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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cjas</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Cuban J. Agric. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2079-3480</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Ediciones ICA</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00012</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>PASTURE SCIENCE</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Copper effect on photosynthetic performance, symbiotic efficiency and biosorption of rhizobia associated with Horse gram [<italic>Macrotyloma uniflorum</italic> (Lam.) Verdc.]</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Edulamudi</surname>
						<given-names>Prabhavati</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Zakkula</surname>
						<given-names>Vishnuvardhan</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Rao Vanga</surname>
						<given-names>Umamaheswara</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Mallaiah Konada</surname>
						<given-names>Veera</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Department of Botany and Microbiology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Andhra Pradesh, India</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Acharya Nagarjuna University</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Botany and Microbiology</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Acharya Nagarjuna University</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<state>Andhra Pradesh</state>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="IN">India</country>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>E-mail: <email>prabha_anumicro@rediffmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>05</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2019</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2019</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>53</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<fpage>459</fpage>
			<lpage>486</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>22</day>
					<month>11</month>
					<year>2018</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>26</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>The aim of the present study was to evaluate the ability of Copper (Cu) tolerance in rhizobia and enhancing the photosynthetic performance, symbiotic efficiency and biosorption potential in the rhizobia inoculated Horse gram [<italic>Macrotyloma uniflorum</italic> (Lam.) Verdc.] plants. Four rhizobial strains HGR-4, 6, 13, 25 grown under different concentrations of Copper (Cu) were inoculated individually to Horse gram plants. Among them, Horse gram plants inoculated with the strain HGR-4 have shown enhanced PN values up to 500 µg g<sup>-1</sup> of Cu concentration. Nodulation was maximum upon inoculation with HGR-6 at 300 µg g<sup>-1</sup> of Cu and inoculation with HGR-4, 13 and 25 at 100 µg g<sup>-1</sup>. The amount of leghaemoglobin was maximum in the Horse gram plants inoculated with the strain HGR-13 at 500 µg g<sup>-1</sup> of Cu. Biosorption potential of the strain HGR-6 (GQ483458 <italic>Rhizobium</italic> sp., ATCC 2336) was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). It has shown maximum biosorption of Cu both in nodules and also in soil samples. This study demonstrates that the Cu tolerant rhizobia i.e. HGR-4, 6, 13 and 25 enhanced the photosynthetic performance, pod formation, symbiotic efficiency and biosorption potential. Hence, Horse gram plants associated with rhizobia could be used effectively in phytoremediation of metal (Cu) contaminated soils.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Key words:</title>
				<kwd><italic>Biosorption</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>metal toxicity</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>phytoremediation</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>rhizobia</italic></kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="10"/>
				<table-count count="0"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="40"/>
				<page-count count="28"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
			<p>Heavy metal contamination of soils is wide spread due to human, agricultural and industrial activities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Beladi <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>). It results in the presence of heavy metal traces in agricultural soils that lead to a threat to food safety and public health (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dary <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>). This accumulation of heavy metals leads to abnormal loss of soil fertility and microbial activities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Krujatz <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>). One of the stressful environmental conditions is contamination of soils in which they grow with metals such as copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), cobalt (Co) and manganese (Mn). All these metals are essential for plant and microbial growth, but at high concentrations they are toxic and adversely affect plant and microbial growth, nodulation and nitrogenase activity of plants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Ahmad <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). Copper (Cu) is not only a heavy metal but also an essential micronutrient for plant growth (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Szira <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>) and development (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Thounaojam <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). </p>
