diets treated with laccase for animal feed. Furthermore it is presented the first evaluation of these purified enzymes in this field where the modification of non-conventional feed sources can constituted a sustainable alternative to develop the animal production. </p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Acknowledgments</title>
			<p>The authors thank the Department of Agrarian, Food and Forest Sciences of the Università degli Studi di Palermo, Sicily, Italy, for the personal and material support. The authors also wish to thank the Microbiology laboratory of the Institute of Animal Science, Cuba, for the maintenance of the strains.</p>
		</ack>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="es">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>CIENCIA ANIMAL</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Evaluación del potencial ligninolítico de las lacasas de <italic>Curvularia kusanoi</italic> L7 para su empleo en la producción animal</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0562-1052</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Alberto Vazquez</surname>
						<given-names>Maryen</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4178-3286</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Valiño Cabreras</surname>
						<given-names>Elaine Cristina</given-names>
					</name>
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				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
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					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
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					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5531-0669</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Laudicina</surname>
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					</name>
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				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8070-307X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Mirabile</surname>
						<given-names>Giulia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Institute of Animal Science (ICA), km 47 ½ Carretera Central San José de Las Lajas, 32700, Mayabeque, Cuba</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali (SAAF) Department, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale Delle Scienze, Ed. 5, 90128 Palermo, Italy</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>*</label>Email. <email>mvazquez@ica.co.cu</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<p>La presente investigación se condujo con el objetivo de evaluar la capacidad ligninolítica de las enzimas lacasas del hongo <italic>Curvularia kusanoi</italic> L7 en el mejoramiento de la calidad nutritiva de fuentes fibrosas para su empleo en la alimentación animal. La producción de lacasas se obtuvo mediante fermentación sólido sumergida del salvado de trigo, en condiciones nativas y con inducción por interacciones biológicas con <italic>Trichoderma viride</italic> M5-2 y <italic>Trichoderma pleuroticola</italic> y se purificaron mediante partición trifásica. La capacidad degradativa de las enzimas nativas e inducidas se evaluó mediante la determinación de su capacidad lignolítica foliar, deslignificación de la paja cruda de <italic>Triticum aestivum</italic> (trigo) y determinación del efecto del pretratamiento enzimático en el fraccionamiento fibroso y la digestibilidad <italic>in vitro</italic> del bagazo de <italic>Saccharum officinarum</italic> (caña de azúcar). Las lacasas, tanto nativas como inducidas, presentaron resultados similares de degradación foliar y deslignificación de la paja de trigo cruda. En cuanto a la calidad nutricional del bagazo de caña de azúcar, los pretratamientos enzimáticos logaron disminuir los componentes fibrosos, e incrementar su digestibilidad <italic>in vitro.</italic> Respecto al bagazo sin tratar, el pretratamiento con lacasa nativa presentó los mayores valores (P&lt;0,05) de digestibilidad de la materia seca, (54.71%) de la materia orgánica (63.14%) de la fibra de detergente ácido (63.59 %) y de la celulosa (65.46%). Se concluye que el potencial ligninolítico de las lacasas de <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7 y su capacidad para mejorar la calidad nutritiva y la digestibilidad <italic>in vitro</italic> del bagazo de caña de azúcar, encaminan su evaluación in <italic>vivo</italic> en la alimentación de especies monogástricas y rumiantes.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd><italic>Enzima</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>inducción</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>fibra</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>pretratamiento</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>digestibilidad <italic>in vitro</italic></italic></kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>El crecimiento acelerado de la población mundial trae como consecuencia el agotamiento de muchos recursos y empeora la situación alimentaria internacional. Según reportes de la <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">FAO (2019)</xref>, el hambre afecta a más de 42,5 millones de personas en la región de América Latina y el Caribe. Por estas razones, el desarrollo de la producción animal en el trópico se hace indispensable como una de las vías fundamentales para reducir el impacto negativo del déficit de alimentos. </p>
