<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cjas</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Cuban J. Agric. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2079-3480</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Ediciones ICA</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00011</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ANIMAL SCIENCE</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Blood indicators of colostomized broilers, which intake Moringa oleifera forage meal. Technical note</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Almeida Santa Cruz</surname>
						<given-names>Mabel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Martínez Pérez</surname>
						<given-names>Madeleidy</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Dihigo Cuttis</surname>
						<given-names>L.E.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Apartado Postal 24, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba.</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto de Ciencia Animal</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Ciencia Animal</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<city>San José de las Lajas</city>
						<state>Mayabeque</state>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="CU">Cuba</country>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Email: <email>malmeida@ica.co.cu</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>01</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>54</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<fpage>95</fpage>
			<lpage>100</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>12</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>24</day>
					<month>10</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>In order to evaluate the effect of moringa (<italic>Moringa oleifera</italic>) forage meal intake cv. <italic>Supergenius</italic> on blood indicators of colostomized broilers, a total of 24 animals (hybrids EB34), of 47 d age, were used. The birds were distributed in three treatments and eight repetitions, according to completely randomized design. The treatments consisted in a control diet (soybean- maize) and the inclusion of 10 and 20 % of moringa forage meal. Hematocrit, total proteins, albumin and total cholesterol were determined. The hematological values did not showed significant differences between treatments and remained in the physiological range for the species. Total cholesterol decreased (P &lt;0.05) with respect to the control diet. It is concluded that the intake of moringa forage meal did not change the blood indicators of protein profile in the diet of colostomized broilers. However, total cholesterol levels decreased, which is beneficial to the birds' health.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Key words:</title>
				<kwd><italic>birds</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>colostomy</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>cholesterol</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>hematocrit and protein forage</italic></kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="25"/>
				<page-count count="6"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>The incorporation of native vegetable protein sources in the formulation of bird’s diets constitutes a necessity for the sustainable development of the poultry industry. Among these sources, <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> highlights for its nutritional quality and low content of anti-nutritional factors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Martin <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Savón (2002)</xref> reported that, when the recommended fiber levels are exceeded, deleterious effects on nutrients digestibility can occur, due to the limited digestive capacity of birds. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Almeida <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref> evaluated the effect of percentages of tree forage meal on digestive indicators of colostomized broilers. However, there is no information available about the effect of the intake of this source on the blood indicators of this species. These indicators are related to the nutritional balance of the rations and show deficiency states or imbalance in the feeding (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Campbell 2004</xref>).</p>
			<p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of moringa forage meal intake on blood indicators of colostomized broilers.</p>
			<p>Moringa <italic>cv Supergenius</italic> plants were sown in June at the Estación Experimental de Pastos y Forrajes “Miguel Sistach Naya”, belonging to the Instituto de Ciencia Animal. To obtain the forage meal, the thickest stems of the plants were removed and dried in the shade to avoid the volatilization of vitamins. Subsequently, they were reduced to a particle size of 3mm in a hammer mill and were stored in 50 kg nylon bags in a cool place until their use. To determine the chemical composition, a sampling of different parts of the bag was made, with the purpose of forming a 100 g sample, which was analyzed in duplicate.</p>
			<p>The experimental stage was performed with 24 male broilers (hybrid EB34), from 35 to 65 d of age, with 1.95 kg live weight as average. For the adaptation to the experimental diet, the birds intake the food at will until 47 d. Subsequently, they were colostomized, according to the procedures described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Belay <italic>et al.</italic> (1993)</xref> and were allocated in individual cages for metabolism, with dimensions of 40x40x40 cm. At 55 d, a total of 170 g/animal/d of food were supplied in individual feeders. During the experimental period, they had water <italic>ad libitum</italic> using automatic nipple drinkers.</p>
			<p>The experimental diets for the finishing phase were formulated according to the requirements for this category (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">NRC 1994</xref>).</p>
			<p>The dry matter (DM), ash (A), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (Pt) and crude protein (CP) were determined by the techniques described by the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">AOAC (2012)</xref>. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF), according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">van Soest <italic>et al.</italic> (1991)</xref>. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the values of these elements.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Chemical composition of moringa forage meal and experimental diets</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col span="7"/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center" colspan="7">Chemical composition of moringa forage meal ,%</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">DM</td>
								<td align="center">C</td>
								<td align="center">Ca</td>
								<td align="center">Pt</td>
								<td align="center">NDF</td>
								<td align="center">CP</td>