			<p>The influence of soil microorganisms on soil quality and plant health has recently received more attention. These microorganisms can promote plant acquisition of nutrients (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Vimal <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>), mineralization of organic phosphorus (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Meyer <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>) and production of phytohormones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Kurepin <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>) decrease the negative effects of environmental stress. Plant growth promoting bacteria have been widely used to increase the capacity of host plants to tolerate and absorb heavy metals from soil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Kamran <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>). Some metal resistant microorganisms could also promote plant growth under heavy metal stress conditions, thus more biomass increases the efficiency of phytoremediation. </p>
			<p>The legume-<italic>Rhizobium</italic> symbiosis has been proposed as a promising technique for the phytoremediation of contaminated soils due to its beneficial activity in symbiotic nitrogen fixation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Jian <italic>et al.</italic> 2019</xref>). Some rhizobia have survived under heavy metal contamination. In spite of their symbiotic association their nitrogen fixing ability is lost (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Broos <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>). Application of heavy metal tolerant <italic>Rhizobium</italic> species with the plant provides high efficiency for phytoremediation (Dary <italic>et al.</italic> 2014). It also has the additional advantage of providing N-compounds to the soil by biological nitrogen fixation in root nodules even in metal polluted soils (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Hao <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>). This enhances soil fertility also.</p>
			<p>Horse gram is an important pulse crop and it is extensively cultivated on light red and gravel soils of peninsular India. The significance of this crop is its adaptability to poor and adverse climatic conditions, which are unsuitable for other pulse crops. It is widely cultivated as a grain legume and fodder crop in the states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Orissa of South India. </p>
			<p>The current studies target to analyze the effect of Cu tolerant rhizobia-plant symbiosis on photosynthetic performance, symbiotic efficiency and biosorption potential of Horse gram plants upon inoculation with the chosen rhizobial strains. </p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title>
			<p>Horse gram [<italic>Macrotyloma uniflorum</italic> (Lam.) Verdc.], belongs to the species <italic>Macrotyloma uniflorum</italic> of the genus <italic>Macrotyloma</italic> in the family Fabaceae/Leguminoseae of the order Fabales in the Kingdom Plantae. Seeds of Horse gram were obtained from local fields of Andhra Pradesh, India were used for nodulation studies. </p>
			<p><italic>Experimental design and treatments. Inoculation with rhizobial strains grown under different concentrations of Copper (Cu):</italic> The experiment was carried out during Kharif season at the Botanical garden, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Andhra Pradesh, India. Horse gram seeds were surface sterilized with 70 % ethanol for 3 min followed by sodium hypochlorite for 3 min. Then seeds were washed in sterile water and dried. The rhizobial suspension of isolates HGR-4 (GQ483457), HGR-6 (GQ483458), HGR-13 (GQ483459) and HGR-25 (GQ483460) were grown in Yeast Extract Mannitol (YEM) broth in flasks shaken at 120 rpm at 28±2ºC for 3 days (cell density of 6×109 cells ml<sup>-2</sup>). These suspensions were inoculated to Horse gram plants. The inoculation was performed on sterilized seeds were coated with the rhizobial strains (by soaking the seeds in liquid culture medium for 2 h using 10 % (wt/vol) gum Arabic as adhesive to deliver approximately 109 cells seed<sup>-1</sup>). The inoculated seeds (20 seeds pot<sup>-1</sup>) were sown in clay pots using 2 kg sterilized soil (autoclaved at 121ºC for 3 h for three successive days). Controls were maintained with seeds treated in sterilized distilled water. Cu tolerance of Horse gram plants without rhizobial inoculation was also analyzed with various Cu supplements i.e. 50, 100, 300 and 500 µg g<sup>-1</sup> of kg<sup>-1</sup> in unsterilized soil. Triplicates were maintained for each treatment. The pots were watered when required and were maintain separately in open field conditions and allowed to grow. </p>
