<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cjas</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Cuban J. Agric. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2079-3480</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Ediciones ICA</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00003</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ANIMAL SCIENCE</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Technical note on physical-chemical composition of Sacha inchi (<italic>Plukenetia volubilis</italic>) cake</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Alcívar</surname>
						<given-names>J.L.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Martínez Pérez</surname>
						<given-names>Madeleidy</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Lezcano</surname>
						<given-names>P.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Scull</surname>
						<given-names>Idania</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Valverde</surname>
						<given-names>A.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Estatal del Sur de Manabí, Jipijapa, Manabí, Ecuador. </institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Estatal del Sur de Manabí</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Estatal del Sur de Manabí</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Jipijapa</city>
					<state>Manabí</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="EC">Ecuador</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Apartado Postal 24, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto de Ciencia Animal</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Ciencia Animal</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>San José de las Lajas</city>
					<state>Mayabeque</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CU">Cuba</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Email: <email>jluisalcivar@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>01</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>54</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<fpage>19</fpage>
			<lpage>23</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>19</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>To chemically and physically characterize the Sacha inchi (<italic>Plukenetia volubilis</italic>) cake, samples were randomly collected, from the collection center of San Vicente canton, Manabí, Ecuador. The bromatological characterization was performed and the content of the fibrous fractions was determined. The physical properties packing volume, solubility and water adsorption capacity were analyzed. The content of anti-nutritional factors was qualitatively determined. The results showed high dry matter (89.24 %) and crude protein content (41.49 %). The fibrous fractionation values were low and the physical properties showed low solubility (7.96 %), high bulkiness (3.92 mL/g) and low water adsorption capacity (2.16 g/g). The results allow concluding that the <italic>Plukenetia volubilis</italic> (Sacha inchi) cake has adequate protein and fiber content, as well as physical properties and the presence of acceptable ANFs, which allows it to be included in animal feeding.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Key words:</title>
				<kwd><italic>protein cake</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>bromatological characterization</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>physical properties</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>anti-nutritional factors</italic></kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="2"/>
				<ref-count count="10"/>
				<page-count count="5"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>The Sacha inchi (<italic>Plukenetia volubilis</italic>), also known as peanut sacha or Inca peanut, is a wild oilseed plant, distributed from Central America to South America. It has a high protein value and high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids, which is why it is considered a promising plant for human and animal feeding (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Ruiz <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>, Vásquez <italic>et al.</italic> 2017).</p>
		<p>In recent years, it has been introduced in Ecuador to obtain edible oil, from which the Sacha inchi cake is generated, as a byproduct. This plant is an important source of protein. However, although several studies have been conducted in Peru and Colombia, related to its bromatological composition (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Benítez <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>), it is little known about the physical properties of its fibrous fraction and its composition in anti-nutritional factors. The objective of this study was to characterize, physically and chemically, the Sacha inchi cake, from Manabí, Ecuador.</p>
		<p>The seed was collected from the plantations near to San Vicente and taken to the Triomega plant, located in San Vicente canton, Manabí province, Ecuador. It was partially shelled and cleaned by ventilation and shaking to remove impurities. The oil was extracted with the help of an extractor cylinder press, at a temperature of 75 °C. Subsequently, a re-extraction was performed and the temperature rose to 102 °C. This procedure guarantees 9% oil extraction.</p>
		<p>The resulting cake was allowed to cool and stored in nylon bags, separated from the soil by pallets, in order to avoid moisture. The cake, from the same lot, was presented in pellets, with a diameter lower than 3 cm, and stored for 22 days.</p>
		<p>For the chemical physical characterization, five samples of the cake were collected in a homogeneous and random way in the collection center of Sacha inchi. For this, the four points and the center procedure was followed. After they were collected, they were sent to the laboratory of the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP), where analyzes were performed. Each one was performed in triplicate. The determination of the contents of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE), gross energy (GE) and total ashes was performed using the methodology described by the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">AOAC (2006)</xref>.</p>
