<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cjas</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Cuban J. Agric. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2079-3480</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Ediciones ICA</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00009</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ANIMAL SCIENCE</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Effect of <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> forage meal as an additive on health indicators of broilers</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1769-3416</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vázquez</surname>
						<given-names>Ysnagmy</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0740-9346</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rodríguez</surname>
						<given-names>Bárbara</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8858-0307</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Valdivié</surname>
						<given-names>M.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Apartado Postal 24, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba </institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto de Ciencia Animal</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Ciencia Animal</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<city>San José de las Lajas</city>
						<state>Mayabeque</state>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="CU">Cuba</country>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Email: <email>ysnagmy@ica.co.cu</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>01</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>54</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>229</fpage>
			<lpage>236</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>08</day>
					<month>09</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>21</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2020</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>The inclusion of <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> forage meal as an additive and its effect on health indicators of broilers were evaluated. A total of 28 male broilers (hybrid EB<sub>34</sub>) of 1 to 42 d of age were used, from a productive performance experiment. They were distributed in a completely randomized design and four treatments were established: control diet (corn-soybean) and three diets, with inclusion of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 % of <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> forage meal. At 42 d of age, the animals were slaughtered and the abdominal cavity was opened to determine immunological indicators (spleen, thymus and bursa of Fabricius). The organ weight was expressed as relative weight to live weight (g gLW<sup>-1</sup> x100). Blood was extract from the jugular vein to determine health indicators (hematocrit and hemoglobin). The birds mortality was also taken into account. There was no effect of the moringa level on the hemoglobin, hematocrit and mortality values of broilers. An increase in the relative weight of the thymus (P = 0.0151) and the bursa of Fabricius (P = 0.0002) was found in the broilers that received moringa forage meal in the diet. The results showed the possibility of including up to 1.5 % of moringa forage meal in the broilers diet, without affecting health indicators. Future researches are recommended to supplement this information.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Key words:</title>
				<kwd><italic>forage trees</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>phytobiotics</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>broilers</italic></kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="34"/>
				<page-count count="8"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>The use of antibiotics as growth promoters has been used for decades, with great effect on production costs and animal welfare. However, its indiscriminate use caused microbial resistance problems and exacerbated the appearance of residual effects on food for human intake (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ahmed and Gareib 2016</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Muaz <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>). For these reasons, in 2006, the European Community prohibits its inclusion in the diet for prophylactic purposes. In this context, nutritionists and specialists began researches to search for additives that are harmless to animals and humans, with effects similar to these drugs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Linares 2015</xref>).</p>
		<p>One of the possible alternatives reported in poultry production to replace antibiotics is the use of plants, which are incorporated into the diet to improve the yield and immune response of broilers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gadde <italic>et al</italic>. 2017</xref>). <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> is in great demand due to its high nutritional and medicinal value. Numerous researches were carried out to isolate, identify and characterize bioactive compounds from different parts of this plant. These studies showed that the biologically active components in <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> are compounds called glucosinolates and isothiocyanates, including 4- (4'-O-acetyl-α-L-ramnopyranosyloxy) benzyl isothiocyanate, niazimycin, pteriospermine, benzyl isothiocyanate, and 4- ( α-L-ramnanosaniloxy) benzyl glucosinolate, niaziridine, niazirine, as well as carotenoids (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bennett <italic>et al.</italic> 2003</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Shanker <italic>et al</italic>. 2007</xref>), which give the plant antiparasitic, antibacterial and digestion modifying properties, among others (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Dilawar <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>). Due to these properties, it is suggested that their inclusion in the diet in small amounts improves the health and immune response of broilers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Hassan <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Mousa <italic>et al</italic>. 2017</xref>).</p>
		<p>According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Padilla <italic>et al.</italic> (2014)</xref>, this plant is also of great importance as forage plant, due to its nutritional characteristics and its high yield in the production of fresh biomass. It would be interesting to know if the use of <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> forage meal in small amounts can improve broilers health. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> forage meal as an additive and its effect on health indicators of broilers.</p>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>Materials and Methods</title>
			<p><italic>Elaboration of forage meal.</italic> The sowing of moringa was carried out in the Unidad Experimental de Pastos y Forrajes &quot;Miguel Sistach Naya&quot; of the Instituto de Ciencia Animal (ICA), Cuba. Leaves and stems of the plant were used, with a cutting age of 60 d and 30 cm height. The forage was milled in a hammer mill and subsequently dried in the sun for 96 h. In the drying period, the material was spread on the plate at bed height, which did not exceed 30 cm. It was turned several times a day with a rake to achieve uniformity of the material. Then, it was passed through a hammer mill until obtaining a particle size of 3 mm. The material was packed in 50 kg jute bags and kept indoors and aired until their use.</p>
			<p><italic>Animals and experimental diets.</italic> A total of 28 male broilers from the hybrid EB<sub>34</sub>, of 1 to 42 d of age were used. The birds came from a productive performance experiment (with 700 chickens) and were distributed in a completely randomized design in four treatments: a control diet (corn-soybean) and three diets, with inclusion of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 % of <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> forage meal. Throughout the experimentation period, the animals had free access to food and water.</p>
			<p>Three-phase feeding system was applied: starter (1-14 d), growing (15 to 28 d) and finishing (29 to 42 d). Meal diets were used and formulated according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Rostagno <italic>et al.</italic> (2017)</xref> recommendations. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the base diets for each feeding period. To each base diet (without moringa inclusion) 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 % of <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> forage meal were added.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Base diets of broilers in the different feeding stages.</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Raw matter for feeds, %</th>
								<th align="center">Starter</th>
								<th align="center">Growing</th>
								<th align="center">Finishing</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Corn meal </td>
								<td align="center">47.0</td>
								<td align="center">52.9</td>
								<td align="center">58.79</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Soybean meal </td>
								<td align="center">41.13</td>
								<td align="center">35.87</td>
								<td align="center">30.4</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Vegetable oil </td>
								<td align="center">6.6</td>
								<td align="center">6.3</td>
								<td align="center">6.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Monocalcium phosphate </td>
								<td align="center">1.8</td>
								<td align="center">1.6</td>
								<td align="center">1.6</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Calcium carbonate </td>
								<td align="center">1.5</td>
								<td align="center">1.5</td>
								<td align="center">1.4</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Common salt </td>
								<td align="center">0.35</td>
								<td align="center">0.33</td>
								<td align="center">0.33</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">DL methionine</td>
								<td align="center">0.31</td>
								<td align="center">0.25</td>
								<td align="center">0.24</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Lysine</td>
								<td align="center">0.18</td>
								<td align="center">0.12</td>
								<td align="center">0.11</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Choline </td>
								<td align="center">0.13</td>
								<td align="center">0.13</td>
								<td align="center">0.13</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Vitamins and minerals<sup>1</sup>premixture</td>
								<td align="center">1.00</td>
								<td align="center">1.00</td>
								<td align="center">1.00</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" colspan="4">Calculated composition, %</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Crude protein </td>
								<td align="center">21.81</td>
								<td align="center">19.96</td>
								<td align="center">18.02</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Metabolizable energy, kJ/kg</td>
								<td align="center">739.72</td>
								<td align="center">753.10</td>
								<td align="center">765.05</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Crude fiber </td>
								<td align="center">3.02</td>
								<td align="center">2.83</td>