			<p><italic>Analysis of plants for Photosynthetic (PS) performance and symbiotic efficiency:</italic> After 40 d treatment, the Net photosynthetic rate (PN) was determined with a Portable Photosynthetic System ADC Bioscientific<italic>,</italic> U.K. The measurements were made at ambient CO<sub>2</sub> concentrtions between 09.00 and 10.00 a.m. on a clear sky day. These plants were observed for nodulation regularly after the seedlings came out. Five plants in each treatment were picked up randomly and nodulation characteristics viz., number, size, shape, colour, distribution of the nodules were noted after 40 days of sowing, as it was previously observed that highest nodulation of Horse gram occurred at 40 days. </p>
			<p><italic>Biochemical analysis:</italic> For biochemical analysis, plants raised in different concentrations of Cu were collected, leghaemoglobin content was estimated after 40 (d) of sowing (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Tu <italic>et al.</italic> 1970</xref>). Soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen (N) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Jackson 1973</xref>) and total phosphorus (P) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Olsen <italic>et al.</italic> 1954</xref>) were estimated. The amount of sand, silt and clay present in the soil were also analyzed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Black 1965</xref>). Cu concentration present in control as well as in inoculated soil and nodule samples were determined by ICP-AAS (THERMO AAS Model No: ICE 3000).</p>
			<p><italic>Statistical Analysis:</italic> Statistical analysis was done in three replicates for each treatment. The mean and standard error (SE) were calculated using Microsoft Office Excel 2007. To know the statistical significance all the values were analyzed by ANOVA, using IBM SPSS Statistics, Version 20 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Armonk 2011</xref>). Bars indicate means of ± SE and were significant at 5% level of significance (LOS). P value &lt; 0.05.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
			<p>Horse gram plants have shown significant changes in their net photosynthetic rate (PN) upon inoculation with <italic>Rhizobium</italic> strains grown under different concentrations of Cu. Plants exposed to Cu have shown a decline in PN (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ahmad and Naim 2008</xref>). At 20 µM concentration Cu decreased the PN of about 55 % over the control (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Burzynski and Zurek 2007</xref>). Horse gram plants inoculated with the strain HGR-6 have shown their maximum PN [10.44 µmol (CO<sub>2</sub>) m<sup>-2</sup>s<sup>-1</sup>] at 100 µg g<sup>-1</sup>. HGR-25 inoculated plants also have shown maximum PN values at this concentration. But, the values were low when compared to HGR-6 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figure 1</xref>). The plants inoculated with the strain HGR-4 have enhanced PN values with increase in Cu concentration up to 500 µg g<sup>-1</sup>. CuCl2 at low concentrations (0.1 mM) enhanced maximum CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation rate in sweet sorghum (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Poor <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>). The plants inoculated with the strain HGR-13 have shown maximum PN only at 50 µg g<sup>-1</sup>. PN was significantly inhibited (100 %) and most similarly affected by two concentrations of Cu<sup>2+</sup> i.e. 0.062 and 0.33 M (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">González-Mendoza <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>). Cu has shown strong negative effect on PN in barley plants. At 20 mg Cu kg<sup>-1</sup> it was decreased to 56-57 % when compared to control plants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Vassilev <italic>et al.</italic> 2003</xref>). That effect is found to be low below 20 %. Cu initially destroys the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle and subsequently influences the photosynthetic electron transport (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Burzynski and Klobus 2004</xref>). Plants kept (96 h) in Hoagland nutrient solution without Cu, in full Hoagland solution (0.5 µM Cu) and in Hoagland medium with Cu from 1 to 100 µM. The absence and the presence of Cu at above to 1 µM inhibited PN (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Costa <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>). PN declined 24, 77 and 89 % at 0.1, 1 and 3 m mol L<sup>-1</sup> Cu treatment when compared to control (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Nisha <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>). It clearly shows that Cu enhanced PN values of Horse gram plants with prior inoculation of rhizobia. </p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Copper effect on photosynthetic performance of Horse gram plants inoculated with four <italic>Rhizobium</italic> stains. Bars indicate mean ± SE. All the values were analyzed by ANOVA using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 20 and were significant at 5% level of significance (LOS). P value &lt; 0.05.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-53-04-459-gf1.