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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cjas</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Cuban J. Agric. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2079-3480</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Ediciones ICA</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00004</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ANIMAL SCIENCE</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Secondary metabolites, quality indicators and organoleptic characteristics of stems meal from <italic>Agave fourcroydes</italic> (Henequen)</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Iser</surname>
						<given-names>Maidelys</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Valdivié</surname>
						<given-names>M.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Figueredo</surname>
						<given-names>Liam</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Nuñez</surname>
						<given-names>Ester</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Más</surname>
						<given-names>D.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Martínez</surname>
						<given-names>Y.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>5</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Granma, Carretera de Manzanillo, km 17½. Bayamo, Granma, Cuba.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Granma</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Granma</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Bayamo</city>
					<state>Granma</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CU">Cuba</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Apartado Postal 24, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto de Ciencia Animal</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Ciencia Animal</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>San José de las Lajas</city>
					<state>Mayabeque</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CU">Cuba</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro Provincial de Higiene, Epidemiologia y Microbiología, Bayamo, Granma, Cuba, C.P 85100.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Centro Provincial de Higiene y Epidemiología Bayamo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Centro Provincial de Higiene, Epidemiologia y Microbiología</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Bayamo</city>
					<state>Granma</state>
					<postal-code>85100</postal-code>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CU">Cuba</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Laboratorio de Nutrición Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro 76230, México.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Laboratorio de Nutrición Animal</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Ciencias Naturales</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Querétaro</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="MX">Mexico</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Escuela Agrícola Panamericana Zamorano, Valle de Yeguare, San Antonio de Oriente 96, Honduras.</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Escuela Agrícola Panamericana Zamorano</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Valle de Yeguare</city>
					<state>San Antonio de Oriente</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="HN">Honduras</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Email: <email>ymartinez@zamorano.edu</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>01</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>54</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<fpage>25</fpage>
			<lpage>34</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>19</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>08</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>To determine the secondary metabolites, quality indicators and organoleptic characteristics of stems meal from <italic>Agave fourcroydes</italic> (Henequen) grown in Cuba, five henequen stems, of approximately nine years old, were collected. The meal was stored for six months. The following analyzes were performed in triplicate: phytochemical screening , pH, refractive index, density, acidity, water soluble solids, appearance, dissolution capacity, pulverization degree, color, odor, taste and homogeneous capacity. In the ether extract, coumarins predominated and in the ethanolic extract, the flavonoids and anthocyanidins. In the aqueous extract, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, mucilages and reducing carbohydrates had little presence. This plant material has a slightly acidic pH (5.18), 1.33 refractive index, 0.31 g/mL of apparent density, 0.76 % acidity and 1.50 <sup>0</sup>Brix of water soluble solids. The organoleptic characteristics of stems meal from <italic>A. fourcroydes</italic> showed good physical appearance, partial dissolution capacity, good pulverization, light beige color, pleasant odor, slightly sweet taste and good homogeneity. According to the obtained results, the stems meal from <italic>Agave fourcroydes</italic> could be used as a nutraceutical product in the farm animals diets.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Key words:</title>
				<kwd><italic>henequen</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>phytochemical compound</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>physicochemical characteristic</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>nutraceutical</italic></kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="50"/>
				<page-count count="10"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>Modern animal production is characterized by its great productive intensity, which implies that animals are subjected to different stress situations, which cause imbalance in the intestinal microbiota, the development of pathogenic microorganisms, immunosuppression, as well as the inefficient food conversion, high mortality and decrease in zootechnical response (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Huang <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>). For the previous reasons, antibiotics have been used for decades as animal growth promoting additives. However, its indiscriminate use causes residual effects on foods, microbial resistance, damage to the gastrointestinal biota, among others (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Eng <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>Since 2006, in the European Union and in other countries of the world, the use of sub-therapeutic antibiotics was prohibited (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Ronquillo and Hernández 2017</xref>). The scientific community and the livestock industry study and introduce new safe and harmless additives to improve animals productivity, such as nutraceutical products (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Liu <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>). The American Veterinary Council of Nutraceuticals shows that they are products that contain, in an integral, purified or extracted way, compounds necessary for a correct biological development (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Telrandhe <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>Among the sources with great potential for obtaining nutraceutical additives, there are plants belonging to the Agave genus. Its chemical composition varies according to edaphoclimatic conditions, soil characteristics, among other factors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">García <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>). Generally, it is considered that these plants, due to their high concentration of fructans and other chemical substances, have medicinal properties and model the intestinal microflora and immunity, which causes beneficial effects for the production and health of the host (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Adhikari and Kim 2017</xref>). Its use in the diet, in small concentrations, could improve the biological and health indicators in animals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Iser <italic>et al.</italic> 2016a</xref> and Valdovinos <italic>et al.</italic> 2019).</p>