								<td align="center">2.64</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Total calcium</td>
								<td align="center">1.00</td>
								<td align="center">0.95</td>
								<td align="center">0.90</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Available phosphorus </td>
								<td align="center">0.50</td>
								<td align="center">0.45</td>
								<td align="center">0.45</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Lysine</td>
								<td align="center">1.39</td>
								<td align="center">1.20</td>
								<td align="center">1.05</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Methionine + cystine</td>
								<td align="center">0.95</td>
								<td align="center">0.85</td>
								<td align="center">0.79</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p><sup>
 <italic>1</italic>
</sup><italic>Mineral premixture per kg of food: selenium (0.1 mg), iron (40 mg), copper (12 mg), zinc (120 mg), magnesium (100 mg), iodine (2.5 mg) and cobalt (0.75 mg) and Vitaminic premixture per kg of food: vitamin A (10 000 UI), vitamin D</italic>
 <sub>
 <italic>3</italic>
</sub> 
 <italic>(2 000 UI), vitamin E (10 mg), vitamin K</italic>
 <sub>
 <italic>3</italic>
</sub> 
 <italic>(2 mg), vitamin B</italic>
 <sub>
 <italic>1</italic>
</sub> 
 <italic>(thiamine, 1 mg), vitamin B</italic>
 <sub>
 <italic>2</italic>
</sub> 
 <italic>(riboflavin, 5 mg), vitamin B</italic>
 <sub>
 <italic>6</italic>
</sub> 
 <italic>(pyridoxine, 2 mg), vitamin B</italic>
 <sub>
 <italic>12</italic>
</sub> 
 <italic>(15.4 mg), nicotinic acid (125 mg), calcium pantothenate (10 mg), folic acid (0.25 mg) and biotin (0.02 mg)</italic></p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>At 42 d, seven birds were selected and weighed per treatment. For this, the average weight of the birds of each treatment was taken into account and the immunological and health indicators described below were determined.</p>
			<p><italic>Immunological indicators.</italic> The birds were slaughtered two hours and thirty minutes after ingestion of food by the method of bleeding the jugular vein, described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Sánchez (1990)</xref>. Subsequently, the abdominal cavity was opened and the spleen, thymus, and the bursa of Fabricius were removed. These organs were weighed on a SARTORIUS technical balance, with precision ± 0.1 g. The organ weights were expressed as relative weight to live weight (g gLW<sup>-1</sup> x100). Live weight was established at the slaughter time.</p>
			<p><italic>Health indicators.</italic> As health indicators, bird mortality was taken into account, as well as hematocrit (Hto) and hemoglobin (Hb).</p>
			<p><italic>Mortality:</italic> To calculate this indicator, the number of dead birds during the stage was used and it was divided among those that were housed at the beginning of the experiment.</p>
			<p>The determination of the hematocrit was carried out on Hawkley microhematocrit equipment with a sliding scale reader that allowed it to be placed at the level of the hematic sediments to perform the reading.</p>
			<p>For hemoglobin, the cyanometahemoglobin method, described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Crosby <italic>et al.</italic> (1954)</xref> was used.</p>
			<p><italic>Statistial analysis</italic>. A completely randomized design was used for health indicators, with four treatments and seven repetitions. The mortality was analyzed by the Chi-square test, using the CompraPro statistical package de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Font <italic>et al.</italic> (2007)</xref>, version 1. The health indicators were analyzed by the statistical package INFOSTAT 2012 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Di Rienzo <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). For the comparison of means, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Duncan (1955)</xref> mean range test P &lt;0.05 was used.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>Results and Discussion</title>
			<p>The Hb and Hto indicators did not differ between the studied treatments (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table 2</xref>). They were found in the established range (7.0-18.6 g dL<sup>-1</sup> of Hb and 23-55 % of Hto) for broilers, according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Morton <italic>et al.</italic> (1993)</xref>. However, it is suggested that when blood is extracted from the brachial vessels, the stress increases, due to the increase in plasma cortisol. This causes the mobilization of erythrocytes, so there may be a slight increase in hemoglobin (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Gutiérrez and Corredor 2017</xref>). However, this one did not show significant changes between treatments.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Hematological indicators of broilers with the inclusion of <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> forage meal as an additive</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col span="4"/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" rowspan="2">Indicator</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="4"><bold>Levels of <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> forage meal , %</bold></th>
								<th align="center" rowspan="2">SE (±)</th>
								<th align="center" rowspan="2">Value of probability </th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">0</th>
								<th align="center">0.5</th>
								<th align="center">1.0</th>
								<th align="center">1.5</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Hb (g dL<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
								<td align="center">10.19</td>
								<td align="center">10.57</td>
								<td align="center">10.76</td>
								<td align="center">10.56</td>
								<td align="center">0.20</td>
								<td align="center">P=0.2658</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Hto (%)</td>
								<td align="center">30.57</td>
								<td align="center">31.71</td>
								<td align="center">32.29</td>
								<td align="center">31.71</td>
								<td align="center">0.61</td>
								<td align="center">P=0.2668</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Oghenebrorhie and Oghenesuvwe (2016)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Sánchez <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref>, when using moringa leaf meal in growing chickens, they do not found differences in Hb and Hto levels. On the contrary, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Hassan <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref> when evaluating three levels of moringa leaf meal inclusion (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 %) in broilers, found an increase in the concentration of Hb (9.16, 9.33 and 9.46 mg/100 mL, respectively) with respect to the control (8.93 mg/100 mL). It is probable that the type of diet, age, sex and physiological state of the animals could influence on these results (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Ogbe and Affiku 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows the weight of the lymphoid organs, which according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Perozo <italic>et al.</italic> (2004)</xref> are used as an indicator of birds health. With the inclusion of meal, there was an increase in the relative weight of the thymus and the bursa of Fabricius with respect to the control.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Table 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Relative weight (g gLW<sup>-1</sup> x100) of lymphoid organs of broilers receiving <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> forage meal as additive in the diet </title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col span="4"/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left" rowspan="2">Organ</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="4"><bold>Levels of <italic>Moringa oleífera</italic> forage meal<italic>,</italic> %</bold></th>
								<th align="center" rowspan="2">SE (±)</th>
								<th align="center" rowspan="2">Value of probability</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">0</th>
								<th align="center">0.5</th>
								<th align="center">1.0</th>
								<th align="center">1.5</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Spleen</td>
								<td align="center">0.12</td>
								<td align="center">0.14</td>
								<td align="center">0.18</td>
								<td align="center">0.15</td>
								<td align="center">0.03</td>
								<td align="center">P=0.4734</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Thymus</td>
								<td align="center">0.48<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.59<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.62<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.60<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.02</td>
								<td align="center">P=0.0002</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Bursa of Fabricius</td>
								<td align="center">0.16<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.20<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.22<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.21<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.01</td>
								<td align="center">P=0.0151</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p><sup>
 <italic>a,b</italic>
</sup> Different letters in the same row differ at P &lt; 0.05 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Duncan 1955</xref>).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Suárez <italic>et al.</italic> (2010)</xref>, the immune system in chickens depends on primary lymphoid organs, such as the bursa of Fabricius and thymus, as well as secondary ones, such as the spleen, among others. B cells are formed in the bursa of Fabricius and T lymphocytes are formed in the thymus from primordial cells that come from the bone marrow or yolk sac during the embryonic phase. For this reason, the development of these lymphatic organs is important to understand the protective functionality of the immune system of chickens. Increasing its size increases the population of cells involved in the immune response, especially B cells. This same process occurs in the thymus, in which the differentiation of T lymphocytes is generated, by which a better immune response is allowed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Cortes and Villamarín 2013</xref>).</p>