		<p>The fractionation, according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Goering and Van Soest (1970)</xref>, was used to extract neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin and hemicellulose.</p>
		<p>Physical properties were determined according to the techniques compiled by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Savón <italic>et al.</italic> (1999)</xref>. For the determination of the packing volume and solubility, the samples were passed through a sieve of 0.8 mm and taken to an oven at 105 °C overnight.</p>
		<p><italic>Determination of packing volume.</italic> One gram of sample was placed in a graduated centrifuge tube. Then, it was centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 20 min. Finally, the volume occupied by the sample after centrifugation was measured.</p>
		<p><italic>Determination of solubility.</italic> 60 mL of distilled water was added to two grams of the dried sample and were kept resting for an hour. Subsequently, they were filtered and dried in an oven at 60 °C for 12 h. The difference between the dry sample weight, at the beginning and at the end of the analysis, represented the percentage of the fraction that was solubilized in the water.</p>
		<p>The water adsorption capacity (WAC) was determined by the gravimetric method by the following formula:</p>
		<p>
			<disp-formula>
				<mml:math>
					<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">W</mml:mi>
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					<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
					<mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
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							<mml:mo>-</mml:mo>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">d</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">r</mml:mi>
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							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">p</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">l</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">e</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">w</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">e</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">i</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">g</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">h</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">t</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
						</mml:mrow>
						<mml:mrow>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">d</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">r</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">y</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">s</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">a</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">p</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">l</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">e</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">w</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">e</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">i</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">g</mml:mi>
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						</mml:mrow>
					</mml:mfrac>
				</mml:math>
			</disp-formula>
		</p>
		<p>The content of anti-nutritional factors was qualitatively determined according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Miranda and Cuellar (2000)</xref> methodology. The presence of tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, triterpenes, anthocyanidins, coumarins, quinones, α amino groups and mucilages was checked.</p>
		<p>The experimental data were processed in the statistical program InfoStat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Di Rienzo <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). The statisticians, mean, standard deviation, minimum and maximum coefficient of variation were determined.</p>
		<p>The physical and chemical composition of Sacha inchi (<italic>Plukenetia volubilis</italic>) is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>. The results are in the range reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Benítez <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref>.</p>
		<p>
			<table-wrap id="t1">
				<label>Table 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Physical and chemical characterization of Sacha inchi (<italic>Plukenetia volubilis</italic>) cake. </title>
				</caption>
				<table>
					<colgroup>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<thead>
						<tr>
							<th align="justify">INDICATORS (% DM)</th>
							<th align="center">MEAN</th>
							<th align="center">SD ±</th>
							<th align="center">C.V (%)</th>
							<th align="center">MINIMUM</th>
							<th align="center">MAXIMUM</th>
						</tr>
					</thead>
					<tbody>
						<tr>
							<td align="justify">DM</td>
							<td align="center">89.24</td>
							<td align="center">0.40</td>
							<td align="center">0.45</td>
							<td align="center">88.63</td>
							<td align="center">89.68</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="justify">EE</td>
							<td align="center">9.05</td>
							<td align="center">1.06</td>
							<td align="center">11.77</td>
							<td align="center">7.94</td>
							<td align="center">10.68</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="justify">Ash</td>
							<td align="center">4.89</td>
							<td align="center">0.21</td>
							<td align="center">4.29</td>
							<td align="center">4.56</td>
							<td align="center">5.08</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="justify">CP</td>
							<td align="center">41.49</td>
							<td align="center">0.35</td>
							<td align="center">0.84</td>
							<td align="center">40.90</td>