			<p>Nowadays, nutraceuticals are one of the most studied products from the physical-chemical point of view, especially to comply with international laws, since they must provide temporary stability, reproducibility, quality, safety and efficacy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Spanish Nutraceutical Society 2015</xref>). Previous results reported on the chemical-physical composition of stems meal from <italic>A. fourcroydes</italic> (SMAF) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Iser <italic>et al.</italic> 2016b</xref>). However, there was not information on the phytochemical compounds and the quality and sensory indicators of this natural product. The objective of this study was to determine the secondary metabolites, quality indicators and organoleptic characteristics of the stems meal from <italic>Agave fourcroydes</italic> (Henequen) grown in Cuba.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>Materials and Methods</title>
			<p><italic>Sample preparation</italic>. Five henequen stems (<italic>A. fourcroydes Lem</italic>.) were collected in the early hours of the morning, according to the diagonals method, in the field of the enterprise “Eladio Hernández León”, Matanzas province, Cuba. The average age of these plants was nine years, without inflorescence. This area is characterized by a subtropical climate, Lithosol soil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">García-Curbelo <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>) and temperature between 23 and 28 <sup>o</sup>C (data from Estación Meteorológica “Indio Hatuey”).</p>
			<p>The stems of <italic>A. fourcroydes</italic> had an average weight of 6.39 kg (± 0.32). The outer parts of their bark were stripped with a traditional machete and chopped. The samples were spread on an aluminum tray. Subsequently, they were washed three times with distilled water to remove the greatest amount of impurities.</p>
			<p>The drying was carried out first naturally for three days, at room temperature. Then, to obtain a homogeneous drying, they were dried artificially with the help of an oven (WSU 400, Germany), at a temperature of 60°C for 72 h. The samples were milled with a 1 mm diameter sieve, in a hammer mill (<italic>Culatte typs</italic> MFC), until the final product was obtained, which was stored for six months at room temperature, in fully sealed plastic bags (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Mas <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p><italic>Phytochemical screening</italic>. Phytochemical screening was determined according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Payo (2001)</xref> methodology. To achieve the highest depletion of the sample, successive extractions with solvents of increasing polarity were performed. A total of 10 g of sample were weighed on an analytical balance (BS 2202S Sartorios, China) and 50 mL of petroleum ether was added. After 48 h, the extract was filtered. To the remainder, 50 mL of 70% ethanol was added to obtain the alcoholic extract and the same was done. 50 mL of distilled water was added and the extraction was performed in an analogous way.</p>
			<p>Ultrasound (Ultrasonic Cleaner SB-3200 DTD, China) was applied at 40°C, with a frequency of 40 KHz for two hours, recommended time for optimal extraction (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Torres <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>). Secondary metabolites were determined in each extract which, due to their solubility, could be extracted in these solvents.</p>
			<p>In the ether extract the tests Mayer (alkaloids), Baljet (coumarins) and Sudan III (fatty acids) were performed. In the ethanolic, Liebermann-Burchard (triterpenes or steroids), foam (saponins), ninhydrin (free amino acids), Mayer (alkaloids), Baljet (coumarins), Fehling (reducing carbohydrates), ferric chloride (phenols and/or tannins), Borntrager (quinones), Shinoda (flavonoids), resins, anthocyanidins were determined, as well as bitter and astringent principles.</p>
			<p>In the aqueous extract, the Foam (saponins), Shinoda (flavonoids), Fehling (reducing sugars), Ferric chloride (phenols and/or tannins), Mayer and Wagner (alkaloids), Borntrager (quinones) tests were analyzed. Those of mucilages and bitter and astringent principles were also developed. As a measurement criterion, the crossing system was used to specify the qualification of secondary metabolites.</p>
			<p><italic>Quality indicators.</italic> In the aqueous extract, the pH was determined in a pH- meter (HANNA 211, Portugal), as described in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">NC-86-01 (1981)</xref>. The refractive index was calculated according to WHO Pharm 92.559 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">1992</xref>) using a refractometer at 20<sup>0</sup>C (ABBE WYA-2S, China). The apparent density was determined in a densimeter at 20°C (TGL 0-12792, Germany) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">NC 119: 2001</xref>). To specify the acidity, the procedure was according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">NC-71: 2000 (2000)</xref> and for soluble solids (ABBE WYA-2S, China), in accordance with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">NC-2173: 2001 (2001)</xref>.</p>
			<p>The phytochemical screening and quality tests of the SMAF were performed in triplicate in the Laboratorio de Productos Naturales belonging to the Centro de Estudio de Química Aplicada, Granma University, Cuba.</p>
			<p><italic>Organoleptic characteristics.</italic> In addition, in the SMAF was examined the appearance, dissolution capacity, pulverization degree, color, odor, taste and homogeneous capacity, according to the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Mendoza and Calvo (2010)</xref> methodology.</p>
			<p>The organoleptic characteristics of the SMAF were determined in triplicate in the Laboratorio de Química Sanitaria de los Alimentos del Centro Provincial de Higiene, Epidemiología y Microbiología (CPHEM) Granma, Cuba.</p>
			<p><italic>Statistical analysis.</italic> The data of the SMAF quality indicators were processed using the descriptive statistics module. The mean, standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation (CV) were determined. The statistical software SPSS, version 17.0 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">2012</xref>) was used.</p>
		</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Results and Discussion</title>
				<p>The phytochemical screening of SMAF qualified a great variety of secondary metabolites. The ether extract showed coumarins (++) and fatty acids, but not alkaloids (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>). In both extracts (aqueous and ethanolic), there were not bitter and astringent principles. However, saponins, reducing sugars, alkaloids and flavonoids were detected. The latter had an abundant presence (++) in the aqueous extract. Also the ethanolic extract revealed anthocyanidins (++), coumarins, free amino acids and phenols and/or tannins, without triterpenes or steroids, quinones and resins. In addition, mucilages were identified in the aqueous extract, without phenols or tannins.</p>
				<p>Secondary metabolites are natural non-fibrous substances, generated as a defense mechanism against the attack of molds, bacteria, insects and birds, or in some cases, products of plant metabolism under stress conditions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Zandalinas <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>). Phytochemical studies with <italic>Agave</italic> spp. qualified various beneficial secondary metabolites in leaves, stems and roots. In the <italic>Agave americana</italic> and <italic>Agave barbadensis</italic>, new flavonoid molecules were identified (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Tinto <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>) and in the <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> there were flavonoids and phenolic oxhydryls, without the presence of saponins (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Flores and Borredon 2013</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t1">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Phytochemical screening of ether, ethanolic and aqueous extracts of the stems meal from <italic>Agave fourcroydes</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="3"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify" rowspan="2">Metabolites </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="3">Extracts </th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">ether</th>