			<p>In a previous study, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><italic>Perozo et al.</italic> (2004)</xref> reported that as more developed these lymphatic organs are (except in muscular hypertrophy), there is more immune protection in the birds organism. According to this criterion, the chickens under study did not show immunosuppression. On the contrary, with the inclusion of <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> forage meal favors the increase in the function of the birds' immune system and there is a better immunostimulatory response. These results may be due to the chemical compounds present in moringa, and to the ability of plant polysaccharides to modulate the immune system (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Dong <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>). In this regard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cabrera <italic>et al.</italic> (2017)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Kshirsagar <italic>et al.</italic> (2017)</xref> reported secondary metabolites, mainly polyphenols, ﬂavonoids, and tannins. In this sense, tannins, although considered anti-nutritional factors, small proportions in diets can be efficient bactericides, fungicides, antioxidants and astringents, thus improving the immune system and with it, the of animals health (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Savón <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Nkukwana <italic>et al</italic>. (2014)</xref> fed broilers with different levels of <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> leaf meal and found no difference between treatment and control group for spleen weight, but not for the bursa of Fabricius. However, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Teteh <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref> found higher weight of the spleen, thymus, and the bursa of Fabricius in chickens with 1 and 2 % moringa leaf meal compared to those in the control group. Studies with other plants show higher weight of thymus and the bursa of Fabricius in chickens that intake 2.0 and 5.0% of <italic>Morinda citrifolia</italic> compared to those that intake the control diet (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Renteria 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>The bird mortality was not affected by moringa levels (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figure 1</xref>). This shows that the inclusion up to 1.5 % of moringa forage meal in broilers diets does not cause lethality. In this regard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Mona <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref> neither did they found effect on the mortality of chickens, reporting values of 1.13 and 0.88 % when including 2 and 3 % of moringa forage meal , respectively.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Effect of the level of Moringa oleifera on the mortality of broilers</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-54-02-229-gf1.svg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Similar results were observed when chickens were fed different levels of leaf meal from <italic>Morus alba</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Leyva <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>) and <italic>Tithonia diversifolia</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Buragohain 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>Although statistically there are no differences between treatments for animal mortality, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figure 1</xref> shows that with 1.0 % moringa there are fewer deaths. During the entire experimental period (from 1 to 42 d), 17, 8, 4 and 12 dead animals were recorded for the control treatments, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% of <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> forage meal, respectively. This result corresponds to the immune response of the animals, since despite the fact that there were no differences in the relative weight of the thymus and the bursa of Fabricius in the chickens that intake moringa (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">table 3</xref>), numerically the birds with 1.0 % of inclusion, showed the highest values, which shows higher immunity.</p>
			<p>The results showed the possibility of including up to 1.5 % of <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> forage meal in feed rations for broilers, without affecting the animals health. Future researches are recommended to complement this information and to measure other indicators to be able to recommend <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> forage meal as an additive for broilers.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<mixed-citation>Ahmed, A. M. &amp; Gareib, M. M. 2016. &quot;Detection of some antibiotics residues in chicken meat and chicken luncheon&quot;. <italic>Egyptian Journal of Chemistry and Environmental Health</italic>. 2 (2):315-323, ISSN: 2536-9164.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ahmed</surname>
							<given-names>A. M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gareib</surname>
							<given-names>M. M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Detection of some antibiotics residues in chicken meat and chicken luncheon</article-title>
					<source>Egyptian Journal of Chemistry and Environmental Health</source>
					<volume>2</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>315</fpage>
					<lpage>323</lpage>
					<issn>2536-9164</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<mixed-citation>Bennett, R. N., Mellon, F. A., Foidl, N., Pratt, J. H., Dupont, M. S., Perkins, L. &amp; Kroon, P. A. 2003. &quot;Profiling Glucosinolates and Phenolics in Vegetative and Reproductive Tissues of the Multi-Purpose Trees <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> L. (Horseradish Tree) and <italic>Moringa stenopetala L</italic>&quot;. <italic>Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</italic>, 51(12): 3546-3553, ISSN 0021-8561, DOI:10.1021/jf0211480. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Bennett</surname>
							<given-names>R. N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mellon</surname>
							<given-names>F. A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Foidl</surname>
							<given-names>N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pratt</surname>
							<given-names>J. H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dupont</surname>
							<given-names>M. S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Perkins</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kroon</surname>
							<given-names>P. A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2003</year>
					<article-title>Profiling Glucosinolates and Phenolics in Vegetative and Reproductive Tissues of the Multi-Purpose Trees Moringa oleifera L. (Horseradish Tree) and Moringa stenopetala L</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</source>
					<volume>51</volume>
					<issue>12</issue>
					<fpage>3546</fpage>
					<lpage>3553</lpage>
					<issn>0021-8561</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1021/jf0211480</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<mixed-citation>Buragohain, R. 2016. &quot;Growth performance, nutrient utilization, and feed efficiency in broilers fed Tithonia diversifolia leaf meal as substitute of conventional feed ingredients in Mizoram&quot;, <italic>Veterinary World</italic>, 9(5): 444-449, ISSN (Online): 2231-0916, DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2016.444-449.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Buragohain</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Growth performance, nutrient utilization, and feed efficiency in broilers fed Tithonia diversifolia leaf meal as substitute of conventional feed ingredients in Mizoram</article-title>
					<source>Veterinary World</source>
					<volume>9</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>444</fpage>
					<lpage>449</lpage>
					<issn>2231-0916</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.14202/vetworld.2016.444-449</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<mixed-citation>Cabrera, J., Jaramillo, C., Dután, F., Cun, J., García, P. &amp; Rojas de Astudillo, L. 2017. &quot;Variación del contenido de alcaloides, fenoles, flavonoides y taninos <italic>en Moringa oleifera Lam.</italic> en función de su edad y altura&quot;. <italic>Bioagro</italic>, 29 (1): 53-60, ISSN: 1316-3361.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Cabrera</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jaramillo</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dután</surname>
							<given-names>F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cun</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>García</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rojas de Astudillo</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Variación del contenido de alcaloides, fenoles, flavonoides y taninos en Moringa oleifera Lam. en función de su edad y altura</article-title>
					<source>Bioagro</source>
					<volume>29</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>53</fpage>
					<lpage>60</lpage>
					<issn>1316-3361</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<mixed-citation>Cortés, L.S. &amp; Villamarín, S. C. 2013. &quot;Características morfométricas de órganos linfoides y estudios serológicos en levante de ponedoras utilizando un inmunomodulador, vitaminas y aminoácidos&quot;. <italic>Spei Domus</italic>, 9(18): 29‑36. ISSN: 2382-4247. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Cortés</surname>
							<given-names>L.S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Villamarín</surname>
							<given-names>S. C.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Características morfométricas de órganos linfoides y estudios serológicos en levante de ponedoras utilizando un inmunomodulador, vitaminas y aminoácidos</article-title>
					<source>Spei Domus</source>
					<volume>9</volume>
					<issue>18</issue>
					<fpage>29‑36</fpage>
					<lpage>29‑36</lpage>
					<issn>2382-4247</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<mixed-citation>Crosby, W. H., Munn, J. I. &amp; Furth, F. W. 1954. “Standardizing a method for clinical hemoglobinometry”. <italic>United States Armed Forces Medical Journal</italic>, 5(5): 693-703, ISSN: 0566-0777.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Crosby</surname>
							<given-names>W. H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Munn</surname>
							<given-names>J. I.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Furth</surname>
							<given-names>F. W.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1954</year>
					<article-title>Standardizing a method for clinical hemoglobinometry</article-title>
					<source>United States Armed Forces Medical Journal</source>
					<volume>5</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>693</fpage>
					<lpage>703</lpage>
					<issn>0566-0777</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<mixed-citation>Di Rienzo, J., Casanoves, F., Balzarini, M., Gonzalez, L., Tablada, M. &amp; Robledo, C. 2012. Grupo InfoStat, FCA. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Argentina. Versión 1.0 para Windows. Available: &lt;<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.infostat.com.ar">http://www.infostat.com.ar</ext-link>&gt;</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Di Rienzo</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Casanoves</surname>
							<given-names>F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Balzarini</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gonzalez</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tablada</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Robledo</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<source>Grupo InfoStat, FCA</source>
					<publisher-name>Universidad Nacional de Córdoba</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>Argentina</publisher-loc>
					<version>1.0</version>
					<comment>para Windows</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.infostat.com.ar">http://www.infostat.com.ar</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<mixed-citation>Dilawar, S., Shah, A., Khan, H. U. &amp; Imad, S. 2018. &quot;Antibacterial, antibiofilm, hemolytic activity and phytochemical study of various aerial parts of <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> in Pakistan&quot;. <italic>Asian J. Med. Biol. Res</italic>. 4 (1): 77-85, ISSN: 2411-4472 (Print), 2412-5571 (Online), DOI: 10.3329/ajmbr.v4i1.36825. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Dilawar</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Shah</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Khan</surname>