			<p>Numerosos estudios se conducen con la finalidad de lograr producciones más sostenibles, capaces de suplir la demanda internacional e impulsar la búsqueda y el estudio de fuentes alternativas de alimento animal que no compitan con la alimentación humana. En ese sentido, se valoran diferentes estrategias dentro de las que sobresale el pre tratamiento enzimático de fuentes fibrosas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Pinos <italic>et al.</italic> 2019</xref>). Sin embargo, la complejidad estructural de la lignina, así como su estrecha asociación y entrecruzamiento químico con la fracción de carbohidratos de la pared celular de la planta, la convierte en una biomolécula de carácter recalcitrante y de dificil degradación.</p>
			<p>Las enzimas que modifican este biopolímero son de tipo oxidativo, inespecíficas y además, actúan a través de mediadores no-protéicos en contraste con las enzimas hidrolíticas celulasas y hemicelulasas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Mehandiaa <italic>et al.</italic> 2020</xref>). Dentro de las principales enzimas lignolíticas que catalizan la despolimerizacion progresiva de la lignina, se encuentran las lacasas, las que constituyen dentro de su grupo, las de mayor aplicación industrial (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Munk <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>El empleo de este tipo de enzimas en el pre tratamiento de sustratos altos en fibra, supone grandes beneficios económicos y disminuye el tiempo global del proceso degradativo, si se compara con el empleo de microorganimos lignocelulolíticos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Zhao <italic>et al.</italic> 2019</xref>). No obstante, son escasos los estudios sobre la evaluación de estas enzimas en el mejoramiento de la calidad nutritiva de fuentes fibrosas para la alimentación animal. Por estas razones la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo: Evaluar las lacasas de <italic>Curvularia kusanoi</italic> L7 en la degradación de fuentes fibrosas para la alimentación animal</p>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>Material y Métodos</title>
				<p><italic>Obtención de los crudos enzimáticos mediante fermentación sólida sumergida del salvado de trigo. Microorganismo:</italic> en el presente estudio se empleó el hongo ascomiceto <italic>Curvularia kusanoi</italic> L7, aislado del árbol del limón, con número de secuencias de nucleótidos registradas en el GenBank y número de acceso L7 KY795957 </p>
				<p><italic>Procedimiento:</italic> Del cultivo puro de la cepa <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7, se tomaron 3 cm<sup>2</sup> y se inocularon en un Erlenmeyer que contenía 3 g de salvado de trigo y 100 mL de tampón citrato (50 mM, pH 5.0). Estos se incubaron a 30 °C en una zaranda orbital a 120 rpm durante 168 h de fermentación (tiempo de mayor producción de lacasa). El contenido de cada Erlenmeyer se filtró a través de un embudo Büchner, el líquido resultante se centrifugó (4 °C, 10,000 rpm, 3 min) y al sobrenadante (extracto crudo enzimático) se le determinó la actividad enzimática y la concentración de proteína. El resto se almacenó en tubos Corning a -20 °C para determinaciones posteriores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Wang <italic>et al</italic>. 2014</xref>). </p>
				<p><italic>Inducción de lacasas en cultivos de C. kusanoi L7 a través de interacciones biológicas con Trichoderma viride M5-2 y Trichoderma pleuroticola.</italic> La inducción de enzimas lacasa en los cultivos de <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7 se realizó a través de interacciones biológicas con dos especies de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> (<italic>T. viride</italic> M5-2 y <italic>T. pleuroticola</italic>, con número de secuencias de nucleótidos registradas en el GenBank y número de acceso de KY977981 y MK992922, respectivamente). Se empleó un inóculo de 1x10<sup>7</sup> UFC/g de sustrato, el cual se incorporó a los cultivos de <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7 a las 48h de crecimiento. </p>