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>Horse gram rhizobial strains have shown their ability to form effective nodules at all the metal concentrations tested. In our study, nodules were observed after 13 days of sowing and were formed both on tap root and as well as on lateral roots. The total number of nodules formed per plant ranged from 12 to 18 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figure 2</xref>). The plants inoculated with the strain HGR-6 inoculated plants have shown maximum nodulation at 300 µg g<sup>-1</sup>. But, the strains HGR-4, 13 and 25 have shown at 100 µg g<sup>-1</sup>. After that the number of nodules was decreased with increasing Cu concentration. The increasing concentrations of Cu in N-free solution or potted soil reduced fresh nodule mass and volume (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Sánchez-Pardo <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). Adverse effect of excessive Cu, on symbiotic biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) have shown inhibitory growth effect on the microsymbiont (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Stan <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>) nodule growth, development and function (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Sanchez-Pardo <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). Cu at 192 µM in N-free nutrient solution reduced nodule weight along with nodule number in <italic>Lupines albus</italic> L. and <italic>Glycine max</italic> L. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Sánchez-Pardo <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). Heavy metals at high concentration reduce the efficiency of symbiotic nodulation with <italic>Rhizobium</italic> and also inhibit plant growth (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Jian <italic>et al.</italic> 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figure 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Nodulation of Horse gram plants inoculated with <italic>Rhizobium</italic> strains in response to Copper. Bars indicate mean ± SE. All the values were analyzed by ANOVA using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 20 and were significant at 5% level of significance (LOS). P value &lt; 0.05.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-53-04-459-gf2.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>There are some variations in the ability to tolerate Cu toxicity among rhizobia-legume associations. The rhizobia-<italic>Acacia auriculaeformis</italic> association has high tolerance to Cu<sup>2+</sup> than the <italic>Rhizobium-Lespedeza formosa</italic> association (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Nie <italic>et al.</italic> 2002</xref>). Excess Cu reduced the number of functional nodules and the infected cells in nodules (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Hao <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>). Inoculation of green gram with <italic>Bradyrhizobium</italic> sp. under Cu stress decreased the number of nodules by 23 % at 1338 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> soil, when compared with control (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Wani <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>). High levels of Cu reduced nodule number and weight in <italic>Vigna unguiculata</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kopittke <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>). The number of nodules formed were high at low concentration of Cu (50 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>) after that, they were decreased with increasing Cu concentration (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Manivasagaperumal <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>). The reduction in nodule number under Cu stress was also observed in <italic>Lupin</italic>, soy bean and <italic>Vigna</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Sanchez-Pardo <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). Pot experiments have shown that 400 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> Cu<sup>2+</sup> greatly inhibited plant growth of <italic>Medicago lupulina</italic> but dual inoculation of <italic>Sinorhizobium meliloti</italic> CCNWSX0020 and <italic>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</italic> CCNWGS0286 significantly increased the number of nodules (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Jian <italic>et al.</italic> 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>The amount of leghaemoglobin was maximum in Horse gram plants inoculated with the strains HGR-4, 6 and 25 at 300 µg g<sup>-1</sup> of Cu (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">figure 3</xref>). But, the plants inoculated with the strain HGR-13 have shown at 500 µg g<sup>-1</sup>. Cu at 192 μM concentration, in N-free nutrient solution reduced total plant nitrogen in <italic>Lupinus albus</italic> L. and <italic>Glycine max</italic> L. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Sanchez-Pardo <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). Cu causes reduction in protein content of nodule cytosol, bacteroid fractions and leghaemoglobin concentration of nodule cytosol (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Younis 2007</xref>). Cu toxicity to plant on the production of leghaemoglobin was independent of inoculated rhizobia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Hao <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>). A significant reduction in total shoot nitrogen was observed when Cu was increased from 0 to 100 mg Cu L<sup>-1</sup> 