							<given-names>H. U.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Imad</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>Antibacterial, antibiofilm, hemolytic activity and phytochemical study of various aerial parts of Moringa oleifera in Pakistan</article-title>
					<source>Asian J. Med. Biol. Res.</source>
					<volume>4</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>77</fpage>
					<lpage>85</lpage>
					<issn>2411-4472</issn>
					<issn>2412-5571</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3329/ajmbr.v4i1.36825</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<mixed-citation>Dong, X.F., W.W. Gao, J.M. Tong, H.Q. Jia, R.N. Sa. &amp; Zhang, Q. 2007. &quot;Effect of polysavone (alfalfa extract) on abdominal fat deposition and immunity in broiler chickens&quot;. <italic>Poultry Science</italic>, 86 (9):1955-1959, ISSN: 0032-5791.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Dong</surname>
							<given-names>X.F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>W.W.</surname>
							<given-names>Gao</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>J.M.</surname>
							<given-names>Tong</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>H.Q.</surname>
							<given-names>Jia</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>R.N.</surname>
							<given-names>Sa</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zhang</surname>
							<given-names>Q.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2007</year>
					<article-title>Effect of polysavone (alfalfa extract) on abdominal fat deposition and immunity in broiler chickens</article-title>
					<source>Poultry Science</source>
					<volume>86</volume>
					<issue>9</issue>
					<fpage>1955</fpage>
					<lpage>1959</lpage>
					<issn>0032-5791</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<mixed-citation>Duncan, D. B. 1955. &quot;Multiple Range and Multiple F Tests&quot;. <italic>Biometrics</italic>, 11(1): 1, ISSN: 0006-341X. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Duncan</surname>
							<given-names>D. B.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1955</year>
					<article-title>Multiple Range and Multiple F Tests</article-title>
					<source>Biometrics</source>
					<volume>11</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>1</lpage>
					<issn>0006-341X</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<mixed-citation>Font, H., Noda, A., Torres, V., Herrera, M., Lizazo, D., Sarduy, L.R. &amp; Rodríguez., L. 2007. Paquete estadístico comparación de proporciones (Comprapro). Versión 1. Instituto de Ciencia Animal. Cuba</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Font</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Noda</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Torres</surname>
							<given-names>V.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Herrera</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lizazo</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sarduy</surname>
							<given-names>L.R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rodríguez.</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2007</year>
					<source>Paquete estadístico comparación de proporciones (Comprapro)</source>
					<version>1</version>
					<publisher-name>Instituto de Ciencia Animal</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>Cuba</publisher-loc>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<mixed-citation>Gadde, U., Kim, W.H., Oht, S. T. &amp; Lillehoj, H. S. 2017. &quot;Alternatives to antibiotics for maximizing growth performance and feed efficiency in poultry: a review&quot;. <italic>Animal Health Research Reviews</italic>, 18(01): 26-45, ISSN: 1466-2523, DOI: 10.1017/s1466252316000207. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Gadde</surname>
							<given-names>U.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kim</surname>
							<given-names>W.H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Oht</surname>
							<given-names>S. T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lillehoj</surname>
							<given-names>H. S.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Alternatives to antibiotics for maximizing growth performance and feed efficiency in poultry: a review</article-title>
					<source>Animal Health Research Reviews</source>
					<volume>18</volume>
					<issue>01</issue>
					<fpage>26</fpage>
					<lpage>45</lpage>
					<issn>1466-2523</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1017/s1466252316000207</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<mixed-citation>Gutiérrez, L.L. &amp; Corredor, J.R. 2017. &quot;Parámetros sanguíneos y respuesta inmune en pollos de engorde alimentados con probióticos&quot;. <italic>Revista Veterinaria y Zootecnía</italic>, 11 (2): 81-92, ISSN 2011-5415. DOI: 10.17151/vetzo.2017.11.2.7. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Gutiérrez</surname>
							<given-names>L.L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Corredor</surname>
							<given-names>J.R.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Parámetros sanguíneos y respuesta inmune en pollos de engorde alimentados con probióticos</article-title>
					<source>Revista Veterinaria y Zootecnía</source>
					<volume>11</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>81</fpage>
					<lpage>92</lpage>
					<issn>2011-5415</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17151/vetzo.2017.11.2.7</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B14">
				<mixed-citation>Hassan, H.M.A., El-Moniary, M.M., Hamouda Y., El-Daly, E. F., Youssef, A.W. &amp; Abd El-Azeem, N.A. 2016. &quot;Effect of Different Levels of <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> Leaves Meal on Productive Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Some Blood Parameters of Broiler Chicks Reared Under Heat Stress Conditions&quot;. <italic>Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances</italic>, 11(1): 60-66, ISSN: 1683-9919, DOI: 10.3923/ajava.2016.60.66. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Hassan</surname>
							<given-names>H.M.A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>El-Moniary</surname>
							<given-names>M.M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hamouda</surname>
							<given-names>Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>El-Daly</surname>
							<given-names>E. F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Youssef</surname>
							<given-names>A.W.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Abd El-Azeem</surname>
							<given-names>N.A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Effect of Different Levels of Moringa oleifera Leaves Meal on Productive Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Some Blood Parameters of Broiler Chicks Reared Under Heat Stress Conditions</article-title>
					<source>Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances</source>
					<volume>11</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>60</fpage>
					<lpage>66</lpage>
					<issn>1683-9919</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3923/ajava.2016.60.66</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B15">
				<mixed-citation>Kshirsagar, R.B., Sawate, A.R., Patil, B.M. &amp; Zaker, M.A. 2017. &quot;Studies on nutritional profile of different parts of <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> (Leaf, flower and pod) &quot;. <italic>Food Science</italic>, 8 (1): 21-24, ISSN: 2230-9403, DOI: 10.15740/HAS/FSRJ/8.1/21-24.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kshirsagar</surname>
							<given-names>R.B.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sawate</surname>
							<given-names>A.R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Patil</surname>
							<given-names>B.M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zaker</surname>
							<given-names>M.A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Studies on nutritional profile of different parts of Moringa oleifera (Leaf, flower and pod)</article-title>
					<source>Food Science</source>
					<volume>8</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>21</fpage>
					<lpage>24</lpage>
					<issn>2230-9403</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.15740/HAS/FSRJ/8.1/21-24</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B16">
				<mixed-citation>Leyva, C. L., Olmo, G. C. &amp; León, A. E. 2012. &quot;Inclusión de harina deshidratada de follaje de morera (<italic>Morus alba L</italic>.) en la alimentación del pollo campero&quot;. <italic>Revista Científica UDO Agrícola</italic>, 12(3):653 - 659. ISSN: 1317-9152. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Leyva</surname>
							<given-names>C. L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Olmo</surname>
							<given-names>G. C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>León</surname>
							<given-names>A. E.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<article-title>Inclusión de harina deshidratada de follaje de morera (Morus alba L.) en la alimentación del pollo campero</article-title>
					<source>Revista Científica UDO Agrícola</source>
					<volume>12</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>653 </fpage>
					<lpage> 659</lpage>
					<issn>1317-9152</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B17">
				<mixed-citation>Linares, L. 2015. &quot;Los desafíos nutricionales frente a las restricciones de uso de aditivos: eliminación de uso de antibiótico”. In: XXIV Congreso Latinoamericano de Avicultura 2015, Guayaquil, Ecuador: Corporación Nacional de Avicultores del Ecuador (CONAVE) ,Available:&lt;<comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.engormix.com/avicultura/articulos/losdesafiosnutricionales-frente-t32625.htm">https://www.engormix.com/avicultura/articulos/losdesafiosnutricionales-frente-t32625.htm</ext-link></comment>&gt;, [Consulted: marzo 29, 2019].</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="confproc">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Linares</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<source>Los desafíos nutricionales frente a las restricciones de uso de aditivos: eliminación de uso de antibiótico</source>
					<conf-name>XXIVCongreso Latinoamericano de Avicultura 2015</conf-name>
					<conf-loc>Guayaquil, Ecuador</conf-loc>
					<conf-sponsor>Corporación Nacional de Avicultores del Ecuador (CONAVE)</conf-sponsor>
					<comment><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.engormix.com/avicultura/articulos/losdesafiosnutricionales-frente-t32625.htm">https://www.engormix.com/avicultura/articulos/losdesafiosnutricionales-frente-t32625.htm</ext-link></comment>
					<date-in-citation content-type="access-date" iso-8601-date="2019-03-29">marzo 29, 2019</date-in-citation>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B18">
				<mixed-citation>Mona, E M. Y., Hamada, A.A. &amp; Ahmed, R. E. 2016. &quot;Productive performance and immune response of two broiler breeds to dietary Moringa supplementation&quot;. <italic>J. World Poult. Res.</italic>, 6 (4): 191-198. ISSN: 2322-455X.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Mona</surname>
							<given-names>E M. Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hamada</surname>