								<td align="center">ME (MJ/kg)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">87.77</td>
								<td align="center">14.16</td>
								<td align="center">2.27</td>
								<td align="center">0.45</td>
								<td align="center">50.37</td>
								<td align="center">20.24</td>
								<td align="center">7.50</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" colspan="7">Calculated analysis </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify" colspan="4">Control ( soybean -maize) </td>
								<td align="justify">4.59</td>
								<td align="justify">18.77</td>
								<td align="justify">13.40</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify" colspan="4">10 % moringa forage meal </td>
								<td align="justify">8.22</td>
								<td align="justify">18.33</td>
								<td align="justify">13.26</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify" colspan="4">20 % moringa forage meal </td>
								<td align="justify">12.84</td>
								<td align="justify">17.95</td>
								<td align="justify">13.04</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>The birds were slaughtered at 65 d, after 2 h of intake the food. Blood samples from the jugular vein were taken, according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Sánchez (1990)</xref> methodology. To determine the hematocrit, the blood was preserved with 2 mg of disodium salt from the ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA Na) as anticoagulant. The hematocrit was determined by microcentrifugation at 10,000 r.p.m. for 5 min. The blood sediment was read using a Hawkley microhematocrit reader.</p>
			<p>The serum were obtained from blood without anticoagulant, after 3 h of incubation, at 37°C and stored at -20°C until the analysis. The total proteins were calculated by Biuret's colorimetric method at 545 nm. Albumin was quantified by the green bromocresol method in spectrophotometer, at 630 nm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Doumas and Biggs 1976</xref>). Total cholesterol was determined by a commercial enzyme kit, Radioisotopes.</p>
			<p>A completely randomized design was used, with three treatments and eight repetitions. For the statistical analysis, the computerized statistical program of INFOSTAT (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Di Rienzo <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>) was used. The comparison between means was made through the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Duncan (1955)</xref> test, if necessary.</p>
			<p>The hematocrit or agglomerated cell volume is the fraction that red blood cells occupy in the blood volume. It is an indicator that diagnoses anemia. In this study, there were no differences between treatments (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table 2</xref>). The values remained in the physiological range for the species (30.6 to 37.0 %), according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Haile and Chanie (2014)</xref>. Total proteins and albumin showed a similar performance. Serum levels coincide with the physiological reference ranges for the species (30.1-50.0 and 11.0-27.4 g/dL, respectively) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Campbell 2004</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Blood indicators in colostomized broilers, which intake moringa forage meal</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col span="3"/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="justify" rowspan="2">Indicators</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="3">Moringa forage meal,%</th>
								<th align="center" rowspan="2">±SE and Sign</th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">0</th>
								<th align="center">10</th>
								<th align="center">20</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Hematocrit,%</td>
								<td align="center">32.95</td>
								<td align="center">32.8</td>
								<td align="center">31.70</td>
								<td align="center">0.6400 P=0.3323</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Total proteins, g/dL</td>
								<td align="center">34.9</td>
								<td align="center">35.5</td>
								<td align="center">36.4</td>
								<td align="center">0.2236 P=0.3635</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Albumin, g/ dL</td>
								<td align="center">17.7</td>
								<td align="center">17.9</td>
								<td align="center">16.7</td>
								<td align="center">0.0024 P=0.3117</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Fuentes (2016)</xref> evaluated 10% inclusion of moringa foliage meal in the broilers diet and also did not found variation in these indicators. However, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Melesse <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref> found that the intake of high levels from the same source increased total proteins in the serum of hens. This response is attributed to the fact that in these birds the metabolism of proteins is more intense. </p>



				<p>The achieved results show the nutritional status of birds. In addition, they show that there was no interaction of anti-nutritional factors or deficiency of microelements essential for the synthesis of blood components. Therefore, they reaffirm the nutritional characteristics of the plant, reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Falowo <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref>.</p>
			<p>The albumin is synthesized exclusively in the liver, and represents the highest protein fraction of plasma. Therefore, low concentrations of this element are not only associated with nutritional deficiencies, but also with liver and kidney diseases, bad absorption and bad disease states (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Moreira 2010</xref>). Macroscopically, in this experiment, there were no liver lesions or changes in absolute weight (g) and in relation to live weight (g/kg), indicators that complement the hepatic health of birds, according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Almeida (2015)</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1</xref> shows that the intake of the fibrous source decreased serum cholesterol levels (P &lt;0.05) with respect to the control diet. Among the mechanisms that can explain the hypocholesterolemic action of fiber, is the reduction of bile acid secretion and increased excretion through feces (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Elleuch et al. 2011</xref>). The presence of lignin and some soluble components (pectins, gums and mucilages) sequestered and eliminated bile salts with feces and consequently, the resorption in the intestinal lumen was reduced. Circulating cholesterol was mobilized to replace the synthesis of bile acids, decreasing the serum concentration. This response corroborates the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Botero and Morales (2018)</xref> reports.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Total cholesterol (mmol/L colostomized broilers which intake moringa forage meal.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-54-01-95-gf1.svg"/>