							<td align="center">41.80</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="justify">NFE</td>
							<td align="center">6.46</td>
							<td align="center">1.46</td>
							<td align="center">21.61</td>
							<td align="center">4.97</td>
							<td align="center">8.47</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="justify">CF </td>
							<td align="center">7.63</td>
							<td align="center">1.77</td>
							<td align="center">23.15</td>
							<td align="center">5.83</td>
							<td align="center">10.27</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="justify">NDF</td>
							<td align="center">16.64</td>
							<td align="center">1.54</td>
							<td align="center">9.24</td>
							<td align="center">15.32</td>
							<td align="center">18.41</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="justify">ADF</td>
							<td align="center">12.70</td>
							<td align="center">1.96</td>
							<td align="center">15.43</td>
							<td align="center">9.95</td>
							<td align="center">15.03</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="justify">Lignin</td>
							<td align="center">1.25</td>
							<td align="center">0.20</td>
							<td align="center">15.90</td>
							<td align="center">1.03</td>
							<td align="center">1.50</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="justify">Hemicellulose</td>
							<td align="center">3.94</td>
							<td align="center">0.92</td>
							<td align="center">23.39</td>
							<td align="center">3.01</td>
							<td align="center">5.37</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="justify">Solubility (%)</td>
							<td align="center">7.96</td>
							<td align="center">0.94</td>
							<td align="center">11.85</td>
							<td align="center">6.99</td>
							<td align="center">9.18</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="justify">Volume (mL/g)</td>
							<td align="center">3.92</td>
							<td align="center">0.20</td>
							<td align="center">22.59</td>
							<td align="center">3.72</td>
							<td align="center">4.22</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="justify">Water adsorption capacity (g/g)</td>
							<td align="center">2.16</td>
							<td align="center">0.49</td>
							<td align="center">5.13</td>
							<td align="center">1.30</td>
							<td align="center">2.50</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
			</table-wrap>
		</p>
		<p>The content of ether extract or fat was higher than that found by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Ruiz <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref> (7.8 %). These authors also reported protein and crude fiber values of 59.0 % and 4.5 %, respectively. The variations between the results may be due to the extraction methods used, according to reports by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Benítez <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref>. In this study, hot pressing was applied. However, the mentioned authors worked with solvent extraction and cold pressing. Nevertheless, the obtained values are considered adequate, which makes the Sacha inchi cake a potential supply for the diets of monogastric animals.</p>
		<p>With respect to fibrous fractionation, the values are low when compared with grains of an oilseed plant such as royal palm nuts (Average NDF: 57.7 %) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Arias <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>). In the consulted literature, the available information about Sacha inchi cake is scarce, regarding the study of these fractions. Therefore, its study is very useful to propose it as a source of unconventional food.</p>
		<p>The physical properties showed poor solubility, is bulky and has low water adsorption capacity. In isolated protein from Sacha inchi cake, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alvarado (2014)</xref> reported similar values to those found in this research. This may be due to the ratio of the different chemical compounds in the cake. As showed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>, lignin values were low. Perhaps, among the hemicelluloses, insoluble components predominate, which are part of the non-soluble fraction of the fiber, and are also responsible for regulating the function of the gastrointestinal tract of monogastric animals.</p>
		<p>In the Sacha inchi cake was found very abundant presence of alkaloids, saponins and α amino group. To a lesser extent, tannins, flavonoids and triterpenes were observed (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table 2</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Ruiz <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref> reported low levels of tannins and saponins in the oilseed, with respect to those of the soy cake. On the other hand, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Wang <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref> found the same performance of total polyphenols, when compared with Brazilian nuts, cashews, hazelnuts, peanuts and pistachios.</p>
		<p>
			<table-wrap id="t2">
				<label>Table 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Qualitative analysis of anti-nutritional factors present in the Sacha inchi cake.</title>
				</caption>
				<table>
					<colgroup>
						<col/>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<thead>
						<tr>
							<th align="justify">Indicators</th>
							<th align="center">Results</th>
						</tr>
					</thead>
					<tbody>
						<tr>
							<td align="justify">Tannins</td>
							<td align="center">+</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="justify">Alkaloids</td>
							<td align="center">+++</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="justify">Flavonoids</td>
							<td align="center">+</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="justify">Saponins</td>
							<td align="center">+++</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="justify">Triterpenes</td>