									<th align="center">ethanolic</th>
									<th align="center">aqueous</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Fatty acids</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Alkaloids (Mayer) </td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Alkaloids (Wagner) </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Coumarins</td>
									<td align="center">++</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Saponins</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Flavonoids</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">++</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Anthocyanidins</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">++</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Triterpenes or esteroids</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Mucilage </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Reducing carbohydrates</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Quinones</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Resins </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Free amino acids</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Phenols and/or tannins</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Bitter and asrigent principles </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN1">
								<p>Legend: (-) absence; (+) little presence; (++) abundant presence; control no analysis</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Several types of steroidal saponins were also found in the <italic>Agave fourcroydes</italic>, <italic>Agave macroacantha</italic> and <italic>Agave sisalana</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Hamissa <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>), while in the <italic>Agave intermixa</italic> there was a high presence of polyphenolic compounds (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">García <italic>et al.</italic> 1999</xref>). In other products rich in fructans, such as yacon (<italic>Smallanthus sonchifolius</italic>) root, mainly reducing carbohydrates and alkaloids were discovered (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">de Andrade <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>In the scientific literature of animal science, secondary metabolites are considered anti-nutritional factors because they exert effects contrary to what is considered an optimal nutrition of animals, especially due to the decrease in digestive metabolism (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Savón <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>). However, it has been shown that these secondary metabolites, in small concentrations in diets, improve nutrient digestibility, immune stability, as well as competitive exclusion of microorganisms and intestinal health (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Aroche <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>Flavonoids (++) detected by phytochemical screening in SMAF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>) constitute polyphenolic compounds that, when they are in small concentrations in diets, are beneficial for their antioxidant effect (free radical capture RH *), anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antiallergic, in addition to influencing on the oxidation of LDL and in the regulation of cell growth (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Wang <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>).The anthocyanidins, identified in the SMAF, are water-soluble pigments that are stored in the vacuoles of plant cells. They are in all the organs of the plant and have positive effects on inflammatory states (innate immunity), related to their antioxidant and stimulating capacity of the immune system. The presence of these pigments increases lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine secretion (interleukin II) by the activated lymphocytes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Camacho <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>In addition, other secondary metabolites found in SMAF, such as coumarins and reducing carbohydrates, constitute potent anticoagulants and bactericides against strains of <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> and <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Escalona <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>). The saponins detected, which are glycosides, widely distributed in plants, have antimicrobial and hypocholesterolemic effects (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">del Hierro <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>). There was not reaction for bitter and astringent principles, although these properties have been related to the stimulation of gastric and bile juices. An excess causes a decrease in voluntary intake and decreases the productive behavior of animals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Han <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>The presence of tannins in the SMAF could be beneficial for its antidiarrheal effects and for its performance as growth promoters in farm animals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Martínez <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>). This polyphenolic metabolite has anti-inflammatory, vasoconstrictor, antioxidant, antibacterial and hypocholesterolemic properties (inhibits cholesterol absorption and expels it through faeces). However, excess tannins can limit the absorption of some nutrients, such as iron and proteins, as well as cause adverse intestinal processes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Pathak <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>). Studies with <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> meal and SMAF as nutraceutical additives in pigs and birds diets positively modified the animal response (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Iser <italic>et al.</italic> 2016a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Iser <italic>et al.</italic> 2016c</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Chávez <italic>et al.</italic> 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>The quality indicators are mainly determined in the phytopharmaceuticals for humans (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Shukla <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>). However, although these analyzes are not common in animal foods, their evaluation is considered important. One of the international guidelines of nutraceuticals is the strict control of the quality of these products (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Sociedad Española de Nutracéutica 2015</xref>), which certifies the high level of safety for their use as an additive in animal feeding.</p>
				<p>As <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table 2</xref> shows, the average pH of SMAF was approximately 5.18. This shows a certain inclination towards acidic compounds, which is due to a close relation with acidity. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Madrigal and Sangronis (2007)</xref> found similar results when evaluating inulin and oligofructose (5 to 7), with slightly acidic values important for the stabilization and preservation of the product (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Martínez <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t2">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Quality indicators of the stems meal from <italic>Agave fourcroydes</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify">Indicators </th>
									<th align="center">Mean (n=3)</th>
									<th align="center">SD (±)</th>
									<th align="center">CV (%)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">pH</td>