				<p>El proceso de inducción se realizó en fermentación sólido sumergida del salvado de trigo, igual a lo descrito en la sección anterior. Para ambas especies de <italic>Trichoderma</italic> se procedió de forma similar.</p>
				<p><italic>Purificación de lacasa mediante partición trifásica.</italic> Las lacasas de los extractos enzimáticos de <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7 y las resultantes del proceso de inducción, se purificaron mediante la metodología de partición trifásica propuesta por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alberto <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref>. A los extractos crudos se añadió ter-butanol en una relación de 1.0: 1.1 (v / v), respectivamente. Esta mezcla se saturó al 78% con sulfato de amonio. El sistema formado se homogeneizó mediante agitación vórtex durante 1 minuto. Después se incubó durante 1 h a 38 °C en baño de incubación con temperatura controlada hasta que las fases se separaron. Este sistema se centrifugó (4000 rpm, 10 minutos a 25 °C) en una centrífuga termocientífica IEC CL31R, con el objetivo de compactar y separar con mayor facilidad el precipitado depositado en la fase intermedia. A continuación de la centrifugación, las fases se separaron mediante un embudo separador, la fase intermedia se reservó y se re disolvió en tampón fosfato (50 mM, pH 7). Finalmente, se determinó la actividad enzimática y la concentración de proteína.</p>
				<p><italic>Determinación de la actividad de la enzima lacasa.</italic> La actividad lacasa se determinó por espectrofotometría mediante el espectrofotómetro UV-Vis split beam, Rigol Ultra-3400. Se emplearon 100 µL de siringaldazina (5 mM en etanol) y 800 µL de amortiguador de citrato (50 mM, pH 4,5). La mezcla de reacción se incubó a 30ºC y se adicionó 100 µL del crudo enzimático hasta volumen final de reacción de 1mL. La reacción de oxidación de la siringaldazina se monitoreó en modo cinético durante 1 minuto en condiciones aerobias a 530 nm. Se consideró como una unidad de actividad lacasa (U), la cantidad de enzima que cataliza la conversión de 1.0 mmol de siringaldazina por minuto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Perna <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>). </p>
				<p><italic>Determinación de la concentración de proteínas.</italic> La concentración de proteínas se determinó de igual forma para los crudos iniciales y los resultantes luego de la purificación en sistemas trifásicos, mediante el método de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bradford (1976)</xref>, con el empleo de una curva estándar de seroalbumina bovina (BSA) en el rango de concentraciones 50-0.01 mg/mL.</p>
				<p><italic>Evaluación de la capacidad ligninolítica de las lacasas de C. kusanoi L7 en la paja de trigo cruda mediante Espectroscopía Infrarroja de Reflexión Total Atenuada con Transformada de Fourier (ATR-FT-IR).</italic> Para evaluar la capacidad ligninolítica de las lacasas de <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7 en la paja de trigo cruda, se incubó el sustrato con las difrentes enzimas (lacasa nativa de <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7, lacasa inducida por <italic>T. viride</italic> M5-2 y lacasa inducida por <italic>T. pleuroticola</italic>) a razón de 1:1 (p/v) en tubos de vidrio, durante 5 días a 40 ºC. La capacidad ligninolítica de los tratamientos enzimáticos se comparó con un tratamiento control donde se sustituyó la enzima por 1mL de agua destilada. Las diferencias en cuanto a la degradación de la lignina se evidenciaron mediante Espectroscopía Infrarroja de Reflexión Atenuada Total (ATR-FT-IR) en un equipo Pelkin Elmer con base de diamante ATR y detector MCT / A. Las exploraciones se realizaron desde 4000 cm<sup>-1</sup> hasta 400 cm<sup>-1</sup>.</p>
				<p><italic>Fraccionamiento fibroso y digestibilidad in vitro del bagazo de caña de azúcar pretratado con lacasas purificadas de C.kusanoi L7.</italic> Para evaluar la actividad de las lacasas de <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7 en los componentes fibrosos del bagazo de caña de azúcar, se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado con cuatro tratamientos: tratamiento control (bagazo sin tratar) y tres tratamientos enzimáticos (bagazo tratado con lacasa nativa, bagazo tratado con lacasa inducida por <italic>T. viride</italic> M5-2 y bagazo tratado con lacasa inducida por <italic>T. pleuroticola</italic>). Los análisis se realizaron por sextuplicado para un total de 24 muestras.</p>
				<p>Para obtener cada uno de los pretratamientos enzimáticos, se incubó 1g de sustrato con la enzima a razón de 4 UI/g y se mantuvo en una zaranda orbital a 40 ºC durante 72 horas. El fraccionamiento fibroso se realizó según la metodología de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Goering y Van Soest (1970)</xref>. </p>
