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    <!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cjas</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Cuban J. Agric. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2079-3480</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Ediciones ICA</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00008</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ANIMAL SCIENCE</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Effect of a probiotic mixture of <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> 20Bp and <italic>Lactobacillus brevis</italic> 40Lp on productive and health indicators of broilers</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Arteaga</surname>
						<given-names>Fátima G.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Rondón</surname>
						<given-names>Ana J.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Milián</surname>
						<given-names>Grethel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Laurencio</surname>
						<given-names>Marta</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Narváez</surname>
						<given-names>Gabriela N.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Velez</surname>
						<given-names>L.A.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Pinto</surname>
						<given-names>Georgette</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Muñoz</surname>
						<given-names>J.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Escuela Superior Politécnica Agropecuaria de Manabí, sitio “El limón”, Calceta, Manabí, Ecuador</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Escuela Superior Politécnica Agropecuaria de Manabí</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Escuela Superior Politécnica Agropecuaria de Manabí</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Calceta</city>
					<state>Manabí</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="EC">Ecuador</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro de Estudios Biotecnológicos de la Universidad de Matanzas, Autopista Varadero km 3 1/2, Matanzas, Cuba</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Estudios Biotecnológicos de la Universidad de Matanzas</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Matanzas</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CU">Cuba</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Email: <email>fatimitaespam@yahoo.es</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>01</day>
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>03</month>
				<year>2020</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>54</volume>
			<issue>1</issue>
			<fpage>67</fpage>
			<lpage>76</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>11</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2018</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>18</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>To evaluate the probiotic effect of a mixture of <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> 20Bp and <italic>Lactobacillus brevis</italic> 40Lp on productive and health indicators of broilers, a total of 400 Cobb 500® chicks were used. A completely randomized design was applied and two treatments were established: control and probiotic, with 200 animals each. In the control, only the feeding formulas of the farm were applied, and in the probiotic a probiotic mixture was supplied, in doses of 1 mL per kg of food (10<sup>9</sup> ufc.g<sup>-1</sup>).The live weight, average daily gain, cumulative food intake and food conversion were calculated as productive indicators weekly recorded until the end of breeding. Among the health indicators, the viability and mortality were evaluated. It was found that the productive parameters improved with the use of the probiotic mixture, with an average daily gain of 65.61 g, while 56.96 g were produced in the control group. The application of the mixture improved the food conversion to 1.70, when compared to the control results (1.93, and the mortality was higher in the latter. It is concluded that the use of the probiotic mixture in the production of broilers favored the productive and health parameters evaluated.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Key words:</title>
				<kwd><italic>zootechnical additives</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>probiotics</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>birds</italic></kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="29"/>
				<page-count count="10"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p>In modern formulations of birds food additives are used that significantly influence on the yield and health of animals. These supplements, among which are probiotics, prebiotics, symbiotics, enzymes and phytobiotics (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Angelakis 2017</xref>), are used in small concentrations. Specifically, the probiotic term refers to live microorganisms that, when are administered in adequate amounts, confer benefits to the health of the host (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">FAO/WHO 2001</xref>).</p>
			<p>Currently, probiotics are postulated as a potential alternative for the replacement of antibiotics that are used as subtherapeutics, as growth promoters. The advantage of probiotics is that they do not leave residues in the eggs or in the meat of birds, and do not generate risks of antibiotic resistance in the human microbiota. In birds feeding, the use of these zootechnical additives, mainly bacteria that produce lactic acid and <italic>Bacillus</italic>, helps maintain the integrity and stability of the intestinal microbiota, reducing the proliferation of harmful microorganisms. Thus, the appearance of diseases is prevented, and the productive yield of animals improves (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Milián <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Díaz-López <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>Generally, it is proposed that biopreparations with more than one isolate have higher chances of success, when complementing their effects synergistically, since they favor the colonization of a system as complex as the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Estrada 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the probiotic effect of a mixture of <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> 20Bp and <italic>Lactobacillus brevis</italic> 40Lp on productive and health indicators of broilers.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>Materials and Methods</title>
			<p><italic>Treatments and experimental conditions.</italic> The experiment was conducted between September-October 2016, at the Mr. Ariosto Mora poultry farm, located in Calceta parish, Bolívar canton, Manabí province, Ecuador. As an annual average, this area records temperatures of 26°C, and rainfalls of 1100 mm. Its height is 800 m o.s.l.</p>
			<p>A total of 400 chicks of Cobb500® line were used, with 42 ± 2 g of weight, provided by the incubator from the Escuela Superior Agropecuaria de Manabí. A chicken coop with eight pens (1.25 × 3.75 m) was used. 50 animals were distributed per pen, with a density of 11 birds per square meter. The intake of water and food was <italic>ad libitum</italic> and cylinder feeders and nipple drinkers were used. The food was made in the school's concentrate factory (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>). The temperature of the chicken coop was controlled with gas heaters using thermostats, fans and curtains. The management of animals was carried out in accordance as described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Cobb-Vantress (2012)</xref> for broilers.</p>
			<p>The duration of the experiment was 1-42 d in a completely randomized design. Two treatments with four replications (pens) were evaluated: 1) corn-soybean diet as a control and 2) corn and soybean diet + mixture of the biopreparations <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> 20Bp and <italic>Lactobacillus brevis</italic> 40Lp. The strains, selected for their <italic>in vitro</italic> probiotic potential (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Arteaga <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Arteaga <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>), were isolated from the digestive tract of backyard chickens.</p>
			<p>The food supply was carried out twice a day and the drinking water was treated with 0.1% calcium hypochlorite. The composition of the diet varied for starter, growing and finishing (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>). Per kilogram of food (10<sup>9</sup> cfu.g<sup>-1</sup>) 1 mL of each biopreparation was supplied, according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Mutus <italic>et al.</italic> (2006)</xref> criteria. The food was weekly mixed with the biopreparation.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Composition of diets used during the experiment</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="justify">Ingredients (%)</th>