									<td align="center">5.18</td>
									<td align="center">0.020</td>
									<td align="center">0.386</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Acidity (%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.76</td>
									<td align="center">0.010</td>
									<td align="center">1.315</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Refractive index</td>
									<td align="center">1.33</td>
									<td align="center">0.006</td>
									<td align="center">0.451</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Apparent density (g/mL)</td>
									<td align="center">0.31</td>
									<td align="center">0.005</td>
									<td align="center">1.612</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Water soluble solids (<sup>0</sup>Brix)</td>
									<td align="center">1.50</td>
									<td align="center">0.021</td>
									<td align="center">1.400</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN2">
								<p>SD: standard deviation; CV: coefficient of variation</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The refractive index and density constitute quick and simple tests to verify the purity degree and the percentage of solute dissolved in a given solution, as a critical control point (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Shin <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>). The refractive index showed an average value of 1.33, similar to other medicinal plants, such as the leaves of <italic>Anacardium occidentale</italic> (1.34) and <italic>Morinda citrifolia</italic> (1.35). This analysis in medicinal plants has been related to the greater presence of phytochemical compounds. In this regard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Torrenegra <italic>et al.</italic> (2015)</xref> indicated that a refractive index higher than 1.00 in essential oils of <italic>Minthostachys mollis</italic> is associated with secondary metabolites such as benzenic, aromatic and oxygenated terpenes. There were no reports that refer this quality parameter in the <italic>Agave</italic> spp., so this result is considered as a first for the proposed nutraceutical additive.</p>
				<p>The low density of SMAF is related to the presentation of the product as meal, with high percent of dry matter (95.24%) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Iser <italic>et al.</italic> 2016b</xref>). The apparent density showed similar levels to those reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Handreck <italic>et al.</italic> (2002)</xref>, who recommend density up to 0.6 g/mL. Sánchez <italic>et al.</italic> (2015) reported inferior results to this study, when evaluating different agricultural substrates from <italic>A. tequilana</italic>. A similar response is reported in other organic substrates such as coconut fiber, rice husk and cane bagasse, with 0.077, 0.099 and 0.065 g/mL, respectively (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Pire and Pereira 2003</xref>). However, the inulin extracted from <italic>Achicoria</italic> (1.35 g/mL) and <italic>Dhalia</italic> (1.19 g/mL) have higher apparent density (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Campos <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>). This indicator is directly related to the packing volume, which tends to be inversely proportional. In addition, generally, products derived from medicinal plants, such as aqueous extracts, fluids and tinctures, have a higher refractive index 1.00 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Rodríguez <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>In relation to the soluble solids in the SMAF, there was a concentration of water-soluble active ingredients similar <italic>to Morinda citrifolia</italic> (1.57), which is convenient for direct use in diets and/or as phytopharmaceuticals. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Koteswara <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref>, in products with low soluble solids content and high humidity values, the proliferation of pathogens is encouraged. Specifically, SMAF has high dry matter content (95.24 %) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Iser <italic>et al.</italic> 2016b</xref>) and beneficial water-soluble secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, mucilages and reducing carbohydrates (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>). This can positively influence on the quality of SMAF, as a future nutraceutical additive.</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows that the organoleptic characteristics of the steams meal from <italic>Agave fourcroydes</italic>, stored for six months, is among the normal parameters for foods suitable for intake. A homogeneous powder was found, of good physical appearance and pleasant odor, without apparent presence of lumps. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">das Chagas <italic>et al.</italic> (2015)</xref>, the lump is a distinctive feature of mycotoxin-contaminated products, which causes significant organoleptic changes.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Organoleptic characteristics of the stems meal from <italic>Agave fourcroydes</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify">Indicators</th>
									<th align="justify">Stems meal from <italic>Agave fourcroydes</italic><sup>1</sup></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Appearance</td>
									<td align="justify">Good physical appearance (powder)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Dissolution capacity </td>
									<td align="justify">It partially dissolves</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Pulverization degree</td>
									<td align="justify">Good pulverization </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Color</td>
									<td align="justify">Light beige</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Odor</td>
									<td align="justify">Nice characteristic of the product</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Taste</td>
									<td align="justify">Moderately sweet</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Homogeneous capacity </td>
									<td align="justify">Homogeneous powder</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p><sup>1</sup>Professional experts from the Departamento de Química Analítica del Centro Provincial de Higiene y Epidemiología, Granma province, Cuba were used</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>The partial dilution and the moderately sweet taste of the product (SMAF) may be determined by the presence of fructans (oligofructose) and fructose (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Iser <italic>et al.</italic> 2016b</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Madrigal and Sangronis (2007)</xref> found that oligofructose has a moderately sweet taste and higher dilution than inulin, with a neutral taste. Also, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Silos <italic>et al.</italic> (2011)</xref> reported that aguamiel from <italic>A. tequilana</italic> showed a sweet and pleasant taste.</p>
				<p>In the SMAF there was a light beige color. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Flores and Borredon (2013)</xref>, the color depends on the characteristics of the product, these authors found a brown color in the dried <italic>Agave</italic> bagasse of <italic>salmiana</italic> species. In general, fructans have a color between white and pale yellow (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Madrigal and Sangronis 2007</xref>); perhaps other plant nutrients could determine the color of the proposed product.</p>
			</sec>
		
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusions</title>
			<p>In the ether, ethanolic and aqueous extracts of SMAF, flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, anthocyanidins, reducing sugars and saponins predominated. This natural product could be used as a nutraceutical in the farm animals diets, due to the results of pH, acidity, refractive index, soluble solids, apparent density and organoleptic characteristics.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Acknowledgments </title>