				<p>Se evaluó la digestibilidad del bagazo de caña pre tratado con las lacasas de <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7 mediante la técnica <italic>in vitro</italic> con inóculo fecal de cerdo propuesta por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Marrero <italic>et al.</italic> (1998)</xref>. Para esto se empleó un diseño completamente aleatorizado con cuatro tratamientos: tratamiento control (bagazo sin tratar) y tres tratamientos enzimáticos (bagazo pretratado con lacasa nativa, bagazo pretratado con lacasa inducida por <italic>T. viride</italic> M5-2 y bagazo pretratado con lacasa inducida por <italic>T. pleuroticola</italic>). Los análisis se realizaron por sextuplicado para un total de 30 muestras. Como donante de las heces se tomó un cerdo mestizo (Yorkshire x Landrace x Duroc), quien recibió 1.5 kg de pienso basado en maíz-soja y agua a voluntad. Las heces se tomaron inmediatamente después de la defecación. Posteriormente, se determinó en los residuos el contenido de materia seca (MS), orgánica (MO) y ceniza (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">AOAC, 1995</xref>), además de la concentración de fibra detergente ácida (FND) y celulosa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Goering y van Soest, 1970</xref>). Para los cálculos de la digestibilidad se usó como blanco el medio de incubación. </p>
				<p><italic>Análisis estadísticos</italic> En ambos experimentos, los datos se procesaron según modelo de clasificación simple, con la ayuda del paquete estadístico InfoStat versión 1.0 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Di Rienzo et al. 2012</xref>). La dócima de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Duncan (1955)</xref> se empleó en los casos necesarios, para discriminar diferencias entre las medias.</p>
				<p><italic>Capacidad lignolítica foliar de lacasas C. kusanoi L7 en árbol de limón (Citrus aurantifolia).</italic> Para evaluar el efecto ligninolítico de las lacasas de <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7 en la superfice foliar del árbol de limón, se emplearon 3 plantas jóvenes por cada tratamiento (control con agua destilada, lacasa nativa de <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7, lacasa inducida por <italic>T. viride</italic> M5-2 y lacasa inducida por <italic>T. pleuroticola</italic>). Estos tratamientos se aplicaron en 5 hojas por cada planta, para un total de 15 hojas por tratamiento. La superficie foliar se limpió con agua destilda y se asperjó 1 mL de la enzima. La capacidad degradativa foliar se evaluó cada 24 horas por un período de 7 días. El experimento se realizó a temperatura ambiente en la estación experimental de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias Agroalimentarias y Forestales de la Universidad de Palermo, Sicilia, Italia.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>Resultados y Discusión</title>
				<p><italic>Evaluación de la capacidad ligninolítica de las lacasas de C. kusanoi L7 en la paja de trigo cruda mediante Espectroscopía Infrarroja de Reflexión Atenuada Total con Transformada de Fourier (ATR-FT-IR).</italic> Los espectros ATR-FT-IR de la paja de trigo cruda y de la paja tratada con las lacasas de <italic>C. kusanoi L7</italic> se muestran en la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">figura 1</xref>. De acuerdo con los estudios previos de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Xu <italic>et al.</italic> (2004</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">2006)</xref>, la presencia de la lignina en la muestra se detecta a través de señales características en el espectro. </p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f3">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Espectro ATR-FT-IR de la paja de trigo cruda y tratada con lacasas nativas e inducidas de <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7 en el rango 400 a 4000 cm<sup>-1</sup>. Los números del 1-12 corresponden a las señales características de la lignina.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-54-02-157-gf3.svg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>En la presente investigación se identificaron las siguientes bandas asociadas a la lignina: </p>
				<p>
					<list list-type="order">
						<list-item>