								<th align="center">Starter (1-14 d)</th>
								<th align="center">Growing (15-28 d)</th>
								<th align="center">Finishing (29-42 d)</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">National yellow corn</td>
								<td align="center">59.90</td>
								<td align="center">63.89</td>
								<td align="center">67.71</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Soybean paste (46%)</td>
								<td align="center">30.94</td>
								<td align="center">27.13</td>
								<td align="center">23.96</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Fish meal (58%)</td>
								<td align="center">5.00</td>
								<td align="center">4.00</td>
								<td align="center">2.50</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Palm oil</td>
								<td align="center">0.76</td>
								<td align="center">1.56</td>
								<td align="center">2.44</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Calcium carbonate</td>
								<td align="center">1.15</td>
								<td align="center">1.16</td>
								<td align="center">1.12</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Monocalcium phosphate (21% granulated)</td>
								<td align="center">0.62</td>
								<td align="center">0.65</td>
								<td align="center">0.61</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Common salt</td>
								<td align="center">0.21</td>
								<td align="center">0.22</td>
								<td align="center">0.24</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Vitamin and mineral premixture *</td>
								<td align="center">0.25</td>
								<td align="center">0.20</td>
								<td align="center">0.20</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">DL-methionine</td>
								<td align="center">0.28</td>
								<td align="center">0.24</td>
								<td align="center">0.23</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">L-lysine HCl</td>
								<td align="center">0.15</td>
								<td align="center">0.16</td>
								<td align="center">0.16</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">L-threonine</td>
								<td align="center">0.03</td>
								<td align="center">0.03</td>
								<td align="center">0.04</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Rovabio MAX-AP</td>
								<td align="center">0.05</td>
								<td align="center">0.05</td>
								<td align="center">0.05</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Milbond TX ( micotoxin trap)</td>
								<td align="center">0.25</td>
								<td align="center">0.25</td>
								<td align="center">0.25</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Abiquim/Oxistop (antioxidant)</td>
								<td align="center">0.02</td>
								<td align="center">0.02</td>
								<td align="center">0.02</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Cycostat (robenidine 6,6%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.05</td>
								<td align="center">0.05</td>
								<td align="center">0.05</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Choline chloride </td>
								<td align="center">0.08</td>
								<td align="center">0.07</td>
								<td align="center">0.12</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Sodium bicarbonate</td>
								<td align="center">0.26</td>
								<td align="center">0.32</td>
								<td align="center">0.30</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" colspan="4">Chemical composition calculated </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">ME, MJ/kg</td>
								<td align="center">12.47</td>
								<td align="center">12.80</td>
								<td align="center">13.18</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Dry matter (%)</td>
								<td align="center">89.36</td>
								<td align="center">89.39</td>
								<td align="center">89.41</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Crude fiber (%)</td>
								<td align="center">2.46</td>
								<td align="center">2.40</td>
								<td align="center">2.36</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Ether extract (%)</td>
								<td align="center">3.47</td>
								<td align="center">4.26</td>
								<td align="center">5.11</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Crude protein (%)</td>
								<td align="center">22.74</td>
								<td align="center">20.75</td>
								<td align="center">18.75</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Calcium (%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.83</td>
								<td align="center">0.79</td>
								<td align="center">0.70</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Sodium (%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.21</td>
								<td align="center">0.22</td>
								<td align="center">0.21</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Available phosphorus (%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.37</td>
								<td align="center">0.34</td>
								<td align="center">0.29</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Methionine + cystine (%)</td>
								<td align="center">1.05</td>
								<td align="center">0.94</td>
								<td align="center">0.58</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Lysine (%)</td>
								<td align="center">1.47</td>
								<td align="center">1.32</td>
								<td align="center">1.15</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Arginine (%)</td>
								<td align="center">1.55</td>
								<td align="center">1.40</td>
								<td align="center">1.24</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Threonine (%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.96</td>
								<td align="center">0.88</td>
								<td align="center">0.80</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Tryptophan (%)</td>
								<td align="center">0.31</td>
								<td align="center">0.28</td>
								<td align="center">0.25</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>ME metabolizable energy)</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>*1kg of food contains viatamin and mineral supplemnts.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p>Vitamin supplement: vitamin A (10000 UI), D3 (2000 UI), E (10 mg), K3 (2 mg), thiamine - B1 (1 mg), riboflavin - B2 (5 mg), pyridoxine- B6 (2 mg), vitamin B12 (15.4 mg), nicotinic acid(125 mg), calcium pantothenate (10 mg), folic acid (0.25 mg), biotin (0.02 mg).</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p>Mineral supplement: selenium (0.1 mg), iron (40 mg), copper (12 mg), zinc (120 mg), magnesium (100 mg), iodine (2.5 mg) and cobalt (0.75 mg).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p><italic>Determination of productive and health indicators.</italic> For determining <italic>in vivo</italic> the effect of biopreparations on productive and health indicators, the live weight (LW) was recorded and the average daily gain (ADG), food intake and food conversion were calculated, which were controlled at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 d. The mortality and viability were observed throughout the experimental period. The relative weight of the carcass was only determined at 42 d. A total of 20 animals were selected and slaughtered (by puncturing the jugular vein) per treatment at the end of the experiment. The selection was performed based on the average weight of each group of birds, in a range of ± 10 %. All these indicators were calculated according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Pronaca (2017)</xref> criteria. </p>
			<p><italic>Statistical methods.</italic> The INFOSTAT program, version 2012 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Di Rienzo <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>) was used to analyze the results. For the statistical treatment of data, analysis of variance was performed, according to a completely randomized design. The <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Duncan (1955)</xref> comparison test was used to verify differences. In addition, the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">CompaPro-version 1 (2007)</xref> Test was used, with 95 % confidence, with the objective of determining statistical differences for viability and mortality.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>Results and Discussion</title>
			<p>The performance of the live weight of animals is showed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figure 1</xref>. There are differences (P≤ 0.001) from 14 to 42 d, when weight gain is observed in animals that intake the mixture with probiotic potential.</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Effect of the mixture of <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> 20BP and <italic>Lactobacillus brevis</italic> 40LP on the live weight performance of broilers.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-54-01-67-gf1.svg"/>