			<p>The collaboration of managers and technicians of the Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, from the Centro de Estudio de Química Aplicada, belonging to the Universidad de Granma, Cuba, for the development of this research is appreciated.</p>
		</ack>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="es">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>CIENCIA ANIMAL</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Metabolitos secundarios, indicadores de calidad y características organolépticas de la harina de tallos de <italic>Agave fourcroydes</italic> (Henequén)</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Iser</surname>
						<given-names>Maidelys</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Valdivié</surname>
						<given-names>M.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff7"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Figueredo</surname>
						<given-names>Liam</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Nuñez</surname>
						<given-names>Ester</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff8"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Más</surname>
						<given-names>D.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff9"><sup>4</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Martínez</surname>
						<given-names>Y.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff10"><sup>5</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2">*</xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad de Granma, Carretera de Manzanillo, km 17½. Bayamo, Granma, Cuba.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff7">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Apartado Postal 24, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff8">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro Provincial de Higiene, Epidemiologia y Microbiología, Bayamo, Granma, Cuba, C.P 85100.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff9">
				<label>4</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Laboratorio de Nutrición Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro 76230, México.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff10">
				<label>5</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Escuela Agrícola Panamericana Zamorano, Valle de Yeguare, San Antonio de Oriente 96, Honduras. </institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>*</label>Email: <email>ymartinez@zamorano.edu</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<p>Para determinar los metabolitos secundarios, indicadores de calidad y características organolépticas de la harina de tallos de <italic>Agave fourcroydes</italic> (Henequén) cultivado en Cuba, se recolectaron cinco tallos de henequén, de aproximadamente nueve años. La harina se almacenó durante seis meses. Se realizaron por triplicado los análisis siguientes: tamizaje fitoquímico, pH, índice de refracción, densidad, acidez, sólidos solubles en agua, aspecto, capacidad de disolución, grado de pulverización, color, olor, sabor y capacidad homogénea. En el extracto etéreo, predominaron las coumarinas y en el etanólico, los flavonoides y antocianidinas. En el extracto acuoso, los alcaloides, saponinas, flavonoides, mucílagos y carbohidratos reductores tuvieron poca presencia. Este material vegetal tiene un pH ligeramente ácido (5.18), 1.33 de índice de refracción, 0.31 g/mL de densidad aparente, 0.76 % de acidez y 1.50 <sup>0</sup>Brix de sólidos solubles en agua. Las características organolépticas de la harina de tallos de <italic>A. fourcroydes</italic> revelaron buen aspecto físico, capacidad de disolución parcial, buena pulverización, color beige claro, olor agradable, sabor ligeramente dulce y buena homogeneidad. Según los resultados obtenidos, la harina de tallos del <italic>Agave fourcroydes</italic> se podría probar como un producto nutracéutico en las dietas de los animales de granja. </p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd><italic>henequén</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>compuesto fitoquímico</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>característica fisicoquímica</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>nutracéutico</italic></kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introducción</title>
				<p>La producción animal moderna se caracteriza por su gran intensidad productiva, lo que implica que los animales estén sometidos a diferentes situaciones de estrés, que provocan el desbalance en la microbiota intestinal, el desarrollo de microorganismos patógenos, la inmunosupresión, así como la ineficiente conversión de los alimentos, alta mortalidad y disminución de la respuesta zootécnica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Huang <italic>et al</italic>. 2018</xref>). Por las razones anteriores, los antibióticos se han utilizado durante décadas como aditivos promotores del crecimiento animal. Sin embargo, su uso indiscriminado provoca efectos residuales en los alimentos, resistencia microbiana, daños en la biota gastrointestinal, entre otros (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Eng <italic>et al</italic>. 2015</xref>). </p>
				<p>A partir del 2006, en la Unión Europea y en otros países del mundo, se prohibió el uso de antibióticos sub-terapéuticos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Ronquillo y Hernández 2017</xref>). La comunidad científica y la industria del sector ganadero estudian e introducen nuevos aditivos seguros e inocuos para mejorar la productividad de los animales, como los productos nutracéuticos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Liu <italic>et al</italic>. 2016</xref>). El Consejo Americano Veterinario de Nutracéutica señala que son productos que contienen, de forma integral, purificada o extraída, compuestos necesarios para un correcto desarrollo biológico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Telrandhe <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). </p>
				<p>Entre las fuentes con grandes potencialidades para la obtención de los aditivos nutracéuticos, se encuentran las plantas pertenecientes al género <italic>Agave</italic>. Su composición química varía según las condiciones edafoclimáticas, características de los suelos, entre otros factores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">García <italic>et al</italic>. 2010</xref>). Generalmente, se considera que estas plantas, por su alta concentración de fructanos y otras sustancias químicas, poseen propiedades medicinales y modelan la microflora intestinal y la inmunidad, lo que provoca efectos beneficiosos para la producción y salud del huésped (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Adhikari y Kim 2017</xref>). Su uso en la dieta, en pequeñas concentraciones, podría mejorar los indicadores biológicos y de salud en los animales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Iser <italic>et al.</italic> 2016a</xref> y Valdovinos <italic>et al</italic>. 2019). </p>
				<p>En la actualidad, los nutracéuticos son uno de los productos más estudiados desde el punto de vista físico-químico, sobre todo para cumplir con las legislaciones internacionales, ya que deben aportar estabilidad temporal, reproducibilidad, calidad, seguridad y eficacia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Sociedad Española de Nutracéutica 2015</xref>). Resultados previos informaron sobre la composición química-física de la harina de tallos del <italic>Agave fourcroydes</italic> (HTAF) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Iser <italic>et al</italic>. 2016b</xref>). Sin embargo, no se encontró información sobre los compuestos fitoquímicos y los indicadores de calidad y sensoriales de este producto natural. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar los metabolitos secundarios, indicadores de calidad y características organolépticas de la harina de tallos de <italic>Agave fourcroydes</italic> (Henequén) cultivado en Cuba. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>Materiales y Métodos</title>