							<given-names>A.A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ahmed</surname>
							<given-names>R. E.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Productive performance and immune response of two broiler breeds to dietary Moringa supplementation</article-title>
					<source>J. World Poult. Res.</source>
					<volume>6</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>191</fpage>
					<lpage>198</lpage>
					<issn>2322-455X</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B19">
				<mixed-citation>Morton, D.B., Abbot, D., Barclay, R., Close, B S., Ewbank, R., Gask, D., Heath, M., Mattic, S., Poole, T., Seamer J., Southee, J., Thompson A., Trussell, B., West, C. &amp; Jennings, M. 1993. &quot;Removal of blood from laboratory mammals and birds. First report of the BVA/FRAME/RSPCA/UFAW joint working group on refinement&quot;. <italic>Laboratory Animals</italic>, 27(1), 1-22. ISSN: 0023-6772, ISSN (Online): 1758-1117. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Morton</surname>
							<given-names>D.B.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Abbot</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Barclay</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Close</surname>
							<given-names>B S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ewbank</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gask</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Heath</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mattic</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Poole</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Seamer</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Southee</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Thompson</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Trussell</surname>
							<given-names>B.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>West</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jennings</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1993</year>
					<article-title>Removal of blood from laboratory mammals and birds. First report of the BVA/FRAME/RSPCA/UFAW joint working group on refinement</article-title>
					<source>Laboratory Animals</source>
					<volume>27</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>22</lpage>
					<issn>0023-6772</issn>
					<issn>1758-1117</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B20">
				<mixed-citation>Mousa, M.A., Osman, A.S. &amp; Abdel-Hady, H.A.M. 2017. &quot;Performance, immunology and biochemical parameters of <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> and/or <italic>Cichorium intybus</italic> addition to broiler chicken ration&quot;. <italic>Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health</italic>, 9 (10): 255-263, ISSN: 2141-2529, DOI: 10.5897/JVMAH2017.0611.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Mousa</surname>
							<given-names>M.A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Osman</surname>
							<given-names>A.S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Abdel-Hady</surname>
							<given-names>H.A.M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Performance, immunology and biochemical parameters of Moringa oleifera and/or Cichorium intybus addition to broiler chicken ration</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health</source>
					<volume>9</volume>
					<issue>10</issue>
					<fpage>255</fpage>
					<lpage>263</lpage>
					<issn>2141-2529</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5897/JVMAH2017.0611</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B21">
				<mixed-citation>Muaz, K., Riaz, M., Akhtar, S., Park, S. &amp; Ismail, A. 2018. &quot;Antibiotic Residues in Chicken Meat: Global Prevalence, Threats, and Decontamination Strategies: A Review&quot;. <italic>Journal of Food Protection</italic>, 81(4), 619-627, ISSN: 0362-028X (Print), 1944-9097 (Online), DOI:10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-17-086.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Muaz</surname>
							<given-names>K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Riaz</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Akhtar</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Park</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ismail</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>Antibiotic Residues in Chicken Meat: Global Prevalence, Threats, and Decontamination Strategies: A Review</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Food Protection</source>
					<volume>81</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>619</fpage>
					<lpage>627</lpage>
					<issn>0362-028X</issn>
					<issn>1944-9097</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-17-086</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B22">
				<mixed-citation>Nkukwana, T.T., Muchenje, N., Pieterse, N.E., Masika, P.J., Mabusela, T.P., Hoffman, L.C. &amp; Dzama, K. 2014. &quot;Effect of <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> leaf meal on growth performance, apparent digestibility, digestive organ size and carcass yield in broiler chickens&quot;. <italic>Livestock Science</italic>, 161: 139-146. ISSN: 1871-1413, DOI:10.1016/j.livsci.2014.01.001.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Nkukwana</surname>
							<given-names>T.T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Muchenje</surname>
							<given-names>N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pieterse</surname>
							<given-names>N.E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Masika</surname>
							<given-names>P.J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mabusela</surname>
							<given-names>T.P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hoffman</surname>
							<given-names>L.C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dzama</surname>
							<given-names>K.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Effect of Moringa oleifera leaf meal on growth performance, apparent digestibility, digestive organ size and carcass yield in broiler chickens</article-title>
					<source>Livestock Science</source>
					<volume>161</volume>
					<fpage>139</fpage>
					<lpage>146</lpage>
					<issn>1871-1413</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.livsci.2014.01.001</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B23">
				<mixed-citation>Ogbe, A.O. &amp; Affiku, J.P. 2012. &quot;Effect of polyherbal aqueous extracts (<italic>Moringa oleifera</italic>, Gum arabic and wild <italic>Ganoderma lucidum</italic>) in comparison with antibiotic on growth performance and haematological parameters of broiler chickens&quot;. <italic>Research Journal of Recent Sciences</italic>, 1 (7):10-18, ISSN: 2277-2502.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ogbe</surname>
							<given-names>A.O.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Affiku</surname>
							<given-names>J.P.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<article-title>Effect of polyherbal aqueous extracts (Moringa oleifera, Gum arabic and wild Ganoderma lucidum) in comparison with antibiotic on growth performance and haematological parameters of broiler chickens</article-title>
					<source>Research Journal of Recent Sciences</source>
					<volume>1</volume>
					<issue>7</issue>
					<fpage>10</fpage>
					<lpage>18</lpage>
					<issn>2277-2502</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B24">
				<mixed-citation>Oghenebrorhie, O. &amp; Oghenesuvwe, O. 2016. &quot;Performance and haematological characteristics of broiler finisher fed <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> leaf meal diets&quot;. <italic>Journal of Northeast Agricultural University</italic>, 23 (1):28-34, ISSN: 1006-8104.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Oghenebrorhie</surname>
							<given-names>O.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Oghenesuvwe</surname>
							<given-names>O.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Performance and haematological characteristics of broiler finisher fed Moringa oleifera leaf meal diets</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Northeast Agricultural University</source>
					<volume>23</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>28</fpage>
					<lpage>34</lpage>
					<issn>1006-8104</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B25">
				<mixed-citation>Padilla, C., Fraga, N., Scull, I., Tuero, R., Sarduy, L., 2014. &quot;Effect of cut height on indicators of forage production of <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> cv. Plain., <italic>Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science</italic>, 48 (4): 405 - 409, ISSN: 2079-3480.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Padilla</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fraga</surname>
							<given-names>N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Scull</surname>
							<given-names>I.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tuero</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sarduy</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Effect of cut height on indicators of forage production of Moringa oleifera cv. Plain.</article-title>
					<source>Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science</source>
					<volume>48</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>405 </fpage>
					<lpage> 409</lpage>
					<issn>2079-3480</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B26">
				<mixed-citation>Perozo, M, Nava J., Mavárez, Y., Arenas, E., Serje, P. &amp; Briceño, M. 2004. &quot;Caracterización morfométrica de los órganos linfoides en pollos de engorde de la línea Ross criados bajo condiciones de campo en el Estado Zulia, Venezuela&quot;. <italic>Revista Científica</italic>, 14(3): 217-225. ISSN: 0798-2259.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Perozo</surname>
							<given-names>M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nava</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mavárez</surname>
							<given-names>Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Arenas</surname>
							<given-names>E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Serje</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Briceño</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2004</year>
					<article-title>Caracterización morfométrica de los órganos linfoides en pollos de engorde de la línea Ross criados bajo condiciones de campo en el Estado Zulia, Venezuela</article-title>
					<source>Revista Científica</source>
					<volume>14</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>217</fpage>
					<lpage>225</lpage>
					<issn>0798-2259</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B27">
				<mixed-citation>Rentería, G. A. 2018. Efecto inmunoestimulante de noni (<italic>Morinda citrifolia</italic>) y guanábana (<italic>Annona muricata</italic>) en pollos de engorde machos cobb - 500, lambayeque- perú - 2016. Graduated Thesis, Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo, Lambayeque, Perú, 108 p. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="thesis">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rentería</surname>
							<given-names>G. A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<source>Efecto inmunoestimulante de noni (Morinda citrifolia) y guanábana (Annona muricata) en pollos de engorde machos cobb - 500, lambayeque- perú - 2016</source>
					<comment content-type="degree">Graduated</comment>