					<attrib>7 d: SE± 1.72 (P=0.067); 14 d: SE± 2.54 (P=0.001); 21 days: SE± 11.26 (P=0.001); 28 d: SE± 11.38 (P=0.001); 35 d: SE± 18.64 (P=0.001) and 42 d: SE± 16.71 (P=0.001).</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>In this experiment it was found that the effect of the mixture began to be observed from the 14 d of its application. It is explained that the use of probiotics, formulated specifically for the initial development of the GIT of newborn chicks, is a promising topic, which can have a positive effect on birds yield (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Wolfenden and Hargis 2014</xref>). The colonization of the digestive tract with probiotic microorganisms guarantees from the first hours of life the stability of the beneficial microbiota, without the development of pathogenic microorganisms, as well as the neutralization of toxins that are produced and the stimulation of the immune system, as reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Cisek and Binek (2014)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Milián <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>). These authors also suggest that colonization favors the activation of the mucin gene for the increase of this protective layer, as well as the production of lactic acid and short-chain fatty acids. They also report that the histomorphology of the intestinal epithelium that increases the surface of assimilation of nutrients is modified, as another factor that influences on birds life and, consequently, improves their weight.</p>
			<p>Other authors, who also used <italic>Lactobacillu</italic>s in their biopreparations, achieved improvements in the live weight of animals with respect to the control, without observing differences regarding to the weight of birds treated with antibiotics as animal growth promoters (AGP).</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Olnood <italic>et al.</italic> (2015)</xref> reported that when they evaluated a culture of <italic>Lactobacillus johnsonii</italic>, as a candidate for probiotic in broilers, they observed differences in live weight with respect to the control group. However, they were not found in relation to the treatment that included the antibiotic Zinc bacitracin (50 mg.kg<sup>-1</sup> of food). These results show that when biopreparations with <italic>Lactobacillus</italic> spp. are used, results similar to those achieved with antimicrobials, used as AGP, can be obtained.</p>
			<p>According to the results of this study, the birds reached practically, at 35 d, the average weight that the control animals achieved at 42 d. Therefore, if this mixture were used systematically in broilers feeding, the breeding days could be reduced. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Wang <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref> also included <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> endospores in chicken feeding and found that growth was stimulated and the target weight of the animals was early reached.</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref> shows the effect of the probiotic mixture on productive indicators of broilers, from seven to 42 d. It was found that the mixture had effects on weight gain, food conversion and relative weight of the carcass. There were not differences in food intake.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Effect of the addition of the probiotic mixture on the productive indicators of broilers at 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 d of age</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="justify">Indicators</th>
								<th align="center">Age (d)</th>
								<th align="center">Control</th>
								<th align="center">Probiotic mixture</th>
								<th align="center">SE±Sign</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify" rowspan="6">Average daily gain (g)</td>
								<td align="center">7</td>
								<td align="center">18.37</td>
								<td align="center">20.38</td>
								<td align="center">0.25 P=0.072</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">14</td>
								<td align="center">24.06</td>
								<td align="center">28.95</td>
								<td align="center">0.18 P=0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">21</td>
								<td align="center">34.04</td>
								<td align="center">42.77</td>
								<td align="center">0.53 P=0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">28</td>
								<td align="center">41.90</td>
								<td align="center">51.30</td>
								<td align="center">0.41 P=0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">35</td>
								<td align="center">47.47</td>
								<td align="center">58.34</td>
								<td align="center">0.53 P=0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">42</td>
								<td align="center">56.96</td>
								<td align="center">65.61</td>
								<td align="center">0.40 P=0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify" rowspan="6">Food intake (g)</td>
								<td align="center">7</td>
								<td align="center">156.25</td>
								<td align="center">161.0</td>
								<td align="center">3.72 P=0.401</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">14</td>
								<td align="center">498.50</td>
								<td align="center">528.75</td>
								<td align="center">19.04 P=0.304</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">21</td>
								<td align="center">1169.25</td>
								<td align="center">1183.75</td>
								<td align="center">15.60 P= 0.737</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">28</td>
								<td align="center">2100.00</td>
								<td align="center">2117.75</td>
								<td align="center">12.05 P= 0.221</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">35</td>
								<td align="center">3280.25</td>
								<td align="center">3320.50</td>
								<td align="center">20.29 P=0.210</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">42</td>
								<td align="center">4644.50</td>
								<td align="center">4694.00</td>
								<td align="center">22.18 P=0.165</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify" rowspan="6">Food conversion </td>
								<td align="center">7</td>
								<td align="center">0.92</td>
								<td align="center">0.88</td>
								<td align="center">0.04 P=0.390</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">14</td>
								<td align="center">1.32</td>
								<td align="center">1.18</td>
								<td align="center">0.05 P=0.147</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">21</td>
								<td align="center">1.55</td>
								<td align="center">1.27</td>
								<td align="center">0.027 P=0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">28</td>
								<td align="center">1.75</td>
								<td align="center">1.43</td>
								<td align="center">0.027 P=0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">35</td>
								<td align="center">1.93</td>
								<td align="center">1.59</td>
								<td align="center">0.017 P=0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">42</td>
								<td align="center">1.93</td>
								<td align="center">1.70</td>
								<td align="center">0.018 P=0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Relative carcass weight (%)</td>
								<td align="center">42</td>
								<td align="center">71.55</td>
								<td align="center">75.26</td>
								<td align="center">0.58 P=0.004</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN5">
							<p>SE Standard error. Sign. Significance</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Núñez <italic>et al.</italic> (2017)</xref> evaluated the effect of enterogermin (<italic>Bacillus clausii</italic> endospores) on the productive performance of broilers. As reported, the treatment with the probiotic showed better weight gain (2972.65 g) with respect to the control (2626.90 g). Food intake was not statistically affected. However, these authors observed better food conversion, with a value of 2.02 in the group treated with the biopreparation. The highest mortality was recorded in the control treatment (17.14 %). The T2 showed better European efficiency index (292), as well as higher carcass yield (75.25 %). A similar performance was observed in this experiment.</p>
			<p>The application of the probiotic mixture in this study caused higher increase of the animals weight, results that coincide with what was reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Aliakbarpour <italic>et al.</italic> (2012)</xref>. These authors report that the additives made with <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> and lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which are used in chicken feeding, affect the increase of this indicator. They also show that this effect can be related to the extension of the expression of the MUC2 gene in goblet cells and the morphological changes that occur in the intestinal tract. They suggest that after probiotic intake, mucin gene activation occurs, and its synthesis is higher. This can positively influence on the bacterial interactions that take place in the GIT, as well as in the proliferation of mucosal cells. Consequently, nutrient absorption becomes more efficient.</p>