					<attrib><sup>a,b</sup>: columns with different letters differ for P&lt;0.05 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Duncan 1955</xref>) SE= ±0.0200 / P=0.0300</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>The fiber is a heterogeneous fraction, whose components are resistant to the enzymatic activity of the broilers digestive tract (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Savón 2015</xref>). This property makes it possible to increase intestinal peristalsis and consequently reduce the recycling of cholesterol through the lower ileum. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Martínez <italic>et al.</italic> (2010)</xref>, when including <italic>Morus alba</italic> foliage meal in the broilers diet, they found a similar physiological effect to the one previous described.</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Bustamante <italic>et al.</italic> (2015)</xref> characterized the same fibrous source and reported that the fibrous content is susceptible to the hydrolysis processes in the digestive tract of these species. This aspect can contribute to the hypocholesteroleminic activity through the fermentation products of soluble fiber that originate in the caecum, mainly propionic acid. This causes the inhibition of the enzyme hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase and reduces the metabolism of endogenous cholesterol (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Anderson <italic>et al.</italic> 1990</xref>).</p>
			<p>It is concluded that the moringa forage meal intake did not change the blood indicators of protein profile in the diet of colostomized broilers. However, fiber intake decreased the total cholesterol levels, results that favor beneficial effects on bird health.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Acknowledgments </title>
			<p>Thanks to the technicians Alejandro Albelo, Yanet Rodríguez Solano, Yolaine Rodríguez and Lucía Sarduy for the support to carried out this research.</p>
		</ack>
		<ref-list>
			<title>References </title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<mixed-citation>Almeida, M. 2015. Indicadores morfofisiológicos y de salud en pollos de ceba colostomizados que consumieron harina de forraje de moringa (<italic>Moringa oleifera</italic>). Master Science Thesis. Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Mayabeque, Cuba, p. 87.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="thesis">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Almeida</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<source>Indicadores morfofisiológicos y de salud en pollos de ceba colostomizados que consumieron harina de forraje de moringa (Moringa oleifera)</source>
					<comment content-type="degree">Master Science Thesis</comment>
					<publisher-name>Instituto de Ciencia Animal</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>Mayabeque, Cuba</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-loc>Mayabeque, Cuba</publisher-loc>
					<fpage>87</fpage>
					<lpage>87</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<mixed-citation>Almeida, M., Martínez, P.M &amp; Dihigo, L.E. 2016. “Effect of <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic> forage meal intake on digestive indicators of colostomized broilers”. <italic>Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science</italic>, 50(4): 569-578, ISSN: 2079-3480.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Almeida</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Martínez</surname>
							<given-names>P.M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dihigo</surname>
							<given-names>L.E.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Effect of Moringa oleifera forage meal intake on digestive indicators of colostomized broilers</article-title>
					<source>Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science</source>
					<volume>50</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>569</fpage>
					<lpage>578</lpage>
					<issn>2079-3480</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<mixed-citation>Anderson, J.W., Deakins, D.A &amp; Bridges, S.R. 1990. “Soluble fiber: hypocholesterolemic effects and proposed mechanisms”. In: Dietary Fiber. Eds. Kritchevsky, D., Bonfield, C. &amp; Anderson, J.W. Ed. Springer, Boston, MA, USA. p. 339-363. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Anderson</surname>
							<given-names>J.W.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Deakins</surname>
							<given-names>D.A</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bridges</surname>
							<given-names>S.R.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1990</year>
					<chapter-title>Soluble fiber: hypocholesterolemic effects and proposed mechanisms</chapter-title>
					<source>Dietary Fiber</source>
					<person-group person-group-type="editor">
						<name>
							<surname>Kritchevsky</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bonfield</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Anderson</surname>
							<given-names>J.W</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<publisher-name>Springer</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>Boston, MA, USA</publisher-loc>
					<fpage>339</fpage>
					<lpage>363</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<mixed-citation>AOAC (Official Method of Analysis: Association of Analytical Chemists). 2012. 19th Edition. Ed. Gaithersburg, Md. AOAC International, Washington DC, USA, ISBN: 0935584838 9780935584837.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>AOAC</collab>
					</person-group>
					<source>Official Method of Analysis</source>
					<year>2012</year>
					<edition>19th</edition>
					<publisher-name>Gaithersburg, Md</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>AOAC International, Washington DC, USA</publisher-loc>
					<isbn>0935584838 9780935584837</isbn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<mixed-citation>Belay, T., Bartels, K.E., Wiernusz, C.J. &amp; Teeter, R.G. 1993. “A detailed colostomy procedure and its application to quantify water and nitrogen balance and urine contribution to thermobalance in broilers exposed to thermoneutral and heat-distressed environments”. <italic>Poultry Science</italic>, 72(1): 106-115, ISSN: 1525-3171, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0720106.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Belay</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bartels</surname>
							<given-names>K.E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wiernusz</surname>
							<given-names>C.J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Teeter</surname>
							<given-names>R.G.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1993</year>
					<article-title>A detailed colostomy procedure and its application to quantify water and nitrogen balance and urine contribution to thermobalance in broilers exposed to thermoneutral and heat-distressed environments</article-title>
					<source>Poultry Science</source>
					<volume>72</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>106</fpage>