							<p>Banda correspondiente a la vibración de estiramiento de grupos O-H (fenólicos y alifáticos) en el intervalo de 3400 a 3200 cm<sup>-1</sup></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Banda correspondiente al estiramiento de C-H de los grupos CH<sub>3</sub> y CH<sub>2</sub> detectada a 2930 cm<sup>-1</sup></p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Pequeña banda a 2850 cm<sup>-1</sup> atribuida a la vibración de grupos OCH<sub>3</sub>. </p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>La banda a 1711 cm<sup>-1</sup> atribuida al estiramiento C=O de cetonas no conjugadas, grupos carbonilos, grupos éster o aldehídos conjugados y ácidos carboxílicos.</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Banda a 1610 cm<sup>−1</sup> asociada a dobles enlaces C=C aromáticos </p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Banda a 1510 cm<sup>-1</sup>asociada a vibraciones de enlaces C=C de las unidades aromáticas y fenólicas de la lignina</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Banda detectada a 1420 cm<sup>-1</sup> asociada a las vibraciones del esqueleto aromático de fenilpropano de la lignina </p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Banda detectada a 1333cm<sup>−1</sup> asociada a las vibraciones de los enlaces C−H alifáticos (grupos CH o CH<sub>2</sub>) </p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Banda detectada a 1320 cm<sup>−1</sup> asociada a la flexión simétrica de enlaces alifáticos C-H</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Banda detectada a 1210 cm<sup>−1</sup> asociada a la presencia de enlaces de C−O del anillo guaiacil </p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Banda detectada a 1160 cm<sup>−1</sup> asociada a la vibración del estiramiento antisimétrico C-O de alcoholes secundarios o de los ácidos hidroxicinámicos unidos a éster (como el ácido ρ-cumárico esterificado y ácido ferúlico) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Sun y Cheng, 2002</xref>) </p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Banda detectada a 1035 cm<sup>-1</sup> asociada a las vibraciones producidas por los enlaces O-CH<sub>3</sub> de las unidades de tipo guayacilo y siringilo</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</p>
				<p>Los tratamientos con lacasa, tanto inducida como nativa, muestran marcada reducción de las intensidades en todas las señales que se asocian a la lignina. El tratamiento que logra mayor disminución de las señales en el espectro es el que emplea la lacasa inducida con <italic>T. pleuroticola</italic>, aunque las diferencias con el resto no son en gran medida. En todos los casos, las mayores reducciones se observan en el triplete característico (5, 6 y 7), atribuido a las vibraciones del anillo aromático de la lignina, lo que se corresponde con estudios similares de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Ibarra <italic>et al</italic>. (2004)</xref>.</p>
				<p>Estos resultados también se corresponden con los planteados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Mwaikambo y Ansell (2011)</xref>, quienes encontraron marcada disminución de la banda comprendida entre 3300 y 3100 cm<sup>-1</sup> después del tratamiento de la fibra de la paja de trigo con la enzima lacasa. Se conoce que el propio mecanismo de acción de esta enzima, implica la despolimerización oxidativa de los compuestos fenólicos mediante la formación de radicales fenoxilo inestables (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Ghoul y Chebil, 2012</xref>), es por ello que las variaciones en la intensidad de estas bandas son indicativas de la acción de la enzima sobre las unidades fenólicas de la lignina. Según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Mattinen <italic>et al</italic>. (2005)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Kahar (2013)</xref> los cambios a 1512 cm<sup>−1</sup> atribuidos a las vibraciones de los anillos aromáticos de la lignina debido a la vibración esquelética aromática (C═C), son indicativos de cambios en la superficie de la lignina, por lo que la menor intensidad de esta banda demuestra la acción de la lacasa para oxidar las unidades fenólicas presentes en la superficie de las fibras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Oliva <italic>et al</italic>. 2015</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Liu <italic>et al</italic>. 2014</xref>).</p>
				<p><italic>Digestibilidad in vitro y fraccionamiento fibroso del bagazo de caña de azúcar pretratado con lacasas purificadas de C. kusanoi L7</italic><bold>.</bold> En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabla 1</xref> se resume el fraccionamiento fibroso del bagazo de caña pretratado con las enzimas lacasas de <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7. En todos los casos, el proceso de pre tratamiento enzimático pemitió la disminución tanto de la fracción ácida de la fibra como de los valores de lignina y celulosa. La reducción de estos indicadores es un aspecto fundamental para mejorar el aprovechamiento del bagazo de caña de azúcar. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Tabla 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Fraccionamiento fibroso del bagazo de caña pretratado con las enzimas lacasas de <italic>C. kusanoi L7</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="4"/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" rowspan="2">Indicadores, %</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="4">Bagazo de caña de azúcar </th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2">EE ± sign.</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Bagazo control</th>