			<p>Other studies show results that also agree with this research. In a study by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Li <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref> a culture of <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> CGMCC 1.1086 was administered in the diet, and its effect on live weight yield was evaluated, as well as its relation with the manipulation of the caecal microbiota of broilers. The probiotic improved the daily weight gain in 27.7 %, and the food conversion rate in 10.3 % with respect to control. It was also found that, in the caecum of chickens supplemented with this additive, the bacteria of the genera <italic>Alistipes, Odoribacter, Ruminococcus, Blautia</italic> and <italic>Desulfovibrio</italic> were increased, while the populations of <italic>Staphylococcus, Escherichia</italic> and <italic>Shigella</italic> were lower than in the control birds. These references show that these microorganisms increased the population of beneficial microorganisms, and decreased the potentially pathogenic.</p>
			<p>In this study, in the group the mixture was applied, food conversion values were obtained very close to the standard (1.68) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Cobb-Vantress 2015</xref>). Similar results were obtained by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aguavil (2012)</xref>, who stated that the inclusion of a probiotic mixture of <italic>Lactobacillus acidophilus</italic> and <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> positively influenced on weight gain and food conversion, and decreased the mortality rate. This author refers that these effects are related to the increase in the colonization of beneficial bacteria, and the pathogens or gastrointestinal parasites, such as <italic>Escherichia coli</italic>, <italic>Eimeria spp</italic>. and <italic>Salmonella spp</italic>., did not proliferate in the birds treated with the mixture.</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Gao <italic>et al.</italic> (2017)</xref> studied the influence of different levels of <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> on growth performance, nutrition metabolism and intestinal microbiota of broilers. The use of this probiotic increased the ADG and the average higher food intake in treated chickens. The feeding-gain ratio of the experimental groups was lower than that of the control. These results coincide with those of this research, where <italic>B. subtilis</italic> was also used as a probiotic microorganism. Improvement in conversion and growth increase was observed in the treated groups in relation to the control.</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bai <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref> used a mixture of <italic>Lactobacillus fermentum</italic> and <italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic> to research its effects on growth performance and intestinal immune status in broilers. Their reports show that the probiotic mixture stimulated the production of T lymphocytes at the intestinal level, without diminishing the growth performance of broilers, in a period of 1 to 21 d. These results coincide with what was obtained in this study, since the differences in weight were observed from the first 14 d of breeding.</p>
			<p>According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Blajman <italic>et al.</italic> (2015)</xref>, current tendencies in intensive production systems postulate probiotics as a good alternative for the replacement of growth-promoting antibiotics. The intake of these biopreparations in birds production increased considerably in recent years, due to the benefits it generates in the host. This practice is aimed at activating the microbial balance in the GIT, inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria, stimulating the immune response and improving the productive performance of animals. Hence, the use of this probiotic mixture of <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> 20BP and <italic>Lactobacillus brevis</italic> 40LP in the production of broilers could constitute a strategy to improve sanitary conditions and the production of intensive farms, since it affects the increase in productivity and bird health.</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Barrera <italic>et al.</italic> (2014)</xref> evaluated the supplementation of broilers with a commercial probiotic. These authors observed that the weight gain, on day 35 of age, showed a better productive performance with the addition of the probiotic compared to other groups under study. They pointed out that, possibly, this is because these microorganisms have the ability to ferment simple sugars, stimulate the production of enzymes and lactic acid, which translates into a better use of nutrients. They also stated that, when these microorganisms come into contact with the mucous membranes, they have anti-inflammatory properties, inhibit germs that cause infectious processes or putrefaction, and thus efficiently facilitate the absorption process.</p>
			<p>Similar results to those of this study obtained <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Rodríguez <italic>et al.</italic> (2015)</xref>, who evaluated the effect of the inclusion of a probiotic mixture, composed of <italic>Lactobacillus salivarius</italic> C65 and <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> E44. They used 600 started birds, heavy pure breeds, and determined the live weight, the intake, food conversion, mortality and viability of birds. The animals, except in the first two weeks, in which there were no differences between treatments, improved (P &lt;0.05) the food conversion per bird and the percentage of mortality and viability, in favor of the treatment with the probiotic mixture.</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Table 3</xref> shows the effect caused by the probiotic mixture on the health indicators. It was found that in animals that intake the biopreparation, mortality decreased and viability increased. The highest percentage of viability corresponded to the birds treated with the probiotic mixture, while the control group failed to reach the standard percentage of the breed (96%) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Cobb-Vantres 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Table 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Effect of the addition of the probiotic mixture on the health indicators of broilers, from 0-42 d of age</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="justify">Indicator</th>
								<th align="center">Age (d)</th>
								<th align="center">Control</th>
								<th align="center">Probiotic mixture</th>
								<th align="center">SE±</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Mortality (%)</td>
								<td align="center">0-42</td>
								<td align="center">8.50</td>
								<td align="center">3.00</td>
								<td align="center">0.02 P=0.04</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Viability (%)</td>
								<td align="center">0-42</td>
								<td align="center">91.50</td>
								<td align="center">97.00</td>
								<td align="center">0.02 P=0.04</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>These results are in correspondence with those of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Rondón <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref>, who used biopreparations made with <italic>Lactobacillus salivarius</italic> C65. The cited authors observed improvements in the eubiosis status of the GIT. They also verified an increase in the beneficial population of <italic>Lactobacillus</italic> and total anaerobes, and a decrease in coliforms. As reported, the inclusion of these additives in the food increased the relative weight of the spleen and the bursa of Fabricius, as well as the HI titles for the Newcastle vaccine. These results show that these biopreparations improve the microbiological indicators and stimulate the immune system, which guarantees the protection of birds against pathogenic microorganisms, with the consequent increase in viability and decrease in mortality.</p>
			<p>The mixture of <italic>Lactobacillus brevis</italic> 40Lp and <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> 20Bp improved the productive and health indicators in broilers at production scale, so that their application could be considered as probiotic additive in broilers.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="es">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>CIENCIA ANIMAL</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Efecto de una mezcla probiótica de <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> 20Bp y <italic>Lactobacillus brevis</italic> 40Lp en indicadores productivos y de salud de pollos de ceba</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Arteaga</surname>
						<given-names>Fátima G.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Rondón</surname>