							<td align="center">+</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="justify">Anthocyanidins</td>
							<td align="center">-</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="justify">Coumarinas</td>
							<td align="center">-</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="justify">Quinones</td>
							<td align="center">-</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="justify">α amino groups</td>
							<td align="center">+++</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="justify">Mucilage</td>
							<td align="center">-</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<fn id="TFN1">
						<p>(-) absent, (+) present, (++) abundant, (+++) very abundant.</p>
					</fn>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
		</p>
		<p>The results allow concluding that Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) cake has adequate protein and fiber content, as well as physical properties and acceptable anti-nutritional factors, which makes possible its use in animal feeding.</p>
	</body>
	<back>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="es">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>CIENCIA ANIMAL</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Nota técnica sobre la composición físico-química de la torta de Sacha inchi (<italic>Plukenetia volubilis</italic>)</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Alcívar</surname>
						<given-names>J.L.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Martínez Pérez</surname>
						<given-names>Madeleidy</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Lezcano</surname>
						<given-names>P.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Scull</surname>
						<given-names>Idania</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Valverde</surname>
						<given-names>A.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Estatal del Sur de Manabí, Jipijapa, Manabí, Ecuador.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Apartado Postal 24, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>*</label>Email: <email>jluisalcivar@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<p>Para caracterizar química y físicamente la torta de Sacha inchi (<italic>Plukenetia volubilis</italic>), se recolectaron muestras de manera aleatoria, provenientes del centro de acopio del cantón de San Vicente, Manabí, Ecuador. Se realizó la caracterización bromatológica y se determinó el contenido de las fracciones fibrosas. Se analizaron las propiedades físicas volumen de empacado, solubilidad y capacidad de adsorción de agua. Se determinó cualitativamente el contenido de factores antinutricionales. Los resultados mostraron alto contenido de materia seca (89.24 %) y proteína bruta (41.49 %). Los valores del fraccionamiento fibroso fueron bajos y las propiedades físicas mostraron poca solubilidad (7.96 %), alta voluminosidad (3.92 mL/g) y baja capacidad de adsorción de agua (2.16 g/g). Los resultados permiten concluir que la torta de <italic>Plukenetia volubilis</italic> (Sacha inchi) posee adecuado contenido de proteína y fibras, así como propiedades físicas y presencia de FANs aceptables, lo que posibilita que se pueda incluir en la alimentación animal. </p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd><italic>torta proteica</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>caracterización bromatológica</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>propiedades físicas</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>factores antinutricionales</italic></kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>La Sacha inchi (<italic>Plukenetia volubilis</italic>), también conocida como sacha maní o maní del inca, es una planta oleaginosa silvestre, distribuida desde América Central hasta Suramérica. Presenta alto valor proteico y elevado contenido de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados, por lo que se considera una planta promisoria para la alimentación humana y animal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Ruiz <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref> y Vásquez <italic>et al.</italic> 2017).</p>
			<p>En los últimos años, se ha introducido en Ecuador para la obtención de aceite comestible, a partir del que se genera la torta de Sacha inchi, como un subproducto. Esta planta constituye una fuente de proteína importante. No obstante, aunque se han realizado varios estudios en Perú y Colombia, relacionados con su composición bromatológica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Benítez <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>), poco se conoce de las propiedades físicas de su fracción fibrosa y de su composición en factores antinutricionales. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar, física y químicamente, la torta de Sacha inchi, proveniente de Manabí, Ecuador. </p>
			<p>La semilla se recolectó de las plantaciones aledañas a San Vicente y se llevó a la planta de Triomega, ubicada en el cantón San Vicente, provincia de Manabí, Ecuador. Se descascaró parcialmente y se limpió mediante ventilación y zarandeo para eliminar impurezas. La extracción del aceite se realizó con la ayuda de una prensa cilindro extractor, a temperatura de 75 ºC. Posteriormente, se realizó una re extracción y la temperatura se elevó hasta 102 ºC. Este procedimiento garantiza 95 % de extracción del aceite. </p>
			<p>La torta resultante se dejó enfriar y se almacenó en sacos de nailon, separados del suelo por palets, con el propósito de evitar la humedad. La torta, procedente del mismo lote, se presentó en forma de pellets, con diámetro inferior a 3 cm, y se almacenó durante 22 días.</p>
			<p>Para la caracterización físico química, se recolectaron, de manera homogénea y aleatoria, cinco muestras de la torta en el centro de acopio de Sacha inchi. Para ello se siguió el procedimiento de las cuatro puntas y el centro. Luego de recolectadas, se enviaron al laboratorio del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIAP), donde se realizaron los análisis. Cada uno se realizó por triplicado.</p>