				<p><italic>Preparación de la muestra</italic>. Se recolectaron cinco tallos de henequén (<italic>A. fourcroydes</italic> Lem.) en las primeras horas de la mañana, según el método de las diagonales, en el campo de la empresa “Eladio Hernández León”, provincia de Matanzas, Cuba. La edad promedio de estas plantas era de nueve años, sin inflorescencia. Esta zona se caracteriza por un clima subtropical, suelo Lithosol (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">García-Curbelo <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>) y temperatura entre 23 y 28 o C (datos de la Estación Meteorológica “Indio Hatuey”). </p>
				<p>Los tallos de <italic>A. fourcroydes</italic> tuvieron un peso promedio de 6.39 kg (± 0.32). Todos se despojaron de las partes externas de la corteza con un machete tradicional y se trocearon. Las muestras se extendieron en una bandeja de aluminio. Posteriormente, se lavaron tres veces con agua destilada para eliminar la mayor cantidad de impurezas. </p>
				<p>El secado se efectuó primeramente de forma natural durante tres días, a temperatura ambiente. Luego, para obtener un secado homogéneo, se secaron de forma artificial con la ayuda de una estufa (WSU 400, Alemania), a temperatura de 60 <sup>0</sup>C durante 72 h. Las muestras se molieron con tamiz de 1 mm de diámetro, en un molino de martillo (<italic>Culatte typs</italic> MFC), hasta obtener el producto final, que se almacenó durante seis meses a temperatura ambiente, en bolsas de plástico totalmente herméticas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Más <italic>et al</italic>. 2018</xref>). </p>
				<p><italic>Tamizaje fitoquímico</italic>. El tamizaje fitoquímico se determinó según la metodología de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Payo (2001)</xref>. Para lograr el mayor agotamiento de la muestra, se realizaron extracciones sucesivas con solventes de polaridad creciente. Se pesaron 10 g de muestra en una balanza analítica (BS 2202S Sartorios, China) y se adicionaron 50 mL de éter de petróleo. Transcurridas 48 h, se procedió a la filtración del extracto. Al remanente se le adicionaron 50 mL de etanol al 70 % para la obtención del extracto alcohólico y se procedió de igual forma. Se agregaron 50 mL de agua destilada y se realizó la extracción de forma análoga. </p>
				<p>Se aplicó ultrasonido (Ultrasonic Cleaner SB-3200 DTD, China) a 40 °C, con frecuencia de 40 KHz durante dos horas, tiempo recomendado para una extracción óptima (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Torres <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>). Se determinaron en cada extracto los metabolitos secundarios que, por su solubilidad, se podían extraer en estos solventes. </p>
				<p>En el extracto etéreo se hicieron los ensayos Mayer (alcaloides), Baljet (coumarinas) y Sudan III (ácidos grasos). En el etanólico, se determinaron el Liebermann-Burchard (triterpenos o esteroides), espuma (saponinas), ninhidrina (aminoácidos libres), Mayer (alcaloides), Baljet (coumarinas), Fehling (carbohidratos reductores), cloruro férrico (fenoles y/o taninos), Borntrager (quinonas), Shinoda (flavonoides), resinas, antocianidinas, así como los principios amargos y astringentes. </p>
				<p>En el extracto acuoso, se analizaron los ensayos Espuma (saponinas), Shinoda (flavonoides), Fehling (azúcares reductores), Cloruro férrico (fenoles y/o taninos), Mayer y Wagner (alcaloides), Borntrager (quinonas). También se desarrollaron los de mucílagos y principios amargos y astringentes. Como criterio de medida, se utilizó el sistema de cruces para especificar la cualificación de los metabolitos secundarios. </p>
				<p><italic>Indicadores de calidad</italic>. En el extracto acuoso, se determinó el pH en un pH-metro (HANNA 211, Portugal), según lo descrito en la <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">NC-86-01 (1981)</xref>. El índice de refracción se calculó según WHO Pharm 92.559 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">1992</xref>) mediante un refractómetro a 20 <sup>0</sup>C (ABBE WYA-2S, China). La densidad aparente se determinó en un densímetro a 20 <sup>0</sup>C (TGL 0-12792, Alemania) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">NC 119:2001</xref>). Para precisar la acidez, se procedió según la <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">NC-71:2000 (2000)</xref> y para los sólidos solubles (ABBE WYA-2S, China), de acuerdo con la <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">NC-2173:2001 (2001)</xref>. </p>
				<p>El tamizaje fitoquímico y las pruebas de calidad de HTAF se realizaron por triplicado en el Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, perteneciente al Centro de Estudio de Química Aplicada, Universidad de Granma, Granma, Cuba. </p>
				<p><italic>Características organolépticas</italic>. Además, en la HTAF se examinó el aspecto, capacidad de disolución, grado de pulverización, color, olor, sabor y capacidad homogénea, de acuerdo con la metodología de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Mendoza y Calvo (2010)</xref>. </p>
				<p>Las características organolépticas de la HTAF se determinaron por triplicado en el Laboratorio de Química Sanitaria de los Alimentos del Centro Provincial de Higiene, Epidemiología y Microbiología (CPHEM) de Granma, Cuba.</p>
				<p><italic>Análisis estadístico.</italic> Los datos de los indicadores de calidad de HTAF se procesaron mediante el módulo de estadística descriptiva. Se determinó la media, desviación estándar (DE) y coeficiente de variación (CV). Se usó el software estadístico SPSS, versión 17.0 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">2012</xref>). </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>Resultados y Discusión</title>
				<p>El tamizaje fitoquímico de la HTAF cualificó gran variedad de metabolitos secundarios. El extracto etéreo mostró coumarinas (++) y ácidos grasos, no así alcaloides (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabla 1</xref>). En ambos extractos (acuoso y etanólico), no se encontraron principios amargos y astringentes. Sin embargo, se detectaron saponinas, azúcares reductores, alcaloides y flavonoides. Este último tuvo presencia abundante (++) en el extracto acuoso. También el extracto etanólico reveló antocianidinas (++), coumarinas, aminoácidos libres y fenoles y/o taninos, sin presencia de triterpenos o esteroides, quinonas y resinas. Además, en el extracto acuoso se identificaron mucilagos, sin fenoles ni taninos. </p>
				<p>Los metabolitos secundarios son sustancias naturales no fibrosas, generadas como un mecanismo de defensa ante el ataque de mohos, bacterias, insectos y pájaros, o en algunos casos, productos del metabolismo de las plantas sometidas a condiciones de estrés (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Zandalinas <italic>et al</italic>. 2017</xref>). Estudios fitoquímicos con <italic>Agave</italic> spp. cualificaron diversos metabolitos secundarios benéficos en hojas, tallos y raíces. En el <italic>Agave americana</italic> y <italic>Agave barbadensis,</italic> se identificaron nuevas moléculas de flavonoides (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Tinto <italic>et al</italic>. 2005</xref>) y en el <italic>Agave tequilana</italic> se encontraron flavonoides y oxhidrilos fenólicos, sin presencia de saponinas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Flores y Borredon 2013</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Tabla 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Tamizaje fitoquímico de los extractos etéreo, etanólico y acuoso de la harina de tallos de <italic>Agave fourcroydes.</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="3"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify" rowspan="2">Metabolitos </th>
									<th align="center" colspan="3">Extractos </th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">etéreo</th>
									<th align="center">etanólico</th>
									<th align="center">acuoso</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Ácidos grasos </td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Alcaloides (Mayer) </td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Alcaloides (Wagner) </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Coumarinas</td>