						<given-names>Ana J.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Milián</surname>
						<given-names>Grethel</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Laurencio</surname>
						<given-names>Marta</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Narváez</surname>
						<given-names>Gabriela N.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Velez</surname>
						<given-names>L.A.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Pinto</surname>
						<given-names>Georgette</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Muñoz</surname>
						<given-names>J.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Escuela Superior Politécnica Agropecuaria de Manabí, sitio “El limón”, Calceta, Manabí, Ecuador</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro de Estudios Biotecnológicos de la Universidad de Matanzas, Autopista Varadero km 3 1/2, Matanzas, Cuba</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>*</label>Email: <email>fatimitaespam@yahoo.es</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<p>Para evaluar el efecto probiótico de una mezcla de <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> 20Bp y <italic>Lactobacillus brevis</italic> 40Lp en indicadores productivos y de salud de pollos de ceba, se utilizaron 400 pollitos Cobb 500. Se aplicó un diseño completamente aleatorizado y se establecieron dos tratamientos: control y probiótico, con 200 animales cada uno. En el control, solo se aplicaron las fórmulas de alimentación de la granja, y en el probiótico se suministró una mezcla probiótica, en dosis de 1 mL por kg de alimento (10<sup>9</sup> ufc.g<sup>-1</sup>). Se determinó el peso vivo, la ganancia media diaria, el consumo de alimento acumulado y la conversión alimentaria, como indicadores productivos registrados semanalmente hasta finalizar la crianza. Entre los indicadores de salud, se evaluó la viabilidad y mortalidad. Se comprobó que los indicadores productivos mejoraron con la utilización de la mezcla probiótica, con ganancia media diaria de 65.61 g, mientras que en el grupo control se produjeron 56.96 g. La aplicación de la mezcla mejoró la conversión alimentaria a 1.70, si se compara con los resultados del control (1.93, y la mortalidad, fue superior en este último. Se concluye que el uso de la mezcla probiótica en la producción de pollos de engorde favoreció los parámetros productivos y de salud evaluados. </p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave</title>
				<kwd><italic>aditivos zootécnicos</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>probióticos</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>aves</italic></kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introducción</title>
				<p>En las formulaciones modernas de alimentos para aves se utilizan aditivos que influyen significativamente en el rendimiento y la salud de los animales. Estos suplementos, entre los que se encuentran probióticos, prebióticos, simbióticos, enzimas y fitobióticos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Angelakis 2017</xref>), se utilizan en pequeñas concentraciones. Específicamente, el término probiótico hace referencia a microorganismos vivos que, cuando se administran en cantidades adecuadas, confieren beneficios a la salud del huésped (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">FAO 2001</xref>).</p>
				<p>En la actualidad, los probióticos se postulan como una alternativa potencial para el reemplazo de los antibióticos que se utilizan como subterapéuticos, a modo de promotores de crecimiento. La ventaja de los probióticos radica en que no dejan residuos en los huevos ni en la carne de las aves, y no generan riesgos de resistencia antibiótica en la microbiota humana. En la alimentación de las aves, el uso de estos aditivos zootécnicos, principalmente bacterias productoras de ácido láctico y <italic>Bacillus</italic>, contribuye a mantener la integridad y estabilidad de la microbiota intestinal, disminuyendo la proliferación de microorganismos perjudiciales. Se previene así la aparición de enfermedades y el rendimiento productivo de los animales mejora (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Milián <italic>et al</italic>. 2013</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Díaz-López <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>). </p>
				<p>Generalmente, se plantea que los biopreparados con más de un aislado tienen mayores posibilidades de éxito, al complementar sus efectos de manera sinérgica, ya que favorecen la colonización de un sistema tan complejo como el tracto gastrointestinal (TGI) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Estrada 2015</xref>). </p>
				<p>El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto probiótico de una mezcla de <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> 20Bp y <italic>Lactobacillus brevis</italic> 40Lp en indicadores productivos y de salud de pollos de ceba. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>Materiales y Métodos</title>
				<p><italic>Tratamientos y condiciones experimentales</italic>. El experimento se realizó entre septiembre-octubre de 2016, en la granja avícola del Sr. Ariosto Mora, situada en la parroquia Calceta, cantón Bolívar, provincia de Manabí, Ecuador. Como promedio anual, esta zona registra temperaturas de 26°C y precipitaciones de 1100 mm. Su altura es de 800 m s.n.m. </p>
				<p>Se utilizaron 400 pollitos, de la línea Cobb500®, con 42 ± 2 g de peso, proporcionados por la incubadora de la Escuela Superior Agropecuaria de Manabí. Se utilizó un galpón con ocho corrales (1.25 × 3.75 m). Se distribuyeron 50 animales por corral, con densidad de 11 aves por metro cuadrado. El consumo de agua y alimento fue <italic>ad libitum</italic> y se utilizaron comederos de cilindro y bebederos tipo tetina. El alimento se elaboró en la fábrica de concentrado de la escuela (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabla 1</xref>). La temperatura del galpón se controló con calentadores de gas mediante termostatos, ventiladores y cortinas. El manejo de los animales se realizó de acuerdo con lo descrito por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Cobb-Vantress (2012)</xref> para pollos de engorde. </p>
				<p>La duración del experimento fue de 1-42 d en un diseño completamente aleatorizado. Se evaluaron dos tratamientos con cuatro réplicas (corrales): 1) dieta de maíz-soja como control y 2) dieta de maíz y soya + mezcla de los biopreparados <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> 20Bp y <italic>Lactobacillus brevis</italic> 40Lp. Las cepas, seleccionadas por su potencial probiótico <italic>in vitro</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Arteaga <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Arteaga <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>), se aislaron del tracto digestivo de pollos de traspatio. </p>
				<p>El suministro de alimento se realizó dos veces al día y el agua de bebida se trató con hipoclorito de calcio al 0.1%. La composición de la dieta varió para inicio, crecimiento y acabado (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabla 1</xref>). Por kilogramo de alimento (10<sup>9</sup> ufc.g<sup>-1</sup>) se suministró 1 mL de cada biopreparado, según los criterios de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Mutus <italic>et al.</italic> (2006)</xref>. El alimento se mezcló con el biopreparado semanalmente.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Tabla 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Composición de las dietas utilizadas durante el experimento</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify">Ingredientes (%)</th>
									<th align="center">Inicio (1-14 d)</th>
									<th align="center">Crecimiento (15-28 d)</th>
									<th align="center">Acabado (29-42 d)</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Maíz amarillo nacional</td>
									<td align="center">59.90</td>
									<td align="center">63.89</td>
									<td align="center">67.71</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Pasta de soja (46%)</td>
									<td align="center">30.94</td>
									<td align="center">27.13</td>
									<td align="center">23.96</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Harina de pescado (58%)</td>
									<td align="center">5.00</td>
									<td align="center">4.00</td>
									<td align="center">2.50</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Aceite de palma</td>
									<td align="center">0.76</td>
									<td align="center">1.56</td>
									<td align="center">2.44</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Carbonato de calcio</td>
									<td align="center">1.15</td>
									<td align="center">1.16</td>
									<td align="center">1.12</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Fosfato monocálcico ( 21% granulado)</td>
									<td align="center">0.62</td>
									<td align="center">0.65</td>
									<td align="center">0.61</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Sal común</td>