					<publisher-name>Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>Lambayeque, Perú</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-loc>Lambayeque, Perú</publisher-loc>
					<size units="pages">108</size>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B28">
				<mixed-citation>Rostagno, H. S., Teixeira, L.F., Hannas, M. I., López, J., Sakomura, N.K.; Perazzo, F. G., Saraiva, A., Lobão, M., Borges, P., de Oliveira., R. F., de Toledo, S.L. &amp; de Oliveira, C. 2017. Tablas brasileñas para aves y cerdos: composición de alimentos y requerimientos nutricionales. Ed. por Departamento de Zootecnia Universidad Federal de Viçosa. Cuarta. Brasil: Universidad Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Zootecnia. ISBN: 978-85-8179-122-7. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rostagno</surname>
							<given-names>H. S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Teixeira</surname>
							<given-names>L.F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hannas</surname>
							<given-names>M. I.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>López</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sakomura</surname>
							<given-names>N.K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Perazzo</surname>
							<given-names>F. G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Saraiva</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lobão</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Borges</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>de Oliveira.</surname>
							<given-names>R. F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>de Toledo</surname>
							<given-names>S.L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>de Oliveira</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<source>Tablas brasileñas para aves y cerdos: composición de alimentos y requerimientos nutricionales. Ed. por Departamento de Zootecnia Universidad Federal de Viçosa</source>
					<publisher-loc>Cuarta. Brasil</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Universidad Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Zootecnia</publisher-name>
					<isbn>978-85-8179-122-7</isbn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B29">
				<mixed-citation>Sánchez, A. 1990. Enfermedades de las aves. La Habana, Cuba: ENPES, 285 p.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Sánchez</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1990</year>
					<source>Enfermedades de las aves</source>
					<publisher-loc>La Habana, Cuba</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>ENPES</publisher-name>
					<size units="pages">285</size>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B30">
				<mixed-citation>Sánchez, K.Y., Cuadros, A.F. &amp; Peña, M.Y. 2016. &quot;Impacto que genera la utilización de <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> en la producción de pollo&quot;. <italic>Revista Mundo FESC</italic>, 2(12): 98-108. ISSN 2216-0353.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Sánchez</surname>
							<given-names>K.Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cuadros</surname>
							<given-names>A.F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Peña</surname>
							<given-names>M.Y.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Impacto que genera la utilización de Moringa oleifera en la producción de pollo</article-title>
					<source>Revista Mundo FESC</source>
					<volume>2</volume>
					<issue>12</issue>
					<fpage>98</fpage>
					<lpage>108</lpage>
					<issn>2216-0353</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B31">
				<mixed-citation>Savón, L., Scull, I. &amp; Martínez, M. 2007. &quot;Integral foliage meal for poultry feeding. Chemical composition, physical properties and phytochemical screening&quot;. <italic>Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science</italic>, 41 (4):359-361, ISSN: 2079-3480.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Savón</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Scull</surname>
							<given-names>I.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Martínez</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2007</year>
					<article-title>Integral foliage meal for poultry feeding. Chemical composition, physical properties and phytochemical screening</article-title>
					<source>Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science</source>
					<volume>41</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>359</fpage>
					<lpage>361</lpage>
					<issn>2079-3480</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B32">
				<mixed-citation>Shanker, K., Gupta, M., Srivastava, S., Bawankule, D., Pal, A. &amp; Khanuja, S. 2007. &quot;Determination of bioactive nitrile glycoside in moringa (<italic>Moringa oleifera</italic>) by reverse HPLC&quot;. <italic>Food Chemistry</italic>, 105 (1): 376-382. ISSN: 0308-8146, DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.12.034.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Shanker</surname>
							<given-names>K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gupta</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Srivastava</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bawankule</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pal</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Khanuja</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2007</year>
					<article-title>Determination of bioactive nitrile glycoside in moringa (Moringa oleifera) by reverse HPLC</article-title>
					<source>Food Chemistry</source>
					<volume>105</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>376</fpage>
					<lpage>382</lpage>
					<issn>0308-8146</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.12.034</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B33">
				<mixed-citation>Suárez, Z. N., Aguilera, Q.I., Ardaya, C., Gianella, D. H. &amp; Rodríguez, J. 2010. Caracterización del Desarrollo de la Bolsa de Fabricio en Pollos de engorde. Graduated Thesis, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Renè Moreno, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, 53 p. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="thesis">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Suárez</surname>
							<given-names>Z. N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Aguilera</surname>
							<given-names>Q.I.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ardaya</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gianella</surname>
							<given-names>D. H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rodríguez</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2010</year>
					<source>Caracterización del Desarrollo de la Bolsa de Fabricio en Pollos de engorde</source>
					<comment content-type="degree">Graduated</comment>
					<publisher-name>Universidad Autónoma Gabriel Renè Moreno</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>Santa Cruz, Bolivia</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-loc>Santa Cruz, Bolivia</publisher-loc>
					<size units="pages">53</size>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B34">
				<mixed-citation>Teteh, A., Lawson, E., Tona, K., Decuypere, E. &amp; Gbeassor, M. 2013. &quot;<italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> Leave: Hydro-Alcoholic Extract and Effects on Growth Performance of Broilers&quot;. <italic>International Journal of Poultry Science</italic>, 12(7): 401-405, ISSN: 1682-8356. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Teteh</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lawson</surname>
							<given-names>E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tona</surname>
							<given-names>K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Decuypere</surname>
							<given-names>E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gbeassor</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Moringa oleifera Leave: Hydro-Alcoholic Extract and Effects on Growth Performance of Broilers</article-title>
					<source>International Journal of Poultry Science</source>
					<volume>12</volume>
					<issue>7</issue>
					<fpage>401</fpage>
					<lpage>405</lpage>
					<issn>1682-8356</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="es">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>CIENCIA ANIMAL</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Efecto de la harina de forraje de <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> como aditivo en indicadores de salud de pollos de ceba</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1769-3416</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vázquez</surname>
						<given-names>Ysnagmy</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0740-9346</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Rodríguez</surname>
						<given-names>Bárbara</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8858-0307</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Valdivié</surname>
						<given-names>M.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Apartado Postal 24, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>*</label>Email: <email>ysnagmy@ica.co.cu</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<p>Se evaluó la inclusión de la harina de forraje de <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> como aditivo y su efecto en indicadores de salud de pollos de ceba. Se utilizaron 28 pollos de ceba machos (híbrido EB<sub>34</sub>) de 1 a 42 d de edad, que procedían de un experimento de comportamiento productivo. Se distribuyeron en un diseño completamente aleatorizado y se establecieron cuatro tratamientos: dieta control (maíz-soya) y tres dietas, con inclusión de 0.5, 1.0 y 1.5 % de harina de forraje de <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic>. A los 42 d de edad, los animales se sacrificaron y se abrió la cavidad abdominal para determinar indicadores inmunológicos (bazo, timo y bolsa de Fabricio). El peso de los órganos se expresó como peso relativo al peso vivo (g gPV<sup>-1</sup> x100). Se extrajo sangre de la vena yugular para determinar indicadores de salud (hematocrito y hemoglobina). Se tuvo en cuenta además, la mortalidad de las aves. No hubo efecto del nivel de moringa en los valores de hemoglobina, hematocrito y mortalidad de las aves. Se halló incremento del peso relativo del timo (P=0.0151) y la bolsa de Fabricio (P=0.0002) en las aves que recibieron harina de forraje de moringa en la dieta. Los resultados mostraron la posibilidad de incluir hasta 1.5 % de harina de forraje de moringa en la dieta de pollos de ceba, sin que se afecten los indicadores de salud. Se recomiendan investigaciones futuras que complementen esta información. </p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd><italic>árboles forrajeros</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>fitobióticos</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>aves</italic></kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>El uso de antibióticos como promotores del crecimiento se utilizó durante décadas, con gran efecto en los costos de producción y el bienestar animal. Sin embargo, su utilización indiscriminada ocasionó problemas de resistencia microbiana y agudizó la aparición de efectos residuales en los alimentos para el consumo humano (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ahmed y Gareib 2016</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Muaz <italic>et al</italic>. 