					<lpage>115</lpage>
					<issn>1525-3171</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3382/ps.0720106</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<mixed-citation>Botero, C.M.R. &amp; Morales, M.O.R. 2018. “Sobre los alimentos con actividad hipolipemiante”. <italic>Revista Cubana de Alimentación y Nutrición</italic>, 28(2): 40, ISSN: 1561-2929.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Botero</surname>
							<given-names>C.M.R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Morales</surname>
							<given-names>M.O.R.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>Sobre los alimentos con actividad hipolipemiante</article-title>
					<source>Revista Cubana de Alimentación y Nutrición</source>
					<volume>28</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>40</fpage>
					<lpage>40</lpage>
					<issn>1561-2929</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<mixed-citation>Bustamante, D., Caro, Y., Savón, L. &amp; Elias, A. 2015. “Moringa oleifera: propiedades físicas y químicas y su impacto en la fisiología digestiva de especies monogástricas”. <italic>Revista Computadorizada de Producción Porcina</italic>, 22(2): 82-85, ISSN: 1026-9053.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Bustamante</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Caro</surname>
							<given-names>Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Savón</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Elias</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Moringa oleifera: propiedades físicas y químicas y su impacto en la fisiología digestiva de especies monogástricas</article-title>
					<source>Revista Computadorizada de Producción Porcina</source>
					<volume>22</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>82</fpage>
					<lpage>85</lpage>
					<issn>1026-9053</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<mixed-citation>Campbell, T.W. 2004. “Clinical chemistry of birds”. In: Veterinary Hematology and Clinical Chemistry. 2nd Ed. Ed. Wiley-Blackwell, p. 582-598, ISBN: 978-0-813-81027-0.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Campbell</surname>
							<given-names>T.W.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2004</year>
					<chapter-title>Clinical chemistry of birds</chapter-title>
					<source>Veterinary Hematology and Clinical Chemistry</source>
					<edition>2nd</edition>
					<publisher-name>Wiley-Blackwell</publisher-name>
					<fpage>582</fpage>
					<lpage>598</lpage>
					<isbn>978-0-813-81027-0</isbn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<mixed-citation>Di Rienzo, J.A., Casanoves, F., Balzarini, M.G., González, L., Tablada, M. &amp; Robledo, C.W. 2012. InfoStat. version 2012,[Windows], Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina: Grupo InfoStat. Available: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.infostat.com.ar">http://www.infostat.com.ar</ext-link>. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="software">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Di Rienzo</surname>
							<given-names>J.A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Casanoves</surname>
							<given-names>F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Balzarini</surname>
							<given-names>M.G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>González</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tablada</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Robledo</surname>
							<given-names>C.W.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<source>InfoStat</source>
					<version>2012</version>
					<comment>Windows</comment>
					<publisher-loc>Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>Grupo InfoStat</publisher-name>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.infostat.com.ar">http://www.infostat.com.ar</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<mixed-citation>Doumas, B.T. &amp; Biggs, H.G. 1976. “Standard methods of clinical chemistry”. Academic Press, N.Y. 7(175).</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Doumas</surname>
							<given-names>B.T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Biggs</surname>
							<given-names>H.G.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1976</year>
					<source>Standard methods of clinical chemistry</source>
					<publisher-name>Academic Press</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>N.Y.</publisher-loc>
					<volume>7</volume>
					<issue>175</issue>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<mixed-citation>Duncan, D.B. 1955. “Multiple Range and Multiple F Tests”. <italic>Biometrics</italic>, 11(1): 1-42, ISSN: 0006341X, DOI: 10.2307/3001478.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Duncan</surname>
							<given-names>D.B.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1955</year>
					<article-title>Multiple Range and Multiple F Tests</article-title>
					<source>Biometrics</source>
					<volume>11</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>42</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2307/3001478</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<mixed-citation>Elleuch, M., Bedigian, D., Roiseux, O., Besbes, S., Blecker, C. &amp; Attia, H. 2011. “Dietary fibre and fibre-rich by-products of food processing: Characterisation, technological functionality and commercial applications: A review”. <italic>Food Chemistry</italic>, 124(2): 411-421, ISSN: 0308-8146, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.06.077.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Elleuch</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bedigian</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Roiseux</surname>
							<given-names>O.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Besbes</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Blecker</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Attia</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2011</year>
					<article-title>Dietary fibre and fibre-rich by-products of food processing: Characterisation, technological functionality and commercial applications: A review</article-title>
					<source>Food Chemistry</source>
					<volume>124</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>411</fpage>
					<lpage>421</lpage>
					<issn>0308-8146</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.06.077</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<mixed-citation>Falowo, A.B., Mukumbo, F.E., Idamokoro, E.M., Lorenzo, J.M., Afolayan, A.J. &amp; Muchenje, V. 2018. “Multi-functional application of Moringa oleifera Lam. in nutrition and animal food products: A review”. <italic>Food Research International</italic>, 106: 317-334, ISSN: 0963-9969, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2017.12.079.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Falowo</surname>
							<given-names>A.B.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mukumbo</surname>
							<given-names>F.E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Idamokoro</surname>