			<p>La determinación de los contenidos de materia seca (MS), proteína bruta (PB), fibra bruta (FB), extracto etéreo (EE), energía bruta (EB) y cenizas totales se realizó a partir de la metodología descrita por la <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">AOAC (2006)</xref>. El fraccionamiento, según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Goering y van Soest (1970)</xref>, se utilizó para la extracción de fibra detergente neutro (FDN), fibra detergente ácido (FDA), lignina y hemicelulosa.</p>
			<p>Las propiedades físicas se determinaron de acuerdo con las técnicas recopiladas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Savón <italic>et al</italic>. (1999)</xref>. Para la determinación del volumen de empacado y solubilidad, las muestras se pasaron por tamiz de 0.8 mm y se llevaron a estufa de 105 °C durante toda la noche. </p>
			<p><italic>Determinación del volumen de empacado</italic>. Se colocó un gramo de muestra en un tubo de centrífuga graduado. Luego, durante 20 min, se centrifugó a 3000 rpm. Por último, se midió el volumen ocupado por la muestra después de la centrifugación. </p>
			<p><italic>Determinación de la solubilidad</italic>. Se añadieron 60 mL de agua destilada a dos gramos de la muestra seca inicialmente y se mantuvieron en reposo durante una hora. Posteriormente, se filtraron y se secaron en una estufa a 60°C durante 12 h. La diferencia entre el peso de la muestra seca, al inicio y al final del análisis, representó el porcentaje de la fracción que se solubilizó en el agua. </p>
			<p>La capacidad de adsorción de agua (WAC) se determinó por el método gravimétrico mediante la fórmula siguiente:</p>
			<p>
				<disp-formula>
					<mml:math>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">W</mml:mi>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">A</mml:mi>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
						<mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">g</mml:mi>
						<mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">g</mml:mi>
						<mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
						<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
						<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
						<mml:mfrac>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">p</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">e</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">s</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">o</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal"> </mml:mi>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">m</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">u</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi mathvariant="normal">e</mml:mi>
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					</mml:math>
				</disp-formula>
			</p>
			<p>Se determinó cualitativamente el contenido de factores antinutricionales según la metodología de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Miranda y Cuellar (2000)</xref>. Se comprobó la presencia de taninos, alcaloides, flavonoides, saponinas, triterpenos, antocianidinas, coumarinas, quinonas, grupos α amino y mucílagos.</p>
			<p>Los datos experimentales se procesaron en el programa estadístico InfoStat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Di Rienzo <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). Se determinaron los estadígrafos, media, desviación típica, coeficiente de variación y valor mínimo y máximo.</p>
			<p>La composición física y química de Sacha inchi (<italic>Plukenetia volubilis</italic>) se muestra en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabla 1</xref>. Los resultados se encuentran en el rango informado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Benítez <italic>et al</italic>. (2018)</xref>. </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Tabla 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Caracterización física y química de la torta de Sacha inchi (<italic>Plukenetia volubilis</italic>). </title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="justify">INDICADORES (% MS)</th>
								<th align="center">MEDIA</th>
								<th align="center">DE ±</th>
								<th align="center">C.V (%)</th>
								<th align="center">MÍNIMO</th>
								<th align="center">MÁXIMO</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">MS</td>
								<td align="center">89.24</td>
								<td align="center">0.40</td>
								<td align="center">0.45</td>
								<td align="center">88.63</td>
								<td align="center">89.68</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">EE</td>
								<td align="center">9.05</td>
								<td align="center">1.06</td>
								<td align="center">11.77</td>
								<td align="center">7.94</td>
								<td align="center">10.68</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Ceniza</td>
								<td align="center">4.89</td>
								<td align="center">0.21</td>
								<td align="center">4.29</td>
								<td align="center">4.56</td>
								<td align="center">5.08</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">PB</td>
								<td align="center">41.49</td>
								<td align="center">0.35</td>
								<td align="center">0.84</td>
								<td align="center">40.90</td>
								<td align="center">41.80</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">ELN</td>
								<td align="center">6.46</td>
								<td align="center">1.46</td>
								<td align="center">21.61</td>
								<td align="center">4.97</td>
								<td align="center">8.47</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">FB </td>
								<td align="center">7.63</td>
								<td align="center">1.77</td>
								<td align="center">23.15</td>
								<td align="center">5.83</td>
								<td align="center">10.27</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">FDN</td>
								<td align="center">16.64</td>
								<td align="center">1.54</td>
								<td align="center">9.24</td>
								<td align="center">15.32</td>
								<td align="center">18.41</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">FDA</td>