									<th align="center">Tratado con lacasa nativa</th>
									<th align="center">Tratado con lacasa inducida por <italic>T. viride</italic></th>
									<th align="center">Tratado con lacasa inducida por <italic>T. pleuroticola</italic></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">MS</td>
									<td align="center">94,65</td>
									<td align="center">94,68</td>
									<td align="center">94,79</td>
									<td align="center">94,28</td>
									<td align="center">±0,24 P=0,4875</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">FDA</td>
									<td align="center">51,88 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">40,14 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">39,72 <sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">39,74 <sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">±0,09 P&lt;0,0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Lignina</td>
									<td align="center">8,93 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">6,12 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">6,12 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">5,35 <sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">±0,10 P&lt;0,0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Celulosa</td>
									<td align="center">39,49 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">30,06 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">28,07 <sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">27,57 <sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">±0,26 P&lt;0,0001</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p><sup>a,b,c</sup> Letras distintas indican diferencias significativas para P&lt;0,05 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Duncan, 1955</xref>).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">López <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref> plantearon que los métodos de pretratamiento deben ser capaces de mejorar la biodegradabilidad del sustrato y presentar bajo consumo de energía, facilidad en la disposición de residuos y bajo costo económico. Es por ello que constituyen una alternativa sustentable y eficaz para la bioconversión de la biomasa lignocelulósica. </p>
				<p>La modificación de las fibras del bagazo de caña mediante la acción de las enzimas lacasas, permite obtener un sustrato mas accesible y de mayor biodegradación. Los resultados de la digestibilidad <italic>in vitro</italic> del bagazo pretratado se resumen en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabla 2</xref>. Según se observa, las diferencias respecto al tratamiento control denotan claramente que el proceso degradativo fue efectivo para mejorar la calidad nutritiva de esta fuente fibrosa. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Tabla 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Digestibilidad del bagazo de caña de azúcar pre tratado con las enzimas lacasas de <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="4"/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" rowspan="2">Indicadores, %</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="4">Bagazo de Caña de azúcar </th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2">EE ± sign</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Sin tratar</th>
									<th align="center">Tratado con lacasa nativa</th>
									<th align="center">Tratado con lacasa inducida por <italic>T. viride</italic></th>
									<th align="center">Tratado con lacasa inducida por <italic>T. pleuroticola</italic></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">DMS</td>
									<td align="center">34,88 <sup>d</sup></td>
									<td align="center">54,71 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">44,59 <sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">48,60 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">±0,48 P&lt;0,0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">DMO</td>
									<td align="center">45,43 <sup>d</sup></td>
									<td align="center">63,14 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">54,78 <sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">58,91 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">±0,60 P&lt;0,0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">DFDA</td>