							<given-names>E.M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lorenzo</surname>
							<given-names>J.M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Afolayan</surname>
							<given-names>A.J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Muchenje</surname>
							<given-names>V.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>Multi-functional application of Moringa oleifera Lam. in nutrition and animal food products: A review</article-title>
					<source>Food Research International</source>
					<volume>106</volume>
					<fpage>317</fpage>
					<lpage>334</lpage>
					<issn>0963-9969</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.foodres.2017.12.079</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B14">
				<mixed-citation>Fuentes, M.K. 2016. Uso del pollo de engorda como modelo para evaluar el potencial nutricional, nutracéutico y toxicológico de la hoja de <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic>. Master of Science Thesis. Centro de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Departamento de Clínica Veterinaria, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, México, p. 87.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="thesis">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Fuentes</surname>
							<given-names>M.K.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<source>Uso del pollo de engorda como modelo para evaluar el potencial nutricional, nutracéutico y toxicológico de la hoja de Moringa oleifera</source>
					<comment content-type="degree">Master of Science Thesis</comment>
					<publisher-name>Centro de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Departamento de Clínica Veterinaria, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>México</publisher-loc>
					<fpage>87</fpage>
					<lpage>87</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B15">
				<mixed-citation>Haile, Y. &amp; Chanie, M. 2014. “Comparative aspects of the clinical hematology of birds: a review”. <italic>British Journal of Poultry Sciences</italic>, 3(3): 88-95, ISSN: 1995-901X, DOI: 10.5829/idosi.bjps.2014.3.3.83263.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Haile</surname>
							<given-names>Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chanie</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Comparative aspects of the clinical hematology of birds: a review</article-title>
					<source>British Journal of Poultry Sciences</source>
					<volume>3</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>88</fpage>
					<lpage>95</lpage>
					<issn>1995-901X</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5829/idosi.bjps.2014.3.3.83263</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B16">
				<mixed-citation>Martín, C., Martín, G., García, A., Fernández, T., Hernández, E. &amp; Puls, J. 2013. “Potenciales aplicaciones de Moringa oleifera. Una revisión crítica”. <italic>Pastos y Forrajes</italic>, 36(2): 137-149, ISSN: 0864-0394.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Martín</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Martín</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>García</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fernández</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hernández</surname>
							<given-names>E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Puls</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Potenciales aplicaciones de Moringa oleifera. Una revisión crítica</article-title>
					<source>Pastos y Forrajes</source>
					<volume>36</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>137</fpage>
					<lpage>149</lpage>
					<issn>0864-0394</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B17">
				<mixed-citation>Martínez, M., Savón, L., Dihigo, L.E., Hernández, Y., Oramas, A., Sierra, F., Montejo, A., Cueto, M. &amp; Herrera, F.R. 2010. “Indicadores fermentativos cecales y sanguíneos en pollos de ceba que consumen harina de follaje de Morus alba en la ración”. <italic>Revista Cubana de Ciencia Agrícola</italic>, 44(1): 49-53, ISSN: 0034-7485.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Martínez</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Savón</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Dihigo</surname>
							<given-names>L.E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hernández</surname>
							<given-names>Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Oramas</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sierra</surname>
							<given-names>F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Montejo</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cueto</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Herrera</surname>
							<given-names>F.R.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2010</year>
					<article-title>Indicadores fermentativos cecales y sanguíneos en pollos de ceba que consumen harina de follaje de Morus alba en la ración</article-title>
					<source>Revista Cubana de Ciencia Agrícola</source>
					<volume>44</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>49</fpage>
					<lpage>53</lpage>
					<issn>0034-7485</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B18">
				<mixed-citation>Melesse, A., Getye, Y., Berihun, K. &amp; Banerjee, S. 2013. “Effect of feeding graded levels of Moringa stenopetala leaf meal on growth performance, carcass traits and some serum biochemical parameters of Koekoek chickens”. <italic>Livestock Science</italic>, 157(2-3): 498-505, ISSN: 1871-1413, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2013.08.012.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Melesse</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Getye</surname>
							<given-names>Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Berihun</surname>
							<given-names>K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Banerjee</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Effect of feeding graded levels of Moringa stenopetala leaf meal on growth performance, carcass traits and some serum biochemical parameters of Koekoek chickens</article-title>
					<source>Livestock Science</source>
					<volume>157</volume>
					<issue>2-3</issue>
					<fpage>498</fpage>
					<lpage>505</lpage>
					<issn>1871-1413</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.livsci.2013.08.012</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B19">
				<mixed-citation>Meluzzi, A., Primiceri, G., Giordani, R. &amp; Fabris, G. 1992. “Determination of blood constituents reference values in broilers”. <italic>Poultry Science</italic> , 71(2): 337-345, ISSN: 0032-5791, DOI: https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.0710337.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Meluzzi</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Primiceri</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Giordani</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Fabris</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1992</year>
					<article-title>Determination of blood constituents reference values in broilers</article-title>