									<td align="center">0.21</td>
									<td align="center">0.22</td>
									<td align="center">0.24</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Premezcla de vitaminas y minerales*</td>
									<td align="center">0.25</td>
									<td align="center">0.20</td>
									<td align="center">0.20</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">DL-metionina</td>
									<td align="center">0.28</td>
									<td align="center">0.24</td>
									<td align="center">0.23</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">L-lisina HCl</td>
									<td align="center">0.15</td>
									<td align="center">0.16</td>
									<td align="center">0.16</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">L-treonina</td>
									<td align="center">0.03</td>
									<td align="center">0.03</td>
									<td align="center">0.04</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Robavio MAX-AP</td>
									<td align="center">0.05</td>
									<td align="center">0.05</td>
									<td align="center">0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Milbond TX (atrapador micotoxinas)</td>
									<td align="center">0.25</td>
									<td align="center">0.25</td>
									<td align="center">0.25</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Abiquim/Oxistop (antioxidante)</td>
									<td align="center">0.02</td>
									<td align="center">0.02</td>
									<td align="center">0.02</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Cycostat (robenidina 6,6%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.05</td>
									<td align="center">0.05</td>
									<td align="center">0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Cloruro de colina</td>
									<td align="center">0.08</td>
									<td align="center">0.07</td>
									<td align="center">0.12</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Bicarbonato de sodio</td>
									<td align="center">0.26</td>
									<td align="center">0.32</td>
									<td align="center">0.30</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" colspan="4">Composición química calculada </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">EM, MJ/kg</td>
									<td align="center">12.47</td>
									<td align="center">12.80</td>
									<td align="center">13.18</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Materia seca (%)</td>
									<td align="center">89.36</td>
									<td align="center">89.39</td>
									<td align="center">89.41</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Fibra cruda (%)</td>
									<td align="center">2.46</td>
									<td align="center">2.40</td>
									<td align="center">2.36</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Extracto etéreo (%)</td>
									<td align="center">3.47</td>
									<td align="center">4.26</td>
									<td align="center">5.11</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Proteína cruda (%)</td>
									<td align="center">22.74</td>
									<td align="center">20.75</td>
									<td align="center">18.75</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Calcio (%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.83</td>
									<td align="center">0.79</td>
									<td align="center">0.70</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Sodio (%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.21</td>
									<td align="center">0.22</td>
									<td align="center">0.21</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Fósforo disponible (%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.37</td>
									<td align="center">0.34</td>
									<td align="center">0.29</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Metionina + cistina (%)</td>
									<td align="center">1.05</td>
									<td align="center">0.94</td>
									<td align="center">0.58</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Lisina (%)</td>
									<td align="center">1.47</td>
									<td align="center">1.32</td>
									<td align="center">1.15</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Arginina (%)</td>
									<td align="center">1.55</td>
									<td align="center">1.40</td>
									<td align="center">1.24</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Treonina (%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.96</td>
									<td align="center">0.88</td>
									<td align="center">0.80</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Triptófano (%)</td>
									<td align="center">0.31</td>
									<td align="center">0.28</td>
									<td align="center">0.25</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN6">
								<p>EM (energía metabolizable)</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN7">
								<p>*1kg de alimento contiene suplementos vitamínicos y minerales.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN8">
								<p>Suplemento vitamínico: vitamina A (10000 UI), D3 (2000 UI), E (10 mg), K3 (2 mg), tiamina - B1 (1 mg), riboflavina - B2 (5 mg), piridoxina - B6 (2 mg), vitamina B12 (15.4 mg), ácido nicotínico (125 mg), pantotenato de calcio (10 mg), ácido fólico (0.25 mg), biotina (0.02 mg).</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN9">
								<p>Suplemento mineral: selenio (0.1 mg), hierro (40 mg), cobre (12 mg), zinc (120 mg), magnesio (100 mg), yodo (2.5 mg) y cobalto (0.75 mg).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p><italic>Determinación de los indicadores productivos y de salud</italic>. Para determinar <italic>in vivo</italic> el efecto de los biopreparados en indicadores productivos y de salud, se registró el peso vivo (PV) y se calculó la ganancia media diaria (GMD), el consumo de alimento y la conversión alimentaria, los que se controlaron a los 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 y 42 d. La mortalidad y viabilidad se observaron durante todo el período experimental. El peso relativo de la canal solamente se determinó a los 42 d. Para ello se seleccionaron y sacrificaron (mediante yugulación) 20 animales por tratamiento al final del experimento. La selección se realizó sobre la base del peso promedio de cada grupo de aves, en un rango de ± 10 %. Todos estos indicadores se calcularon según criterios de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Pronaca (2017)</xref>.</p>
				<p><italic>Métodos estadísticos</italic>. Para el análisis de los resultados se utilizó el programa INFOSTAT, versión 2012 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Di Rienzo <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>). Para el tratamiento estadístico de los datos se realizó análisis de varianza, según diseño completamente aleatorizado. Se utilizó la prueba de comparación de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Duncan (1955)</xref> para verificar diferencias. Se usó además, el Test <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">CompaPro- versión 1 (2007)</xref>, con 95 % de confianza, con el objetivo de determinar diferencias estadísticas para la viabilidad y la mortalidad.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Resultados y Discusión</title>
					<p>El comportamiento del peso vivo de los animales se presenta en la <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 1</xref>. Se muestran diferencias (P≤ 0.001) desde los 14 hasta los 42 d, al observarse incremento de peso en los animales que consumieron la mezcla con potencial probiótico. </p>
					<p>
						<fig id="f2">
							<label>Figura 1</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Efecto de la mezcla de <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> 20BP y <italic>Lactobacillus brevis</italic> 40LP en el comportamiento del peso vivo de pollos de ceba.</title>
							</caption>
							<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-54-01-67-gf2.svg"/>
							<attrib>7 d: EE± 1.72 (P=0.067); 14 d: EE± 2.54 (P=0.001); 21 días: EE± 11.26 (P=0.001); 28 d: EE± 11.38 (P=0.001); 35 d: EE± 18.64 (P=0.001) y 42 d: EE± 16.71 (P=0.001).</attrib>
						</fig>
					</p>
					<p>En este experimento se comprobó que el efecto de la mezcla se comenzó a observar desde los 14 d de su aplicación. Se plantea que el uso de probióticos, formulados específicamente para el desarrollo inicial del TGI de pollitos recién nacidos, constituye un tema prometedor, que puede tener efecto positivo en el rendimiento de las aves (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Wolfenden y Hargis 2014</xref>). La colonización del tracto digestivo con microorganismos probióticos garantiza desde las primeras horas de vida la estabilidad de la microbiota beneficiosa, sin el desarrollo de microorganismos patógenos, así como la neutralización de las toxinas que se producen y la estimulación del sistema inmune, según informan <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Cisek y Binek (2014)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Milián <italic>et al</italic>. 2017</xref>). Estos autores plantean además, que la colonización favorece la activación del gen mucina para el incremento de esta capa protectora, así como la producción de ácido láctico y ácidos grasos de cadena corta. También refieren que se modifica la histomorfología del epitelio intestinal que aumenta la superficie de asimilación de los nutrientes, como otro de los factores que influyen en la vida de las aves y, en consecuencia, mejoran su peso. </p>