2018</xref>). Por estas razones, en el 2006, la Comunidad Europea prohibió su inclusión en la dieta con fines profilácticos. En este contexto, nutricionistas y especialistas iniciaron investigaciones para la búsqueda de aditivos que resultaran inocuos para los animales y el hombre, con efectos similares a estos fármacos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Linares 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>Una de las posibles alternativas que se informan en la producción avícola para reemplazar los antibióticos es el uso de plantas, que se incorporan a la dieta para mejorar el rendimiento y la respuesta inmune de las aves (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Gadde <italic>et al</italic>. 2017</xref>). <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> tiene gran demanda, por su alto valor nutricional y medicinal. Numerosas investigaciones se realizaron para aislar, identificar y caracterizar compuestos bioactivos a partir de diferentes partes de esta planta. Estos estudios demostraron que los componentes biológicamente activos presentes en <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> son compuestos llamados glucosinolatos e isotiocianatos, incluidos los 4- (4'-O-acetil-α-L- ramnopiranosiloxi) bencilo isotiocianato, niazimicina, pteriospermina, bencilo isotiocianato y 4- (α-L-ramnanosaniloxi) bencilo glucosinolato, niaziridina, niazirina, así como los carotenoides (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Bennett <italic>et al.</italic> 2003</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Shanker <italic>et al</italic>. 2007</xref>), que le confieren a la planta propiedades antiparasitarias, antibacterianas y modificadoras de la digestión, entre otras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Dilawar <italic>et al</italic>. 2018</xref>). Debido a estas propiedades, se plantea que su inclusión en la dieta en pequeñas cantidades mejora la salud y la respuesta inmune de pollos de engorde (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Hassan <italic>et al</italic>. 2016</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Mousa <italic>et al</italic>. 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>Según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Padilla <italic>et al</italic>. (2014)</xref>, esta planta tiene además, gran importancia como forrajera, debido a sus características nutricionales y a su alto rendimiento en la producción de biomasa fresca. Sería interesante conocer si el uso de la harina de forraje de <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> en pequeñas cantidades puede mejorar la salud de pollos de engorde. Por ello, este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la inclusión de la harina de forraje de <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> como aditivo y su efecto en indicadores de salud de pollos de ceba.</p>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>Materiales y Métodos</title>
				<p><italic>Elaboración de la harina de forraje</italic>. La siembra de la moringa se realizó en la Unidad Experimental de Pastos y Forrajes “Miguel Sistach Naya” del Instituto de Ciencia Animal (ICA) de la República de Cuba. Se utilizaron hojas y tallos de la planta, con edad de corte de 60 d y altura de 30 cm. El forraje se molió en un molino de martillo y posteriormente se secó al sol durante 96 h. En el período de secado, el material se esparció en el plato a altura de cama, que no superó los 30 cm. Se volteó varias veces al día con un rastrillo para lograr la uniformidad del material. Luego, se pasó por un molino de martillo hasta obtener tamaño de partícula de 3 mm. El material se envasó en sacos de yute de 50 kg y se mantuvo bajo techo y aireado hasta su utilización. </p>
				<p><italic>Animales y dietas experimentales.</italic> Se utilizaron 28 pollos de ceba machos del hibrido EB<sub>34,</sub> de 1 a 42 d de edad. Las aves procedieron de un experimento de comportamiento productivo (con 700 pollos) y se distribuyeron en un diseño completamente aleatorizado en cuatro tratamientos: una dieta control (maíz-soya) y tres dietas, con inclusión de 0.5, 1.0 y 1.5 % de harina de forraje de <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic>. Durante todo el período de experimentación, los animales tuvieron libre acceso al agua y al alimento.</p>
				<p>Se aplicó sistema de alimentación trifásico: inicio (1-14 d), crecimiento (15 a 28 d) y acabado (29 a 42 d). Se emplearon dietas en forma de harina y se formularon de acuerdo con las recomendaciones de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Rostagno <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref>. En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabla 1</xref> se presentan las dietas base de cada período de alimentación. A cada dieta base (sin inclusión de moringa) se le adicionó 0.5, 1.0 y 1.5 % de harina de forraje de <italic>Moringa oleifera.</italic></p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Tabla 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Dietas base de pollos de ceba en las diferentes fases de alimentación. </title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Materias primas para piensos, %</th>
									<th align="center">Inicio</th>
									<th align="center">Crecimiento</th>
									<th align="center">Acabado</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Harina de maíz</td>
									<td align="center">47.0</td>
									<td align="center">52.9</td>
									<td align="center">58.79</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Harina de soya</td>
									<td align="center">41.13</td>
									<td align="center">35.87</td>
									<td align="center">30.4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Aceite vegetal </td>
									<td align="center">6.6</td>
									<td align="center">6.3</td>
									<td align="center">6.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Fosfato monocálcico</td>
									<td align="center">1.8</td>
									<td align="center">1.6</td>
									<td align="center">1.6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Carbonato de calcio</td>
									<td align="center">1.5</td>
									<td align="center">1.5</td>
									<td align="center">1.4</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Sal común</td>
									<td align="center">0.35</td>
									<td align="center">0.33</td>
									<td align="center">0.33</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">DL metionina</td>
									<td align="center">0.31</td>
									<td align="center">0.25</td>
									<td align="center">0.24</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Lisina</td>
									<td align="center">0.18</td>
									<td align="center">0.12</td>
									<td align="center">0.11</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Colina</td>
									<td align="center">0.13</td>
									<td align="center">0.13</td>
									<td align="center">0.13</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Premezcla vitaminas y minerales<sup>1</sup></td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" colspan="4">Composición calculada, %</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Proteína bruta</td>
									<td align="center">21.81</td>
									<td align="center">19.96</td>
									<td align="center">18.02</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Energía metabolizable, kJ/kg</td>
									<td align="center">739.72</td>
									<td align="center">753.10</td>
									<td align="center">765.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Fibra bruta</td>
									<td align="center">3.02</td>
									<td align="center">2.83</td>
									<td align="center">2.64</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Calcio total</td>
									<td align="center">1.00</td>
									<td align="center">0.95</td>
									<td align="center">0.90</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Fósforo disponible</td>
									<td align="center">0.50</td>
									<td align="center">0.45</td>
									<td align="center">0.45</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Lisina</td>
									<td align="center">1.39</td>
									<td align="center">1.20</td>
									<td align="center">1.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Metionina + cistina</td>
									<td align="center">0.95</td>
									<td align="center">0.85</td>
									<td align="center">0.79</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p><sup>1</sup>Premezcla mineral por kg de alimento: selenio (0,1 mg), hierro (40 mg), cobre (12 mg), zin (120 mg), magnesio (100 mg), yodo (2,5 mg) y cobalto (0,75 mg) y Premezcla vitamínica por kg de alimento: vitamina A (10 000 UI), vitamina D<sub>3</sub> (2 000 UI), vitamina E (10 mg), vitamina K<sub>3</sub> (2 mg), vitamina B<sub>1</sub> (tiamina, 1 mg), vitamina B<sub>2</sub> (riboflavina, 5 mg), vitamina B<sub>6</sub> (piridoxina, 2 mg), vitamina B<sub>12</sub> (15,4 mg), ácido nicotínico (125 mg), pantotenato de calcio (10 mg), ácido fólico (0,25 mg) y biotina (0,02 mg)</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>A los 42 d, se seleccionaron y pesaron siete aves por tratamiento. Para ello se tuvo en cuenta el peso promedio de las aves de cada tratamiento y se determinaron los indicadores inmunológicos y de salud que se describen seguidamente. </p>
				<p><italic>Indicadores inmunológicos.</italic> Las aves se sacrificaron dos horas y treinta minutos después de la ingestión de alimento por el método de desangrado de la vena yugular, descrito por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Sánchez (1990)</xref>. Posteriormente, se abrió la cavidad abdominal y se extrajeron el bazo, el timo y la bolsa de Fabricio. Estos órganos se pesaron en una balanza técnica marca SARTORIUS, con precisión ± 0.1 g. Los pesos de los órganos se expresaron como peso relativo al peso vivo (g gPV<sup>-1</sup> x100). El peso vivo se estableció en el momento de sacrificio. </p>
				<p><italic>Indicadores de salud.</italic> Como indicadores de salud, se tuvo en cuenta la mortalidad de las aves, así como el hematocrito (Hto) y la hemoglobina (Hb). </p>
				<p><italic>Mortalidad:</italic> Para el cálculo de este indicador se utilizó la cantidad de aves muertas durante la etapa y se dividió entre las que se alojaron al inicio del experimento. </p>
				<p>La determinación del hematocrito se realizó en un equipo de microhematocrito, marca Hawkley, con un lector de escala móvil que permitió situarlo en el nivel de los sedimentos hemáticos para efectuar la lectura. </p>
				<p>Para la hemoglobina se utilizó el método de cianometahemoglobina, descrito por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Crosby <italic>et al</italic>. (1954)</xref>.</p>
				<p><italic>Análisis estadístico.</italic> Para los indicadores de salud se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado, con cuatro tratamientos y siete repeticiones. La mortalidad se analizó mediante la dócima Chi-cuadrado, para lo que se usó el paquete estadístico CompraPro de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Font <italic>et al</italic>. (2007)</xref>, versión 1. Los indicadores de la salud se analizaron por el paquete estadístico INFOSTAT 2012 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Di Rienzo <italic>et al</italic>.2012</xref>). Para la comparación de medias, se utilizó la dócima de rangos medios de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Duncan (1955)</xref> P&lt;0.05. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>Resultados y Discusión</title>