					<source>Poultry Science</source>
					<volume>71</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>337</fpage>
					<lpage>345</lpage>
					<issn>0032-5791</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3382/ps.0710337</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B20">
				<mixed-citation>Moreira, E., Locatelli-Dittrich, R., Santin, E. &amp; Paulillo, A.C. 2010. “Patología clínica en aves: una herramienta para el monitoreo de la sanidad avícola - Revisión”. <italic>Plumazos</italic>, (36): 4-17, ISSN: 0124-6690.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Moreira</surname>
							<given-names>E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Locatelli-Dittrich</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Santin</surname>
							<given-names>E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Paulillo</surname>
							<given-names>A.C.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2010</year>
					<article-title>Patología clínica en aves: una herramienta para el monitoreo de la sanidad avícola - Revisión</article-title>
					<source>Plumazos</source>
					<issue>36</issue>
					<fpage>4</fpage>
					<lpage>17</lpage>
					<issn>0124-6690</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B21">
				<mixed-citation> NRC (National Research Council). Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 1994. 9th Revised Edition. Ed. The National Academies Press Washington, D.C., USA. ISBN: 978-0-309-04892-7, DOI: https://doi.org/10.17226/2114. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>NRC (National Research Council)</collab>
					</person-group>
					<source>Nutrient Requirements of Poultry</source>
					<year>1994</year>
					<edition>9th</edition>
					<publisher-name>The National Academies Press</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>Washington, D.C., USA.</publisher-loc>
					<isbn>978-0-309-04892-7</isbn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17226/2114</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B22">
				<mixed-citation>Sánchez, A. 1990. Enfermedades de las aves. Editorial ENPES. La Habana, Cuba. p. 285.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Sánchez</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1990</year>
					<source>Enfermedades de las aves</source>
					<publisher-name>Editorial ENPES</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>La Habana, Cuba</publisher-loc>
					<fpage>285</fpage>
					<lpage>285</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B23">
				<mixed-citation>Savón, L. 2002. “Alimentos altos en fibra para especies monogástricas. Caracterización de la matriz fibrosa y sus efectos en la fisiología digestiva”. <italic>Revista Cubana de Ciencia Agrícola</italic> , 36(2): 91-102, ISSN: 0034-7485.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Savón</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2002</year>
					<article-title>Alimentos altos en fibra para especies monogástricas. Caracterización de la matriz fibrosa y sus efectos en la fisiología digestiva</article-title>
					<source>Revista Cubana de Ciencia Agrícola</source>
					<volume>36</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>91</fpage>
					<lpage>102</lpage>
					<issn>0034-7485</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B24">
				<mixed-citation>Savón, L. 2015. “Physiological aspects of the use of non-traditional feeds for nonruminant species”. <italic>Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science</italic> , 49(3): 251-278, ISSN: 2079-3480.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Savón</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Physiological aspects of the use of non-traditional feeds for nonruminant species</article-title>
					<source>Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science</source>
					<volume>49</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>251</fpage>
					<lpage>278</lpage>
					<issn>2079-3480</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B25">
				<mixed-citation> Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B. &amp; Lewis, B.A. 1991. “Methods for Dietary Fiber, Neutral Detergent Fiber, and Nonstarch Polysaccharides in Relation to Animal Nutrition”. <italic>Journal of Dairy Science</italic>, 74(10): 3583-3597, ISSN: 00220302, DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Van Soest</surname>
							<given-names>P.J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Robertson</surname>
							<given-names>J.B.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lewis</surname>
							<given-names>B.A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1991</year>
					<article-title>Methods for Dietary Fiber, Neutral Detergent Fiber, and Nonstarch Polysaccharides in Relation to Animal Nutrition</article-title>
					<source>Journal of Dairy Science</source>
					<volume>74</volume>
					<issue>10</issue>
					<fpage>3583</fpage>
					<lpage>3597</lpage>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="es">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>CIENCIA ANIMAL</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Indicadores sanguíneos de pollos de ceba colostomizados, que consumieron harina de forraje de <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic>. Nota técnica</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Almeida Santa Cruz</surname>
						<given-names>Mabel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Martínez Pérez</surname>
						<given-names>Madeleidy</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Dihigo Cuttis</surname>
						<given-names>L.E.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Apartado Postal 24, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba.</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>*</label>Email: <email>malmeida@ica.co.cu</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<p>Para evaluar el efecto del consumo de harina de forraje de moringa <italic>(Moringa oleifera)</italic> vc. Supergenius en indicadores sanguíneos de pollos de ceba colostomizados, se utilizaron 24 animales (híbridos EB34), de 47 d de edad. Las aves se distribuyeron en tres tratamientos y ocho repeticiones, según diseño completamente aleatorizado. Los tratamientos consistieron en una dieta control (soya- maíz) y la inclusión de 10 y 20 % de harina de forraje de moringa. Se determinó hematocrito, proteínas totales, albúmina y colesterol total. Los valores hematológicos no mostraron diferencias significativas entre tratamientos y se mantuvieron en el rango fisiológico para la especie. El colesterol total disminuyó (P&lt;0.05) con respecto a la dieta control. Se concluye que el consumo de harina de forraje de moringa no modificó los indicadores sanguíneos de perfil proteico en la dieta de pollos de ceba colostomizados. Sin embargo, los niveles de colesterol total disminuyeron, lo que resulta beneficioso para la salud de las aves.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd><italic>aves</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>colostomía</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>colesterol</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>hematocrito y forraje proteico</italic></kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introducción</title>