									<td align="center">50,53 <sup>d</sup></td>
									<td align="center">63,59 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">56,88 <sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">61,16 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">±0,36 P&lt;0,0001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">DC</td>
									<td align="center">52,45 <sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">65,46 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">60,88 <sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">64,48 <sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">±0,51 P&lt;0,0001</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p><sup>a,b,c,d</sup> Letras distintas indican diferencias significativas para P&lt;0,05 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Duncan, 1955</xref>). DMS: digestibilidad de la materia seca; DMO: digestibilidad de la materia orgánica; DFDA: digestibilidad de la fibra detergente ácido y DC: digestibilidad de la celulosa.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Vargas y Pérez (2018)</xref> plantearon que el empleo del bagazo de caña de azúcar se afecta por su baja digestibilidad, lo que constituye la razón fundamental para la aplicación de procesos de predigestión que permitan mejorar su calidad nutritiva. Estos pretratamientos varían desde el empleo de álcalis como el hidróxido de sodio hasta el empleo de métodos físicos con alto consumo energético que pueden llegar a incrementar la digestibilidad hasta 60%. </p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Lagos y Castro (2019)</xref> inormaron que el bagazo de caña de azúcar a diferencia de la caña integral, presenta mayor contenido de fibra por lo que su digestibilidad es menor (alrededor de 25 %). Estos autores señalaron que el empleo de esta fuente fibrosa en la alimentación animal necesita la incorporación de diferentes metodologías y procedimientos que mejoren su bioconversión y extiendan su uso. En Veracruz, México, se desarrolló un alimento predigerido a partir del bagazo de caña de azúcar para alimentación animal. El incremento de la digestibilidad del componente fibroso se logró mediante el tratamiento químico alcalino, corroborándose mayor digestibilidad y aplicabilidad de este recurso en la alimentación de bovinos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Llanes 2012</xref>). </p>
				<p>Otra de las estrategias que también se utilizan con resultados positivos en la digestibilidad de fuentes fibrosas, es el empleo de las enzimas fibrolíticas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Gado <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>). Estas se emplean tanto en la alimentación de especies monogástricas como de rumiantes y permiten mejorar el grado de aprovechamiento del alimento. </p>
				<p>En especies rumiantes, las enzimas fibrolíticas se emplean mayoritariamente como aditivos en la alimentación de bovinos, donde presentan importantes resultados al incrementar la digestibilidad de la fibra, mejorar el aprovechamiento eficiente de la energía de los pastos y disminuir los costos de las dietas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Mendoza, 2000</xref>). En especies monogástricas, la adición de enzimas fibrolíticas permite alterar la estructura de la pared celular y mejorar la utilización de la fracción fibrosa del alimento. Según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Aranda <italic>et al.</italic> (2004)</xref>, el tratamiento fibrolítico de fuentes alternativas de alimentación animal, permite aumentar sus niveles de inclusión en las dietas de estas especies. El empleo de productos enzimáticos fibrolíticos en la producción animal, permite no solo la optimización de las dietas sino el aprovechamiento de los nutrientes al estimular los complejos mecanismos de degradación de la fibra. </p>
				<p>La mayoría de las compañías internacionales que comercializan productos enzimáticos fibrolíticos, presentan formulaciones basadas en enzimas celuloliticas y xilanolíticas, como es el caso de Grasszyme®, Alfazyme® y Fibrozyme® (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Zilio et al. 2019</xref>). En cambio, en el mercado, la mayoría de estas preparaciones adolecen de enzimas modificadoras de lignina. Se conoce que las enzimas ligninolíticas son fundamentales en la despolimerización de la lignina y por lo tanto permiten mejor acceso a las fibras de celulosa. Según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Lillington <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref>, la unión de la actividad celulolítica con la actividad ligninolítica es esencial para lograr mejor biodegradación de los sustratos fibrosos. Por estas razones, la inclusión de las enzimas lacasas en productos fibrolíticos, pudiera convertir estas formulaciones en tecnologías mucho más eficientes. </p>