					<p>Otros autores, que también utilizaron <italic>Lactobacillus</italic> en sus biopreparados, lograron mejoras en el peso vivo de los animales con respecto al control, sin observar diferencias con respecto al peso de aves tratadas con antibióticos como promotores del crecimiento animal (PCA). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Olnood <italic>et al.</italic> (2015)</xref> refirieron que cuando evaluaron un cultivo de <italic>Lactobacillus johnsonii</italic>, como candidato a probiótico en pollos de ceba, observaron diferencias en el peso vivo con respecto al grupo control. Sin embargo, no las encontraron en relación al tratamiento que incluyó el antibiótico Zinc bacitracina (50 mg.kg<sup>-1</sup> de alimento). Estos resultados indican que cuando se emplean biopreparados con <italic>Lactobacillus</italic> spp., se pueden obtener resultados similares a los que se logran con antimicrobianos, utilizados como PCA. </p>
					<p>De acuerdo con los resultados de este estudio, las aves alcanzaron prácticamente, a los 35 d, el peso promedio que los animales controles lograron a los 42 d. Por tanto, si esta mezcla se utilizara de forma sistemática en la alimentación de los pollos de ceba, se pudieran reducir los días de crianza. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Wang <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref> también incluyeron endosporas de <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> en la alimentación de pollos y comprobaron que se estimulaba el crecimiento y se alcanzaba, antes de tiempo, el peso objetivo de los animales. </p>
					<p>En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabla 2</xref> se muestra el efecto de la mezcla probiótica en indicadores productivos de pollos de engorde, desde los siete hasta los 42 d. Se comprobó que la mezcla tuvo efectos en la ganancia de peso, conversión alimentaria y peso relativo de la canal. No se encontraron diferencias en el consumo de alimento. </p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t5">
							<label>Tabla 2</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Efecto de la adición de la mezcla probiótica en los indicadores productivos de los pollos de ceba a los 7,14, 21, 28, 35 y 42 d de edad.</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="justify">Indicadores</th>
										<th align="center">Edad (d)</th>
										<th align="center">Control</th>
										<th align="center">Mezcla probiótica</th>
										<th align="center">EE±Sign</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify" rowspan="6">Ganancia media diaria (g)</td>
										<td align="center">7</td>
										<td align="center">18.37</td>
										<td align="center">20.38</td>
										<td align="center">0.25 P=0.072</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">14</td>
										<td align="center">24.06</td>
										<td align="center">28.95</td>
										<td align="center">0.18 P=0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">21</td>
										<td align="center">34.04</td>
										<td align="center">42.77</td>
										<td align="center">0.53 P=0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">28</td>
										<td align="center">41.90</td>
										<td align="center">51.30</td>
										<td align="center">0.41 P=0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">35</td>
										<td align="center">47.47</td>
										<td align="center">58.34</td>
										<td align="center">0.53 P=0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">42</td>
										<td align="center">56.96</td>
										<td align="center">65.61</td>
										<td align="center">0.40 P=0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify" rowspan="6">Consumo de alimento (g)</td>
										<td align="center">7</td>
										<td align="center">156.25</td>
										<td align="center">161.0</td>
										<td align="center">3.72 P=0.401</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">14</td>
										<td align="center">498.50</td>
										<td align="center">528.75</td>
										<td align="center">19.04 P=0.304</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">21</td>
										<td align="center">1169.25</td>
										<td align="center">1183.75</td>
										<td align="center">15.60 P= 0.737</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">28</td>
										<td align="center">2100.00</td>
										<td align="center">2117.75</td>
										<td align="center">12.05 P= 0.221</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">35</td>
										<td align="center">3280.25</td>
										<td align="center">3320.50</td>
										<td align="center">20.29 P=0.210</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">42</td>
										<td align="center">4644.50</td>
										<td align="center">4694.00</td>
										<td align="center">22.18 P=0.165</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify" rowspan="6">Conversión alimentaria</td>
										<td align="center">7</td>
										<td align="center">0.92</td>
										<td align="center">0.88</td>
										<td align="center">0.04 P=0.390</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">14</td>
										<td align="center">1.32</td>
										<td align="center">1.18</td>
										<td align="center">0.05 P=0.147</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">21</td>
										<td align="center">1.55</td>
										<td align="center">1.27</td>
										<td align="center">0.027 P=0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">28</td>
										<td align="center">1.75</td>
										<td align="center">1.43</td>
										<td align="center">0.027 P=0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">35</td>
										<td align="center">1.93</td>
										<td align="center">1.59</td>
										<td align="center">0.017 P=0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="center">42</td>
										<td align="center">1.93</td>
										<td align="center">1.70</td>
										<td align="center">0.018 P=0.001</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Peso relativo de la canal (%)</td>
										<td align="center">42</td>
										<td align="center">71.55</td>
										<td align="center">75.26</td>
										<td align="center">0.58 P=0.004</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
							<table-wrap-foot>
								<fn id="TFN10">
									<p>EE Error estándar. Sign. Significación</p>
								</fn>
							</table-wrap-foot>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Núñez <italic>et al</italic> (2017)</xref> evaluaron el efecto de la enterogermina (endosporas de <italic>Bacillus clausii</italic>) en el comportamiento productivo de pollos de engorde. Según informaron, el tratamiento con el probiótico mostró mejor ganancia de peso (2972.65 g) con respecto al control (2626.90 g). El consumo de alimento no se afectó estadísticamente. Sin embargo, estos autores observaron mejor conversión alimentaria, con valor de 2.02 en el grupo tratado con el biopreparado. La mayor mortalidad se registró en el tratamiento testigo (17.14 %). El T2 reveló mejor índice de eficiencia europea (292), así como mayor rendimiento de la canal (75.25 %). Un comportamiento similar se observó en este experimento.</p>
					<p>La aplicación de la mezcla probiótica en el presente estudio provocó mayor incremento del peso en los animales, resultados que coinciden con lo informado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Aliakbarpour <italic>et al.</italic> (2012)</xref>. Estos autores refieren que los aditivos elaborados con <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> y bacterias ácido lácticas (BAL), que se utilizan en la alimentación de pollos, inciden en el aumento de este indicador. Señalan además, que este efecto se puede relacionar con la ampliación de la expresión del gen MUC2 en las células caliciformes y con los cambios morfológicos que se producen en el tracto intestinal. Plantean que después de la administración probiótica ocurre la activación del gen de la mucina, y su síntesis es más alta. Esto puede influir positivamente en las interacciones bacterianas que tienen lugar en el TGI, así como en la proliferación de las células de la mucosa. En consecuencia, la absorción de nutrientes se hace más eficiente.</p>