								<td align="center">12.70</td>
								<td align="center">1.96</td>
								<td align="center">15.43</td>
								<td align="center">9.95</td>
								<td align="center">15.03</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Lignina</td>
								<td align="center">1.25</td>
								<td align="center">0.20</td>
								<td align="center">15.90</td>
								<td align="center">1.03</td>
								<td align="center">1.50</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Hemilcelulosa</td>
								<td align="center">3.94</td>
								<td align="center">0.92</td>
								<td align="center">23.39</td>
								<td align="center">3.01</td>
								<td align="center">5.37</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Solubilidad (%)</td>
								<td align="center">7.96</td>
								<td align="center">0.94</td>
								<td align="center">11.85</td>
								<td align="center">6.99</td>
								<td align="center">9.18</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Volumen (mL/g)</td>
								<td align="center">3.92</td>
								<td align="center">0.20</td>
								<td align="center">22.59</td>
								<td align="center">3.72</td>
								<td align="center">4.22</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Capacidad de adsorción de agua (g/g)</td>
								<td align="center">2.16</td>
								<td align="center">0.49</td>
								<td align="center">5.13</td>
								<td align="center">1.30</td>
								<td align="center">2.50</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>El contenido de extracto etéreo o grasa fue superior al encontrado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Ruiz <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref> (7.8%). Estos autores informaron además, valores de proteínas y fibra bruta de 59.0% y 4.5%, respectivamente. Las variaciones entre los resultados se pueden deber a los métodos de extracción utilizados, según informes de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Benítez <italic>et al</italic>. (2018)</xref>. En este estudio, se aplicó el prensado en caliente. Sin embargo, los autores antes mencionados trabajaron la extracción con solventes y el prensado en frío. No obstante, los valores obtenidos se consideran adecuados, lo que convierte a la torta de Sacha inchi en un insumo potencial para las dietas de animales monogástricos. </p>
			<p>Con respecto al fraccionamiento fibroso, los valores son bajos si se comparan con granos de una oleaginosa como el palmiche (Promedio FDN: 57.7%; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Arias <italic>et al</italic>. 2016</xref>). En la literatura consultada, es escasa la información disponible acerca de la torta de Sacha inchi, en lo que respecta al estudio de estas fracciones. Por ello, su estudio es de gran utilidad para proponerla como fuente de alimento no convencional. </p>
			<p>Las propiedades físicas mostraron poca solubilidad, es voluminosa y presenta baja capacidad de adsorción de agua. En aislados proteicos de torta de Sacha inchi, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Alvarado (2014)</xref> informó valores similares a los encontrados en esta investigación. Esto se puede deber a la relación de los diferentes compuestos químicos en la torta. Como se observa en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabla 1</xref>, los valores de lignina fueron bajos. Quizás, entre las hemicelulosas predominen las insolubles componentes, que forman parte de la fracción no soluble de la fibra, y son las encargadas además, de la regulación de la función del tracto gastrointestinal de animales monogástricos. </p>
			<p>En la torta de Sacha inchi se encontró presencia muy abundante de alcaloides, saponinas y grupos α amino. En menor cuantía, se observaron taninos, flavonoides y triterpenos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabla 2</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Ruiz <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref> informaron en la oleaginosa valores bajos de taninos y saponinas, con respecto a los de la torta de soya. Por su parte, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Wang <italic>et al</italic>. (2018)</xref> encontraron igual comportamiento de los polifenoles totales, si se comparan con nueces brasileñas, anacardos, avellanas, cacahuetes y pistachos. </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Tabla 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Análisis cualitativo de factores antinutricionales presentes en la torta de Sacha inchi.</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="justify">Indicadores</th>
								<th align="center">Resultados</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Taninos</td>
								<td align="center">+</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Alcaloides</td>
								<td align="center">+++</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Flavonoides</td>
								<td align="center">+</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Saponinas</td>
								<td align="center">+++</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Triterpenos</td>
								<td align="center">+</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Antocianidinas</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Coumarinas</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Quinonas</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Grupos α amino</td>
								<td align="center">+++</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Mucílagos</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>(-) ausente, (+) presente, (++) abundante, (+++) muy abundante.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Los resultados permiten concluir que la torta de Sacha inchi (<italic>Plukenetia volubilis</italic>) posee adecuado contenido de proteína y fibra, así como propiedades físicas y presencia de factores antinutricionales aceptables, lo que posibilita su uso en la alimentación animal. </p>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>