									<td align="center">++</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Saponinas</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Flavonoides</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">++</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Antocianidinas</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">++</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Triterpenos o esteroides</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Mucílagos </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Carbohidratos reductores</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Quinonas</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Resinas </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Aminoácidos libres</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Fenoles y/o taninos</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">+</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Principios amargos y astringentes </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>(-) ausencia; (+) poca presencia; (++) presencia abundante; blanco no análisis</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>También se encontraron varios tipos de saponinas esteroidales en el <italic>Agave fourcroydes</italic>, <italic>Agave macroacantha</italic> y <italic>Agave sisalana</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Hamissa <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>), mientras que en el <italic>Agave intermixa</italic> hubo alta presencia de compuestos polifenólicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">García <italic>et al.</italic> 1999</xref>). En otros productos ricos en fructanos, como la raíz del yacón (<italic>Smallanthus sonchifolius</italic>), se descubrieron, principalmente, carbohidratos reductores y alcaloides (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">de Andrade <italic>et al</italic>. 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>En la literatura científica de ciencia animal, los metabolitos secundarios se consideran factores antinutricionales porque ejercen efectos contrarios a lo que se considera una nutrición óptima de los animales, sobre todo por la disminución del metabolismo digestivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Savón <italic>et al</italic>. 2007</xref>). Sin embargo, se ha demostrado que estos metabolitos secundarios, en pequeñas concentraciones en las dietas, mejoran la digestibilidad de los nutrientes, la estabilidad inmunológica, así como la exclusión competitiva de microorganismos y la salud intestinal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Aroche <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>).</p>
				<p>Los flavonoides (++) detectados por tamizaje fitoquímico en la HTAF (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabla 1</xref>) constituyen compuestos polifenólicos que, cuando se encuentran en pequeñas concentraciones en las dietas, resultan benéficos por su efecto antioxidante (atrapadora de los radicales libres RH*), antiinflamatorio, antiviral y antialérgico, además de incidir en la oxidación de las LDL y en la regulación del crecimiento celular (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Wang <italic>et al</italic>. 2018</xref>). Las antocianidinas, identificadas en el HTAF, son pigmentos hidrosolubles que se almacenan en las vacuolas de las células vegetales. Se encuentran en todos los órganos de la planta y poseen efectos positivos en estados inflamatorios (inmunidad innata), relacionados con su capacidad antioxidante y estimuladora del sistema inmune. La presencia de estos pigmentos incrementa la proliferación de linfocitos y la secreción de citocininas (interleucina II) por los linfocitos activados (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Camacho <italic>et al</italic>. 2016</xref>). </p>
				<p>Además, otros metabolitos secundarios encontrados en HTAF, como las coumarinas y carbohidratos reductores, constituyen potentes anticoagulantes y bactericidas contra cepas de <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> y <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Escalona <italic>et al</italic>. 2016</xref>). Las saponinas detectadas, que son glicósidos, distribuidas ampliamente en las plantas, poseen efectos antimicrobiano e hipocolesterolémico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">del Hierro <italic>et al</italic>. 2018</xref>). No se encontró reacción para los principios amargos y astringentes, aunque estas propiedades se han relacionado con la estimulación de los jugos gástricos y biliares. Un exceso provoca disminución del consumo voluntario y disminuye el comportamiento productivo de los animales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Han <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>). </p>
				<p>La presencia de taninos en la HTAF podría ser beneficiosa por sus efectos antidiarreicos y por su desempeño como promotores de crecimiento en animales de granja (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Martínez <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref>). Este metabolito polifenólico posee propiedades antiinflamatorias, vasoconstrictoras, antioxidantes, antibacterianas e hipocolesterolémicas (inhibe la absorción del colesterol y lo expulsa a través de las heces). Sin embargo, los taninos en exceso pueden limitar la absorción de algunos nutrientes, como hierro y proteínas, así como provocar procesos intestinales adversos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Pathak <italic>et al</italic>. 2016</xref>). Estudios con la harina de <italic>Agave de tequilana</italic> y HTAF como aditivos nutracéuticos en las dietas de cerdos y aves, modificó positivamente la respuesta animal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Iser <italic>et al.</italic> 2016a</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Iser <italic>et al.</italic> 2016c</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Chávez <italic>et al</italic>. 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>Los indicadores de calidad se determinan, principalmente, en los fitofármacos destinados a los humanos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Shukla <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>). Sin embargo, aunque no son comunes estos análisis en alimentos para animales, se considera importante su evaluación. Una de las directrices internacionales de los nutracéuticos es el control estricto de la calidad de estos productos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Sociedad Española de Nutracéutica 2015</xref>), lo que certifica el elevado nivel de seguridad para su empleo como aditivo en la alimentación animal. </p>
				<p>Como muestra la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabla 2</xref>, el pH promedio de HTAF fue de 5.18, aproximadamente. Esto demuestra cierta inclinación hacia compuestos ácidos, lo que obedece a la estrecha relación con la acidez. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Madrigal y Sangronis (2007)</xref> encontraron resultados similares al evaluar la inulina y la oligofructosa (5 a 7), con valores ligeramente ácidos importantes para la estabilización y conservación del producto (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Martínez <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>). </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Tabla 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Indicadores de calidad de la harina de tallos de <italic>Agave fourcroydes</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify">Indicadores </th>
									<th align="center">Media (n=3)</th>
									<th align="center">DE (±)</th>
									<th align="center">CV (%)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">pH</td>
									<td align="center">5.18</td>
									<td align="center">0.020</td>
									<td align="center">0.386</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Acidez (%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.76</td>
									<td align="center">0.010</td>
									<td align="center">1.315</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Índice de refracción</td>
									<td align="center">1.33</td>
									<td align="center">0.006</td>
									<td align="center">0.451</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Densidad aparente (g/mL)</td>
									<td align="center">0.31</td>
									<td align="center">0.005</td>