				<p>La incorporación de fuentes de proteína vegetal autóctonas en la formulación de dietas para aves constituye una necesidad para el desarrollo sostenible de la industria avícola. Entre estas fuentes, se destaca la <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic>, por su calidad nutricional y bajo contenido de factores antinutricionales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Martin <italic>et al</italic> 2013</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Savón (2002)</xref> informó que, cuando se sobrepasan los niveles recomendados de fibra, se pueden ocasionar efectos deletéreos en la digestibilidad de los nutrientes, debido a la limitada capacidad digestiva de las aves. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Almeida <italic>et al</italic> (2016)</xref> evaluaron el efecto de porcentajes de harina de forraje de la arbórea en indicadores digestivos de pollos de ceba colostomizados. Sin embargo, no se dispone de información acerca del efecto del consumo de esta fuente en los indicadores sanguíneos de esta especie. Estos indicadores se relacionan con el balance nutricional de las raciones e indican estados carenciales o desbalance en la alimentación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Campbell 2004</xref>). </p>
				<p>El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto del consumo de harina de forraje de moringa en indicadores sanguíneos de pollos de ceba colostomizados.</p>
				<p>Las plantas de moringa vc. Supergenius se sembraron en junio en la Estación Experimental de Pastos y Forrajes “Miguel Sistach Naya”, perteneciente al Instituto de Ciencia Animal de la República de Cuba. Para la obtención de la harina de forraje, se eliminaron los tallos más gruesos de las plantas y se secaron a la sombra para evitar la volatilización de las vitaminas. Posteriormente, se redujeron a tamaño de partícula de 3mm en un molino de martillo y se conservaron en sacos de nailon de 50 kg en un lugar fresco hasta su utilización. Para determinar la composición química, se realizó un muestreo de diferentes partes del saco, con el propósito de conformar una muestra de 100 g, que se analizó por duplicado.</p>
				<p>La etapa experimental se realizó con 24 pollos de ceba machos (híbrido EB34), de 35 a 65 d de edad, con 1.95 kg de peso vivo como promedio. Para la adaptación a la dieta experimental, las aves consumieron el alimento a voluntad hasta los 47 d. Posteriormente, se colostomizaron, según los procedimientos descritos por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Belay <italic>et al</italic>. (1993)</xref> y se alojaron en jaulas individuales para metabolismo, con dimensiones de 40x40x40 cm. A los 55 d, se les suministraron 170 g/animal/d del alimento en comederos individuales. Durante el período experimental, dispusieron de agua <italic>ad libitum</italic> mediante bebederos automáticos de nipple.</p>
				<p>Las dietas experimentales para la fase de acabado se formularon según los requerimientos para esta categoría (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">NRC 1994</xref>).</p>
				<p>La materia seca (MS), cenizas (C), calcio (Ca), fósforo (Pt) y proteína bruta (PB) se determinaron mediante las técnicas descritas por la <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">AOAC (2012)</xref>. La fibra neutro detergente (FND) y fibra ácido detergente (FAD), de acuerdo con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Van Soest <italic>et al.</italic> (1991)</xref>. La <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabla 1</xref> muestra los valores de estos elementos. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Tabla 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Composición química de la harina de forraje de moringa y las dietas experimentales</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col span="7"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify" colspan="7">Composición química de la harina de forraje de moringa,%</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Ms</td>
									<td align="center">C</td>
									<td align="center">Ca</td>
									<td align="center">Pt</td>
									<td align="center">FDN</td>
									<td align="center">PB</td>
									<td align="center">EM (MJ/kg)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">87.77</td>
									<td align="center">14.16</td>
									<td align="center">2.27</td>
									<td align="center">0.45</td>
									<td align="center">50.37</td>
									<td align="center">20.24</td>
									<td align="center">7.50</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" colspan="7">Análisis calculado </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify" colspan="4">Control (soya-maíz) </td>
									<td align="center">4.59</td>
									<td align="center">18.77</td>
									<td align="center">13.40</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify" colspan="4">10 % harina de forraje de moringa </td>
									<td align="center">8.22</td>
									<td align="center">18.33</td>
									<td align="center">13.26</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify" colspan="4">20 % harina de forraje de moringa </td>
									<td align="center">12.84</td>
									<td align="center">17.95</td>
									<td align="center">13.04</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Las aves se sacrificaron a los 65 d, después de 2 h de ingerir el alimento. Se tomaron muestras de sangre de la vena yugular, según metodología de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Sánchez (1990)</xref>. Para la determinación de hematocrito, la sangre se conservó con 2 mg de sal disódica del ácido etilendiaminotetraacético (EDTA Na) como anticoagulante. El hematocrito se determinó mediante microcentrifugación a 10 000 r.p.m. durante 5 min. La lectura de los sedimentos hemáticos se realizó mediante el lector para microhematocrito marca Hawkley.</p>
				<p>Los sueros se obtuvieron a partir de sangre sin anticoagulante, después de 3 h de incubación, a 37°C y se conservaron a -20º C hasta el momento de los análisis. Las proteínas totales se calcularon por el método colorimétrico de Biuret a 545 nm. La albúmina se cuantificó mediante el método de bromocresol verde en espectrofotómetro, a 630 nm (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Doumas y Biggs 1976</xref>). El colesterol total se determinó mediante un Kit enzimático comercial, Radioisótopos.</p>
				<p>Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado, con tres tratamientos y ocho repeticiones. Para el análisis estadístico, se utilizó el programa estadístico computarizado de INFOSTAT (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Di Rienzo <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>). La comparación entre medias se realizó a través de la dócima de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Duncan (1955)</xref>, en los casos necesarios.</p>