 <italic>in vitro</italic> and <italic>in vivo</italic>. In the potted soil based studies, increasing Cu concentration from 0-100 mg g<sup>-1</sup> resulted in drastic decrease in total shoot nitrogen of 39.2 and 36.2 % for GM3 and CP1 compared to 17.2 and 18.2 for PV1 and PV2 respectively (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Hamisi Tindwa <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>). The reduction in nitrogen fixation under Cu stress is due to its accumulation on the inner cortex and infected zones of the nodule there by inducing abnormalities in the structure and ultrastructure of the nodules (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Sanchez-Pardo <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). Cu tolerant <italic>S. meliloti</italic> CCNWSX0020 can establish a normal symbiotic relationship with the host plant under Cu stress and the nitrogenase activity indicated that it has formed effective nodules under Cu stress (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Jian <italic>et al.</italic> 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f3">
					<label>Figure 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Leghaemoglobin content in root nodules of Horse gram plants inoculated with <italic>Rhizobium</italic> strains in response to Copper. Bars indicate mean ± SE. All the values were analyzed by ANOVA using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 20 and were significant at 5% level of significance (LOS). P value &lt; 0.05.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-53-04-459-gf3.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>The production of leghaemoglobin was quite sensitive to Cu stress in nodules generated by both wild-type and mutant strains. Nitrogen fixation in white clover was halved at 428 mg Cu kg<sup>-1</sup> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Broos <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>) but, these concentrations were above the normal value in Woburn for total Cu (99 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>). The inoculated <italic>Medicago lupulina</italic> plants grown in the presence of excess Cu have shown a slight increase in N content in both shoots and roots (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Kong <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>). The nitrogen content in shoots could be considered as the supply of N through N-fixation in root nodules. Cu-resistant strain <italic>S. meliloti</italic> CCNWSX0020 is able to survive under the Cu concentration used and promotes a normal level of plant nitrogen (Kong <italic>et al.</italic> 2015). A significant increase in nitrogen content in plants was detected after co-inoculation of <italic>S. meliloti</italic> and <italic>Agrobacterium tumefaciences</italic> which significantly increased the N content of the above ground portion by 19% compared to that of control in the presence of 400 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> Cu<sup>2+</sup> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Jian <italic>et al.</italic> 2019</xref>). The amount of total nitrogen (%) and phosphorus (%) present in the soil are 0.85 and 1.24 respectively. The total content of organic matter in soil is 1.20, sand 18, silt 16, clay 42 and the pH of the soil is 6.44. </p>
			<p>In addition to nitrogen fixation, metal-resistant rhizobia demonstrate the production of plant growth-regulating substances or effects on metal solubility and bioavailability which affects plant metal uptake (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Pajuelo <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>). Bacterial biosorption/bioaccumulation mechanism together with other plant growth promoting features accounted for improved plant growth in metal contaminated soils (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Zaidi <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>). In the present study, biosorption potential of the strain HGR-6 was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), as the amount of metal present in the medium after the treatment with the isolate. The results have shown that the isolate was able to absorb Cu at a concentration of 500 µg g<sup>-1</sup> in root nodules and also in soil samples inoculated with the strain HGR-6 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">figure 4</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">5</xref>). Therefore, the use of microbes for reduction/detoxification of heavy metals is one of the preferred choices and is considered a cost-effective approach in remediation technologies. </p>
			<p>These bacteria can also protect the plants from the toxic effects of metals through an adsorption/desorption mechanism. The decrease in metal concentration after rhizobial inoculation suggested the role of strain RP5 in the removal of these metals through adsorption-desorption mechanism (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Mammaril <italic>et al.</italic> 1997</xref>). The dead cells of <italic>Mesorhizobium amorphae</italic> CCNWGS0123 are an effective absorbent for removal of Cu from aqueous solution. The removal of Cu<sup>2+</sup> increased significantly by decreasing the pH up to 5.0 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Mohamad <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). </p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f4">