									<td align="center">1.612</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Sólidos solubles en agua (<sup>0</sup>Brix)</td>
									<td align="center">1.50</td>
									<td align="center">0.021</td>
									<td align="center">1.400</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN5">
								<p>DE: desviación estándar; CV: coeficiente de variación</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>El índice de refracción y la densidad constituyen pruebas rápidas y simples para verificar el grado de pureza y el porcentaje de soluto disuelto en una determinada solución, como punto crítico de control (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Shin <italic>et al</italic>. 2018</xref>). El índice de refracción mostró valor promedio de 1.33, similar a otras plantas medicinales, como las hojas de <italic>Anacardium occidentale</italic> (1.34) y <italic>Morinda citrifolia</italic> (1.35). Este análisis en plantas medicinales se ha relacionado a la mayor presencia de compuestos fitoquímicos. Al respecto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Torrenegra <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref> indicaron que un índice de refracción mayor de 1.00 en aceites esenciales de <italic>Minthostachys mollis</italic> está asociado a metabolitos secundarios como terpenos bencénicos, aromáticos y oxigenados. No se encontraron reportes que refieran este indicador de calidad en los <italic>Agave</italic> spp., por lo que este resultado se considera como primicia para el aditivo nutracéutico propuesto. </p>
				<p>La baja densidad de HTAF está relacionada con la presentación del producto en forma de harina, con alto por ciento de materia seca (95.24%) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Iser <italic>et al</italic>. 2016b</xref>). La densidad aparente mostró tenores similares a los informados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Handreck <italic>et al.</italic> (2002)</xref>, quienes recomiendan densidad hasta 0.6 g/mL. Sánchez <italic>et al</italic>. (2015) informaron resultados inferiores a este estudio, al evaluar diferentes sustratos agrícolas a partir de <italic>A. tequilana</italic>. Una respuesta similar se informa en otros sustratos orgánicos como la fibra de coco, cascarilla de arroz y bagazo de caña, con 0,077, 0.099 y 0.065 g/mL, respectivamente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Pire y Pereira 2003</xref>). Sin embargo, la inulina extraída de la <italic>Achicoria</italic> (1.35 g/mL) y <italic>Dhalia</italic> (1.19 g/mL) presentan mayor densidad aparente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Campos <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>). Este indicador está relacionado directamente con el volumen de empacado, lo que tiende a ser inversamente proporcional. Además, por lo general, productos derivados de las plantas medicinales, como extractos acuosos, fluidos y tinturas, tienen un índice de refracción mayor 1.00 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Rodríguez <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>En relación con los sólidos solubles en la HTAF, hubo concentración de principios activos solubles en agua similar a la <italic>Morinda citrifolia</italic> (1.57), lo que es conveniente para su uso directo en las dietas y/o como fitofármacos. Según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Koteswara <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref>, en los productos con bajos contenidos de sólidos solubles y altos valores de humedad, se propicia la proliferación de patógenos. Específicamente, la HTAF tiene alto contenido de materia seca (95.24%) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Iser <italic>et al.</italic> 2016b</xref>) y metabolitos secundarios benéficos solubles en agua, como alcaloides, saponinas, flavonoides, mucílagos y carbohidratos reductores (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabla 1</xref>). Esto puede influir positivamente en la calidad de la HTAF, como futuro aditivo nutracéutico. </p>
				<p>La <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabla 3</xref> muestra que las características organolépticas de la harina de tallos de <italic>Agave fourcroydes</italic>, almacenada por seis meses, se encuentra entre los indicadores normales para los alimentos aptos para el consumo. Se encontró un polvo homogéneo, de buen estado físico y olor agradable, sin presencia aparente de grumos. Según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">das Chagas <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref>, el grumo es una característica distintiva de los productos contaminados con micotoxinas, lo que provoca cambios organolépticos significativos. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Tabla 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Características organolépticas de la harina de tallos de <italic>Agave fourcroydes</italic></title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify">Indicadores</th>
									<th align="justify">Harina de tallos de <italic>Agave fourcroydes</italic><sup>1</sup></th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Aspecto</td>
									<td align="justify">Buen aspecto físico (polvo)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Capacidad de disolución</td>
									<td align="justify">Se disuelve de forma parcial</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Grado de pulverización</td>
									<td align="justify">Buen pulverizado</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Color</td>
									<td align="justify">Beige claro</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Olor</td>
									<td align="justify">Agradable característico propio del producto</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Sabor</td>
									<td align="justify">Moderadamente dulce</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Capacidad homogénea</td>
									<td align="justify">Polvo homogéneo</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p><sup>1</sup>Se utilizaron expertos profesionales del Departamento de Química Analítica del Centro Provincial de Higiene y Epidemiología, Provincia Granma, Cuba</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>La dilución parcial y el sabor moderadamente dulce del producto (HTAF) puede estar determinado por la presencia de fructanos (oligofructosa) y fructosa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Iser <italic>et al</italic>. 2016b</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Madrigal y Sangronis (2007)</xref> encontraron que la oligofructosa tiene sabor moderadamente dulce y mayor dilución que la inulina, de sabor neutro. También, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Silos <italic>et al</italic>. (2011)</xref> informaron que el aguamiel a partir del <italic>A. tequilana</italic> mostró sabor dulce y agradable. </p>
				<p>En la HTAF se encontró un color beige claro. Según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Flores y Borredon (2013)</xref>, el color depende de las características propias del producto, estos autores encontraron una coloración café en el bagazo de <italic>Agave</italic> seco de la especie <italic>salmiana</italic>. Por lo general, los fructanos poseen color entre blanco y amarillo pálido (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Madrigal y Sangronis 2007</xref>), quizás otros nutrientes de la planta podrían determinar el color del producto propuesto. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusiones</title>
				<p>En los extractos etéreo, etanólico y acuoso de la HTAF, predominaron los flavonoides, taninos, coumarinas, antocianidinas, azúcares reductores y saponinas. Este producto natural se podría usar como nutracéutico en las dietas de los animales de granja, debido a los resultados de pH, acidez, índice de refracción, sólidos solubles, densidad aparente y características organolépticas. </p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>Agradecimientos</title>
				<p>Se agradece la colaboración de directivos y técnicos del Laboratorio de Productos Naturales, del Centro de Estudio de Química Aplicada, perteneciente a la Universidad de Granma, en Cuba, para el desarrollo de esta investigación.</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>