				<p>Los indicadores de Hb y Hto no difirieron entre los tratamientos estudiados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabla 2</xref>). Se encontraron en el rango establecido (7.0-18.6 g dL<sup>-1</sup> de Hb y 23-55 % de Hto) para pollos de ceba, según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Morton <italic>et al</italic>. (1993)</xref>. Sin embargo, se plantea que al extraer sangre de los vasos braquiales aumenta el estado de estrés, debido al incremento del cortisol plasmático. Este provoca la movilización de los eritrocitos, por lo que se puede presentar un ligero aumento en la hemoglobina (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Gutiérrez y Corredor 2017</xref>). Sin embargo, esta no mostró cambios significativos entre tratamientos.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Tabla 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Indicadores hematológicos de pollos con la inclusión de harina de forraje de <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> como aditivo. </title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="4"/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" rowspan="2">Indicador</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="4"><bold>Niveles de harina de forraje de <italic>Moringa oleifera, %</italic></bold></th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2">EE (±)</th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de probabilidad</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">0</th>
									<th align="center">0.5</th>
									<th align="center">1.0</th>
									<th align="center">1.5</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Hb (g dL<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
									<td align="center">10.19</td>
									<td align="center">10.57</td>
									<td align="center">10.76</td>
									<td align="center">10.56</td>
									<td align="center">0.20</td>
									<td align="center">P=0.2658</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Hto (%)</td>
									<td align="center">30.57</td>
									<td align="center">31.71</td>
									<td align="center">32.29</td>
									<td align="center">31.71</td>
									<td align="center">0.61</td>
									<td align="center">P=0.2668</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Oghenebrorhie y Oghenesuvwe (2016)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Sánchez <italic>et al</italic>. (2016)</xref>, al utilizar la harina de hojas de moringa en pollos en crecimiento, tampoco encontraron diferencias en los niveles de Hb y Hto. Por el contrario, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Hassan <italic>et al</italic>. (2016)</xref> al evaluar tres niveles de inclusión de harina de hojas de moringa (0.1, 0.2 y 0.3 %) en pollos de ceba, encontraron aumento en la concentración de Hb (9.16, 9.33 y 9.46 mg/100 mL, respectivamente) con respecto al control (8.93 mg/100 mL). Es probable que el tipo de dieta, la edad, el sexo y el estado fisiológico de los animales pudieran influir en estos resultados dísimiles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Ogbe y Affiku 2012</xref>) </p>
				<p>En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabla 3</xref> se muestra el peso de los órganos linfoides, los que según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Perozo <italic>et al</italic>. (2004)</xref> se utilizan como un indicador del estado de salud de las aves. Como se puede observar, con la inclusión de la harina hubo aumento del peso relativo del timo y la bolsa de Fabricio con respecto al control. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Tabla 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Peso relativo (g gPV<sup>-1</sup> x100) de órganos linfoides de pollos de ceba que reciben harina de forraje de <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> como aditivo en la dieta </title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="4"/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left" rowspan="2">Órgano</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="4"><bold>Niveles de harina de forraje de <italic>Moringa oleifera, %</italic></bold></th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2">EE (±)</th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2">Valor de probabilidad</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">0</th>
									<th align="center">0.5</th>
									<th align="center">1.0</th>
									<th align="center">1.5</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Bazo</td>
									<td align="center">0.12</td>
									<td align="center">0.14</td>
									<td align="center">0.18</td>
									<td align="center">0.15</td>
									<td align="center">0.03</td>
									<td align="center">P=0.4734</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Timo</td>
									<td align="center">0.48<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.59<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.62<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.60<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.02</td>
									<td align="center">P=0.0002</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Bolsa de Fabricio</td>
									<td align="center">0.16<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.20<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.22<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.21<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.01</td>
									<td align="center">P=0.0151</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p><sup><italic>a,b</italic></sup> Letras diferentes en la misma línea difieren a P &lt; 0.05 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Duncan 1955</xref>).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Suárez <italic>et al</italic>. (2010)</xref>, el sistema inmunológico en los pollos depende de órganos linfoides primarios, como la bolsa de Fabricio y el timo, así como de los secundarios, como el bazo, entre otros. En la bolsa de Fabricio se forman linfocitos B y en el timo, linfocitos T, a partir de células primordiales que provienen de la médula ósea o del saco vitelino durante la fase embrionaria. Por esta razón, el desarrollo de estos órganos linfáticos es importante para conocer la funcionalidad protectora del sistema inmunitario de los pollos. El amento de su tamaño incrementa la población de células que participan en la respuesta inmunitaria, en especial de células B. Este mismo proceso ocurre en el timo, en el que se genera la diferenciación de linfocitos T, por el cual se permite mejor respuesta inmune (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Cortes y Villamarín 2013</xref>). </p>
				<p>En un trabajo anterior, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Perozo <italic>et al</italic>. (2004)</xref> informaron que cuanto más desarrollados están estos órganos linfáticos (excepto en hipertrofia muscular) más protección inmunológica hay en el organismo de las aves. Según este criterio, los pollos en estudio no presentaron inmunosupresión. Por el contrario, con la inclusión de harina de forraje de <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> se favorece el aumento de la función del sistema inmune de las aves y hay mejor respuesta inmunoestimulante. Estos resultados se pueden deber a los compuestos químicos presentes en la moringa, y a la capacidad de los polisacáridos de las plantas de modular el sistema inmune (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Dong <italic>et al</italic>. 2007</xref>). Al respecto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Cabrera <italic>et al</italic>. (2017)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Kshirsagar <italic>et al.</italic> (2017)</xref> refirieron metabolitos secundarios, principalmente polifenoles, ﬂavonoides y taninos. En este sentido, los taninos, aunque se consideran factores anti-nutricionales, pequeñas proporciones en las dietas pueden ser eficientes bactericidas, fungicidas, antioxidantes y astringentes, por lo que mejoran el sistema inmune y con ello, la salud de los animales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Savón <italic>et al</italic>. 2007</xref>). </p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Nkukwana <italic>et al</italic>. (2014)</xref> alimentó pollos de ceba con diferentes niveles de harina de hojas de <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> y no encontraron diferencia entre el tratamiento y el grupo control para el peso del bazo, no así para la bolsa de Fabricio. Sin embargo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Teteh <italic>et al</italic>. (2013)</xref> hallaron mayor peso del bazo, timo y bolsa de Fabricio en pollos con 1 y 2 % de harina de hojas de moringa con respecto a los del grupo control. Estudios con otras plantas muestran mayor peso del timo y bolsa de Fabricio en pollos que consumen 2.0 y 5.0 % de <italic>Morinda citrifolia</italic> en comparación con los que ingieren la dieta control (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Rentería 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>La mortalidad de las aves no se afectó con los niveles de moringa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 1</xref>). Esto demuestra que la inclusión de hasta 1.5 % de harina de forraje de moringa en las dietas de pollos de cebas no provoca letalidad. Al respecto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Mona <italic>et al</italic>. (2016)</xref> tampoco encontraron efecto en la mortalidad de pollos, al informar valores de 1.13 y 0.88 % al incluir 2 y 3 % de harina de follaje de moringa, respectivamente. </p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Efecto del nivel de <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> en la mortalidad de pollos de ceba</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-54-02-229-gf2.svg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Resultados similares se observaron cuando se alimentaron pollos con diferentes niveles de harina de hojas de <italic>Morus alba</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Leyva <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>) y <italic>Tithonia diversifolia</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Buragohain 2016</xref>). </p>
				<p>A pesar que estadísticamente no hay diferencias entre tratamientos para la mortalidad de los animales, en la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 1</xref> se muestra que con 1.0 % de moringa hay menos muertes. Durante todo el período experimental (de 1 a 42 d) se registraron 17, 8, 4 y 12 animales muertos para los tratamientos control, 0.5, 1.0 y 1.5 % de harina de forraje de <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic>, respectivamente. Este resultado se corresponde con la respuesta inmune de los animales, puesto que a pesar de que no hubo diferencias en el peso relativo del timo y la bolsa de Fabricio en los pollos que consumieron moringa (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabla 3</xref>), numéricamente las aves con 1.0 % de inclusión, mostraron los mayores valores, lo que evidencia mayor inmunidad. </p>
				<p>Los resultados mostraron la posibilidad de incluir hasta 1.5 % de harina de forraje de <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> en las raciones para pollos de ceba, sin que se afecte la salud de los animales. Se recomiendan investigaciones futuras que complementen esta información y que midan otros indicadores para poder recomendar la harina de forraje de <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> como aditivo para pollos de ceba.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>