					<label>Figure 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Metal (Cu) biosorption by the strain HGR-6 in soil determined by AAS. Bars indicate mean of ± SE. All the values were analyzed by ANOVA using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 20 and were significant at 5% level of significance (LOS). P value &lt; 0.05.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-53-04-459-gf4.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f5">
					<label>Figure 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Metal (Cu) biosorption in root nodules of Horse gram plants inoculated with the strain HGR-6 determined by AAS. Bars indicate mean of ± SE. All the values were analyzed by ANOVA using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 20 and were significant at 5% level of significance (LOS). P value &lt; 0.05.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-53-04-459-gf5.jpg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>This study demonstrates that the Cu tolerant rhizobia i.e. HGR-4, 6, 13 and 25 enhanced the photosynthetic performance, symbiotic efficiency and biosorption potential in the rhizobia inoculated Horse gram plants. Hence, Horse gram plants associated with rhizobia could be used in the phytoremediation of metal (Cu) contaminated soils.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS</title>
			<p>E.P is grateful to University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi for financial assistance under Post-Doctoral Fellowship (PDF). Heartfelt thanks to the Department of Botany and Microbiology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Andhra Pradesh, India for providing photosynthetic analyzer facility.</p>
		</ack>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="es">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>CIENCIA DE LOS PASTOS</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Efecto del cobre en el rendimiento fotosintético, la eficiencia simbiótica y la biosorción de rizobios asociados con el Gramo de caballo [<italic>Macrotyloma uniflorum</italic> (Lam.) Verdc.]</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Edulamudi</surname>
						<given-names>Prabhavati</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Zakkula</surname>
						<given-names>Vishnuvardhan</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Vanga</surname>
						<given-names>Umamaheswara Rao</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Konada</surname>
						<given-names>Veera Mallaiah</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Department of Botany and Microbiology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Andhra Pradesh, India</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>*</label>E-mail: <email>prabha_anumicro@rediffmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la capacidad de la tolerancia al cobre (Cu) en rizobios y mejorar el rendimiento fotosintético, la eficiencia simbiótica y el potencial de biosorción en rizobios inoculados en plantas de Gramo de caballo [<italic>Macrotyloma uniflorum</italic> (Lam.) Verdc.]. Cuatro cepas de rizobios HGR-4, 6, 13, 25 cultivadas en diferentes concentraciones de cobre (Cu) se inocularon individualmente en plantas de Gramo de caballo. Entre ellas, las plantas de Gramo de caballo inoculadas con la cepa HGR-4 mostraron valores de PN mejorados hasta 500 µg g<sup>-1</sup> de concentración de Cu. La nodulación fue máxima tras la inoculación con HGR-6 a 300 µg g<sup>-1</sup> de Cu e inoculación con HGR-4, 13 y 25 a 100 µg g<sup>-1</sup>. La cantidad de leghemoglobina fue máxima en las plantas de Gramo de caballo inoculadas con la cepa HGR-13 a 500 µg g<sup>-1</sup> de Cu. El potencial de biosorción de la cepa HGR-6 (GQ483458 <italic>Rhizobium</italic> sp., ATCC 2336) se determinó mediante espectroscopía de absorción atómica (AA). Se demostró la máxima biosorción de Cu tanto en nódulos como en muestras de suelo. Este estudio demuestra que la rizobio tolerante a Cu, es decir, HGR-4, 6, 13 y 25, mejora el rendimiento fotosintético, la formación de vainas, la eficiencia simbiótica y el potencial de biosorción. Por lo tanto, las plantas de Gramo de caballo asociadas con rizobios podrían usarse eficazmente en la fitorremediación de suelos contaminados con metal (Cu).</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras claves:</title>
				<kwd><italic>Biosorción</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>toxicidad metálica</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>fitorremediación</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>rizobios</italic></kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