				<p><italic>Capacidad lignolítica foliar de las lacasas de C. kusanoi L7 en el árbol de Limón (Citrus aurantifolia).</italic> Las hojas del árbol de limón constituyeron el sustrato de aislamiento de <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7, por lo que su actividad degradativa sobre éste, constituye un ejemplo de cómo las lacasas son fundamentales en el proceso de colonización y patogenicidad vegetal de este microorganismo. Por otra parte, se conoce que la actividad enzimática se afecta en gran medida por las condiciones del sustrato, por lo que es esencial evaluar diferentes condiciones de reacción para poder asegurar que se mantiene la capacidad catalítica de la enzima. Al respecto, la evaluación de la actividad lignolítica de las lacasas de <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7 en las hojas del árbol de limón, premite confirmar la actividad fibrolítica que poseen estas enzimas. </p>
				<p>Se encontró que todos los tratamientos enzimáticos mostraron marcadas diferencias respecto al control sin tratar. El estado de marchitéz de las hojas, se observó casi inmediatamente después de la aspersión de la enzimas. Al cabo de las primeras 24 horas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">figura 2</xref>) se encontró gran degradación de la superficie foliar y luego de las 72 horas de aplicación, se observó necrosis general del tejido y la caída de todas las hojas que se sometieron al tratamiento. Aunque las lacasas inducidas difieren de la enzima nativa, todos los tratamientos enzimaticos generaron en igual medida la despolimerización progresiva de la lignina y la consecuente degradación del tejido vegetal en corto tiempo. </p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f4">
						<label>Figura 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Capacidad lignolítica foliar de las lacasas de <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7 a las 24 horas de tratamiento</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-54-02-157-gf4.svg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Se conoce que las especies de <italic>Curvularia</italic>, de conjunto con otras especies de los géneros <italic>Cladosporium</italic>, <italic>Alternaria, Epicoccum</italic> y <italic>Nigrospora</italic> son organismos degradadores primarios, que proliferan en la medida que las hojas envejecen. Sus esporas se acumulan en la superficie foliar y permanecen latentes hasta la muerte de los tejidos vegetales. Por lo general, estas especies son colonizadoras de la mayoría de los tejidos foliares senescentes de árboles caducifolios, arbustos y hierbas; acción que depende en gran medida de su producción enzimática (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Hudson 1968</xref>). Por su parte, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Valenzuela <italic>et al.</italic> (2001)</xref> también plantearon que cerca del 80 % de la degradación de la hojarasca se debe a la actividad degradativa de las enzimas extracelulares de estos hongos. Es por ello que las enzimas aisladas a partir de estos microorganismos presentan gran potencial de degradación de estos sustratos.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusiones</title>
				<p>Las lacasas <italic>C. kusanoi</italic> L7, tanto nativas como inducidas, presentan gran potencial ligninolítico. Son capaces de modificar la estructura de la lignina y mejorar la calidad nutricional y la digestibilidad <italic>in vitro</italic> del bagazo de caña de azúcar<italic>.</italic> Estos resultados novedosos encaminan futuras investigaciones hacia la evaluación <italic>in vivo</italic> de dietas fibrosas pretratadas con lacasas para su empleo en la alimentación de especies monogástricas y rumiantes. A su vez, se presentan las primeras evaluaciones de esta enzima en la rama de la producción agropecuaria, donde la modificación de alimentos no convencionales puede constituir una alternativa sustentable para desarrollar la producción animal.</p>
			</sec>
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		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>Agradecimientos</title>
				<p>Los autores agradecen al Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias, Alimentarias y Forestales de la Università degli Studi di Palermo, Sicilia, Italia, por el apoyo personal y material. Los autores también desean agradecer al laboratorio de Microbiología del Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Cuba, por el mantenimiento de las cepas.</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>