					<p>Otros estudios muestran resultados que concuerdan también con la presente investigación. En un trabajo de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Li <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref> se administró un cultivo de <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> CGMCC 1.1086 en la dieta, y se evaluó su efecto en el rendimiento del peso vivo, así como su relación con la manipulación de la microbiota cecal de los pollos de engorde. El probiótico mejoró la ganancia de peso diaria en 27.7 %, y el índice de conversión alimentaria en 10.3 % con respecto al control. También se constató que, en los ciegos de pollos suplementados con este aditivo, se incrementaron las bacterias de los géneros <italic>Alistipes</italic>, <italic>Odoribacter</italic>, <italic>Ruminococcus</italic>, <italic>Blautia</italic> y <italic>Desulfovibrio</italic>, mientras que las poblaciones de <italic>Staphylococcus</italic>, <italic>Escherichia</italic> y <italic>Shigella</italic> fueron más bajas que en las aves del control. Estas referencias indican que estos microorganismos incrementaron la población de microorganismos beneficiosos y disminuyeron los potencialmente patógenos.</p>
					<p>En este trabajo, en el grupo al que se le aplicó la mezcla, se obtuvieron valores de conversión alimentaria muy cercanos al estándar (1.68) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Cobb-Vantress 2015</xref>). Resultados similares obtuvo <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Aguavil (2012)</xref>, quien planteó que la inclusión de una mezcla probiótica de <italic>Lactobacillus acidophilus</italic> y <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> influyó positivamente en la ganancia de peso y conversión alimentaria, y disminuyó la tasa de mortalidad. Este autor refiere que estos efectos se relacionan con el aumento de la colonización de las bacterias benéficas, y con que no proliferaran las patógenas o los parásitos gastrointestinales, como <italic>Escherichia coli</italic>, <italic>Eimeria</italic> spp. y <italic>Salmonella</italic> spp., en las aves tratadas con la mezcla. </p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Gao <italic>et al.</italic> (2017)</xref> estudiaron la influencia de diferentes niveles de <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> en el comportamiento del crecimiento, en el metabolismo de la nutrición y en la microbiota intestinal de pollos de engorde. La utilización de este probiótico aumentó la GMD y la ingesta promedio de alimento mayor en los pollos tratados. La relación de alimentación-ganancia de los grupos experimentales fue menor que la del control. Estos resultados coinciden con los de esta investigación, donde se usó también <italic>B. subtilis</italic> como microorganismo probiótico. Se observó mejora en la conversión y el incremento del crecimiento en los grupos tratados con relación al control. </p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bai <italic>et al.</italic> (2013)</xref> utilizaron una mezcla de <italic>Lactobacillus fermentum</italic> y <italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</italic> para investigar sus efectos en el comportamiento del crecimiento y el estado inmune intestinal en pollos de engorde. Sus informes refieren que la mezcla probiótica estimuló la producción de linfocitos T a nivel intestinal, sin disminuir el comportamiento del crecimiento de pollos de engorde, en un período de 1 a 21 d. Estos resultados coinciden con lo obtenido en este trabajo, ya que las diferencias de peso se constataron a partir de los primeros 14 d de crianza.</p>
					<p>De acuerdo con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Blajman <italic>et al.</italic> (2015)</xref>, las tendencias actuales en los sistemas intensivos de producción postulan a los probióticos como una buena alternativa para el reemplazo de los antibióticos promotores de crecimiento. El consumo de estos biopreparados en la producción aviar aumentó considerablemente en los últimos años, debido a los beneficios que genera en el huésped. Esta práctica se encamina a activar el balance microbiano en el TGI, inhibir el crecimiento de bacterias patógenas, estimular la respuesta inmune y mejorar el rendimiento productivo de los animales. De ahí que el empleo de esta mezcla probiótica de <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> 20BP y <italic>Lactobacillus brevis</italic> 40LP en la producción de pollos de engorde pudiera constituir una estrategia para mejorar las condiciones sanitarias y la producción de las explotaciones intensivas, ya que incide en el incremento de la productividad y la salud de las aves.</p>
					<p>
						<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Barrera <italic>et al.</italic> (2014)</xref> evaluaron la suplementación de pollos de ceba con un probiótico comercial. Estos autores observaron que la ganancia de peso, en el día 35 de edad, presentó mejor comportamiento productivo con la adición del probiótico con respecto a otros grupos en estudio. Señalaron que, posiblemente, ello se deba a que estos microorganismos tienen la capacidad de fermentar los azúcares simples, estimular la producción de enzimas y ácido láctico, lo que se traduce en mejor aprovechamiento de los nutrientes. También manifestaron que, cuando estos microorganismos entran en contacto con las membranas mucosas, tienen propiedades anti-inflamatorias, inhiben a los gérmenes que provocan procesos infecciosos o la putrefacción y facilitan así eficientemente el proceso de absorción.</p>
					<p>Resultados similares a los del presente trabajo obtuvieron <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Rodríguez <italic>et al</italic>. (2015)</xref>, quienes evaluaron el efecto de la inclusión de una mezcla probiótica, compuesta por <italic>Lactobacillus salivarius</italic> C65 y <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> E44. Utilizaron 600 aves de inicio, de líneas puras pesadas, y determinaron el peso vivo, el consumo, la conversión alimentaria, la mortalidad y la viabilidad de las aves. Los animales, excepto en las primeras dos semanas, en las que no se manifestaron diferencias entre tratamientos, mejoraron (P &lt; 0.05) la conversión alimentaria por ave y el porcentaje de mortalidad y viabilidad, a favor del tratamiento con la mezcla probiótica.</p>
					<p>En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabla 3</xref> se presenta el efecto que provocó la mezcla probiótica en los indicadores de salud. Se comprobó que en los animales que consumieron el biopreparado disminuyó la mortalidad y aumentó la viabilidad. El mayor porcentaje de viabilidad correspondió a las aves tratadas con la mezcla probiótica, mientras que el grupo control no logró alcanzar el porcentaje estándar de la línea (96 %) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Cobb-Vantres 2012</xref>).</p>
					<p>
						<table-wrap id="t6">
							<label>Tabla 3</label>
							<caption>
								<title>Efecto de la adición de la mezcla probiótica en los indicadores de salud de pollos de ceba, desde los 0-42 d de edad</title>
							</caption>
							<table>
								<colgroup>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
									<col/>
								</colgroup>
								<thead>
									<tr>
										<th align="justify">Indicador</th>
										<th align="center">Edad (d)</th>
										<th align="center">Control</th>
										<th align="center">Mezcla probiótica</th>
										<th align="center">EE±</th>
									</tr>
								</thead>
								<tbody>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Mortalidad (%)</td>
										<td align="center">0-42</td>
										<td align="center">8.50</td>
										<td align="center">3.00</td>
										<td align="center">0.02 P=0.04</td>
									</tr>
									<tr>
										<td align="justify">Viabilidad (%)</td>
										<td align="center">0-42</td>
										<td align="center">91.50</td>
										<td align="center">97.00</td>
										<td align="center">0.02 P=0.04</td>
									</tr>
								</tbody>
							</table>
						</table-wrap>
					</p>
					<p>Estos resultados están en correspondencia con los de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Rondón <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref>, quienes emplearon biopreparados elaborados con <italic>Lactobacillus salivarius</italic> C65. Los autores citados observaron mejoras en el estado de eubiosis del TGI. Constataron además, incremento de la población beneficiosa de <italic>Lactobacillus</italic> y anaerobios totales, y disminución de coliformes. Según informan, la inclusión de estos aditivos en el alimento incrementó el peso relativo del bazo y la bolsa de Fabricio, así como de los títulos HI para la vacuna de Newcastle. Estos resultados indican que estos biopreparados mejoran los indicadores microbiológicos y estimulan el sistema inmune, lo que garantiza la protección de las aves ante la presencia de microorganismos patógenos, con la consecuente elevación de la viabilidad y disminución de la mortalidad. </p>
					<p>La mezcla de <italic>Lactobacillus brevis</italic> 40Lp y <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> 20Bp mejoró los indicadores productivos y de salud en pollos de engorde a escala de producción, por lo que se pudiera considerar su aplicación como aditivo probiótico en pollos de engorde.</p>
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