				<p>La contaminación de metales pesados en los suelos está muy extendida debido a las actividades humanas, agrícolas e industriales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Beladi <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>); como resultado la presencia de trazos de metales pesados en los suelos agrícolas que conducen a una amenaza para la seguridad alimentaria y la salud pública (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Dary <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>). Esta acumulación de metales pesados conduce a la pérdida anormal de la fertilidad del suelo y actividades microbianas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Krujatz <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>). Una de las condiciones ambientales estresantes es la contaminación de los suelos en los que crecen con metales como el cobre (Cu), zinc (Zn), cobalto (Co) y manganeso (Mn). Todos estos metales son esenciales para el crecimiento de las plantas y los microbios, pero a altas concentraciones son tóxicos y afectan negativamente el crecimiento microbiano y de las plantas, la nodulación y la actividad nitrogenasa de las plantas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Ahmad <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). El cobre (Cu) no es solo un metal pesado sino también un micronutriente esencial para el crecimiento y desarrollo de las plantas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Szira <italic>et al</italic>. 2014</xref>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Thounaojam <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). </p>
				<p>La influencia de los microorganismos del suelo en la calidad del suelo y la salud de las plantas ha recibido más atención recientemente. Estos microorganismos pueden promover la adquisición de nutrientes por parte de las plantas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Vimal <italic>et al</italic>. 2017</xref>), la mineralización de fósforo orgánico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Meyer <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>) y la producción de fitohormonas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Kurepin <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>) disminuye los efectos negativos del estrés ambiental. Las bacterias promotoras del crecimiento de las plantas se han utilizado ampliamente para aumentar la capacidad de las plantas huésped para tolerar y absorber metales pesados del suelo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Kamran <italic>et al.</italic>2017</xref>). Algunos microorganismos resistentes a los metales también podrían promover el crecimiento de las plantas en condiciones de estrés por metales pesados, por lo tanto, más biomasa aumenta la eficiencia de la fitorremediación. </p>
				<p>La simbiosis leguminosa-<italic>Rhizobium</italic> se ha propuesto como una técnica prometedora para la fitorremediación de suelos contaminados debido a su actividad beneficiosa en la fijación simbiótica de nitrógeno (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Jian <italic>et al.</italic> 2019</xref>). Algunos rizobios han sobrevivido bajo la contaminación por metales pesados. A pesar de su asociación simbiótica, su capacidad de fijación de nitrógeno se pierde (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Broos <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>). La aplicación de especies de <italic>Rhizobium</italic> tolerantes a metales pesados con la planta proporciona alta eficiencia para la fitorremediación (Dary <italic>et al.</italic> 2014). También tiene la ventaja adicional de proporcionar compuestos de N al suelo mediante la fijación biológica de nitrógeno en los nódulos de la raíz, incluso en suelos contaminados con metales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Hao <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>). Esto mejora la fertilidad del suelo.</p>
				<p>El Gramo de caballo es una leguminosa de pulso importante y se cultiva ampliamente en suelos rojo claro y grava de la India peninsular. La importancia de este cultivo es su adaptabilidad a las condiciones climáticas pobres y adversas, que no son adecuadas para otras leguminosas de pulso. Se cultiva ampliamente como una leguminosa de grano y forraje en los estados de Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh y Orissa del sur de la India. </p>
				<p>Los estudios actuales apuntan a analizar el efecto de la simbiosis planta-rizobia tolerante a Cu en el rendimiento fotosintético, la eficiencia simbiótica y el potencial de biosorción de las plantas de Gramo de caballo tras la inoculación con las cepas rizobianas elegidas.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS</title>
				<p>El Gramo de caballo [<italic>Macrotyloma uniflorum</italic> (Lam.) Verdc.], pertenece a la especie <italic>Macrotyloma uniflorum</italic> del género <italic>Macrotyloma</italic> en la familia Fabaceae/Leguminoseae del orden Fabales en el Reino Plantae. Se obtuvieron semillas de Gramo de caballo de los campos locales de Andhra Pradesh, India, para estudios de nodulación.</p>
				<p><italic>Diseño experimental y tratamientos</italic>. <italic>Inoculación con cepas de rizobios cultivadas en diferentes concentraciones de cobre (Cu):</italic> El experimento se llevó a cabo durante la temporada de Kharif en el Jardín Botánico, Universidad Acharya Nagarjuna, Andhra Pradesh, India. Las semillas de Gramo de caballo se esterilizaron en la superficie con etanol al 70 % durante 3 minutos seguido de hipoclorito de sodio durante 3 minutos. Luego las semillas se lavaron en agua estéril y se secaron. La suspensión rizobial de los aislados HGR-4 (GQ483457), HGR-6 (GQ483458), HGR-13 (GQ483459) y HGR-25 (GQ483460) se cultivaron en caldo de extracto de levadura de manitol (ELM) en matraces agitados a 120 rpm a 28ºC. ± 2ºC durante 3 días (densidad celular de 6×109 células mL<sup>-1</sup>). Estas suspensiones se inocularon en plantas de Gramo de caballo. La inoculación se realizó en semillas esterilizadas que se recubrieron con las cepas de rizobios (remojando las semillas