				<p>El hematocrito o volumen celular aglomerado es la fracción que ocupan los glóbulos rojos en el volumen de sangre. Es un indicador que diagnostica la anemia. En este estudio, no se demostraron diferencias entre tratamientos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabla 2</xref>). Los valores se mantuvieron en el rango fisiológico para la especie (30.6 a 37.0 %), según indican <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Haile y Chanie (2014)</xref>. Las proteínas totales y la albúmina mostraron un comportamiento similar. Los niveles séricos concuerdan con los rangos fisiológicos referenciales para la especie (30.1-50.0 y 11.0-27.4 g/dL, respectivamente) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Campbell 2004</xref>). </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Tabla 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Indicadores sanguíneos en pollos de ceba colostomizados, que consumieron harina de forraje de moringa.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="3"/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify" rowspan="2">Indicadores</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="3">Harina de forraje de moringa,%</th>
									<th align="center">±EE y Sign</th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">0</th>
									<th align="center">10</th>
									<th align="center">20</th>
									<th align="center"> </th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Hematocrito,%</td>
									<td align="center">32.95</td>
									<td align="center">32.8</td>
									<td align="center">31.70</td>
									<td align="center">0.6400/P=0.3323</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Proteínas totales, g/dL</td>
									<td align="center">34.9</td>
									<td align="center">35.5</td>
									<td align="center">36.4</td>
									<td align="center">0.2236/P=0.3635</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Albúmina, g/ dL</td>
									<td align="center">17.7</td>
									<td align="center">17.9</td>
									<td align="center">16.7</td>
									<td align="center">0.0024/P=0.3117</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Fuentes (2016)</xref> evaluó 10 % de inclusión de harina de follaje de moringa en la dieta de pollos de ceba y tampoco encontró variación en estos indicadores. Sin embargo, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Melesse <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref> hallaron que el consumo de altos niveles de la misma fuente aumentó las proteínas totales en el suero de gallinas. Esta respuesta se atribuye a que en estas aves el metabolismo de las proteínas es más intenso.</p>
				<p>Los resultados alcanzados demuestran el estado nutricional de las aves. Además, evidencian que no hubo interacción de factores antinutricionales ni deficiencia de microelementos indispensables para la síntesis de componentes hemáticos. Por tanto, reafirman las características nutricionales de la planta, informadas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Falowo <italic>et al</italic>. (2018)</xref>.</p>
				<p>La albúmina se sintetiza, exclusivamente, en el hígado, y representa la mayor fracción proteica del plasma. Por tanto, bajas concentraciones de este elemento no solo se asocian a deficiencias nutricionales, sino a patologías hepáticas y renales, mala absorción y estados agudos de enfermedades (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Moreira 2010</xref>). Macroscópicamente, en este experimento, no se apreciaron lesiones en el hígado ni alteraciones en el peso absoluto (g) y en el relativo al peso vivo (g/kg), indicadores que complementan la sanidad hepática de las aves, según refirió <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Almeida (2015)</xref>.</p>
				<p>La <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 1</xref> muestra que el consumo de la fuente fibrosa disminuyó los niveles de colesterol sérico (P&lt;0.05) respecto a la dieta control. Entre los mecanismos que pueden explicar la acción hipocolesterolémica de la fibra, se encuentra la reducción de la secreción de ácidos biliares y el incremento de su excreción mediante las heces (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Elleuch <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>). La presencia de lignina y algunos componentes solubles (pectinas, gomas y mucílagos) secuestraron y eliminaron sales biliares con las heces y consecuentemente, se redujo la reabsorción en el lumen intestinal. El colesterol circulante se movilizó para suplir la síntesis de ácidos biliares, disminuyendo la concentración sérica. Esta respuesta corrobora los informes de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Botero y Morales (2018)</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Colesterol total (mmol/L) en pollos de ceba colostomizados que consumieron harina de forraje de moringa.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-54-01-95-gf2.svg"/>
						<attrib><sup>a,b</sup>:columnas con letras diferentes difieren para P&lt;0.05 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Duncan 1955</xref>) EE= ±0.0200 / P=0.0300</attrib>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>La fibra es una fracción heterogénea, cuyos componentes son resistentes a la actividad enzimática del tracto digestivo de los pollos de ceba (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Savón 2015</xref>). Esta propiedad hace posible que aumente el peristaltismo intestinal y por consiguiente, se reduzca el reciclaje de colesterol a través del íleon inferior. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Martínez <italic>et al</italic>. (2010)</xref>, cuando incluyeron harina de follaje de <italic>Morus alba</italic> en la dieta de pollos de ceba, encontraron similar efecto fisiológico al antes descrito. </p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Bustamante <italic>et al.</italic> (2015)</xref> caracterizaron la misma fuente fibrosa e informaron que el contenido fibroso es susceptible a los procesos de hidrólisis en el tracto digestivo de estas especies. Este aspecto puede contribuir a la actividad hipocolesterolémica mediante los productos de fermentación de la fibra soluble que se originan en los ciegos, fundamentalmente, el ácido propiónico. Este provoca la inhibición de la enzima hidroximetilglutaril coenzima-A reductasa y reduce el metabolismo del colesterol endógeno (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Anderson <italic>et al.</italic> 1990</xref>). </p>
				<p>Se concluye que el consumo de harina de forraje de moringa no modificó los indicadores sanguíneos de perfil proteico en la dieta de pollos de ceba colostomizados. Sin embargo, el consumo de fibra disminuyó los niveles de colesterol total, resultados que propician efectos beneficiosos en la salud de las aves.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>Agradecimientos </title>
				<p>Se agradece a los técnicos Alejandro Albelo, Yanet Rodríguez Solano, Yolaine Rodríguez y Lucía Sarduy, por el apoyo para llevar a término esta investigación.</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>