en medio de cultivo líquido durante 2 horas usando goma arábiga al 10% (peso/volumen) como adhesivo para administrar aproximadamente 109 células semilla<sup>-1</sup>). Las semillas inoculadas (20 semillas maceta<sup>-1</sup>) se sembraron en macetas de barro utilizando 2 kg de suelo esterilizado (esterilizado en autoclave a 121ºC durante 3 horas durante tres días sucesivos). Los controles se mantuvieron con semillas tratadas en agua destilada esterilizada. La tolerancia al Cu de las plantas de Gramo de caballo sin inoculación rizobial también se analizó con varios suplementos de Cu, es decir, 50, 100, 300 y 500 µg g<sup>-1</sup> de kg<sup>-1</sup> en suelo no esterilizado. Se mantuvieron triplicados para cada tratamiento. Las macetas se regaron cuando fue necesario y se mantuvieron por separado en condiciones de campo abierto y se les permitió crecer.</p>
				<p><italic>Análisis de plantas para el comportamiento fotosintético (FS) y la eficiencia simbiótica</italic>: Después de 40 días de tratamiento, se determinó la tasa fotosintética neta (FN) con un Sistema Fotosintético Portátil ADC Bioscientific<italic>,</italic> Reino Unido. Las mediciones se realizaron a concentraciones ambientales de CO<sub>2</sub> entre las 09.00 y las 10.00 a.m. en un día de cielo despejado. Estas plantas fueron observadas para la nodulación regularmente después de que aparecieron las plántulas. Se recogieron al azar cinco plantas en cada tratamiento y se observaron las características de la nodulación, es decir, número, tamaño, forma, color, distribución de los nódulos después de 40 días de la siembra, ya que se observó previamente que la mayor nodulación de Gramo de caballo ocurrió a los 40 días. </p>
				<p><italic>Análisis bioquímico:</italic> Para el análisis bioquímico, se recolectaron plantas cultivadas en diferentes concentraciones de Cu, se estimó el contenido de leghemoglobina después de 40 d de la siembra (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Tu <italic>et al.</italic> 1970</xref>). Se estimaron el pH del suelo, la materia orgánica, el nitrógeno total (N) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Jackson 1973</xref>) y el fósforo total (P) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Olsen <italic>et al.</italic> 1954</xref>). También se analizó la cantidad de arena, limo y arcilla presente en el suelo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Black 1965</xref>). La concentración de Cu presente en el control, así como en el suelo inoculado y las muestras de nódulos se determinaron por ICP-AAS (THERMO AAS Modelo No: ICE 3000).</p>
				<p><italic>Análisis estadístico</italic>: El análisis estadístico se realizó en tres réplicas para cada tratamiento. La media y el error estándar (EE) se calcularon utilizando Microsoft Office Excel 2007. Para conocer la significación estadística, todos los valores fueron analizados por ANOVA, utilizando IBM SPSS Statistics, Versión 20 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Armonk 2011</xref>). Las barras indican medias de ± EE y fueron significativas al 5 % de nivel de significancia (NDS). Valor de p &lt;0,05.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN</title>
				<p>Las plantas de Gramo de caballo han mostrado cambios significativos en su tasa fotosintética neta (FN) tras la inoculación con cepas de <italic>Rhizobium</italic> cultivadas en diferentes concentraciones de Cu. Las plantas expuestas a Cu han mostrado una disminución en la FN (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ahmad <italic>et al.</italic> 2008</xref>). A 20 µM de concentración de Cu disminuyó la FN de aproximadamente 55 % sobre el control (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Burzynski y Zurek 2007</xref>). Las plantas de Gramo de caballo inoculadas con la cepa HGR-6 han mostrado su FN máxima [10.44 µmol (CO<sub>2</sub>) m<sup>-2</sup>s<sup>-1</sup>] a 100 µg g<sup>-1</sup>. Las plantas inoculadas con HGR-25 también han mostrado valores máximos de FN a esta concentración. Pero, los valores fueron bajos en comparación con HGR-6 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">figura 1</xref>). Las plantas inoculadas con la cepa HGR-4 tienen valores de FN mejorados con un aumento en la concentración de Cu de hasta 500 µg g<sup>-1</sup>. El CuCl2 a bajas concentraciones (0.1 mM) mejoró la tasa máxima de asimilación de CO<sub>2</sub> en el sorgo dulce (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Poor <italic>et al.</italic>2015</xref>). Las plantas inoculadas con la cepa HGR-13 han mostrado FN máxima solo a 50 µg g<sup>-1</sup>. La FN se inhibió significativamente (100 %) y se vio afectada de manera similar por dos concentraciones de Cu<sup>2 +</sup>, es decir, 0.062 y 0.33 M (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">González-Mendoza <italic>et al</italic>.2013</xref>). Cu ha mostrado un fuerte efecto negativo en la FN en las plantas de cebada. A 20 mg de Cu kg<sup>-1</sup> se redujo a 56-57 % en comparación con las plantas de control (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Vassilev <italic>et al.</italic> 2003</xref>). Este efecto está por debajo del 20 %. Inicialmente, el Cu destruye el ciclo de reducción de carbono fotosintético y posteriormente influye en el transporte de electrones fotosintéticos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Burzynski y Klobus 2004</xref>). Las plantas se mantuvieron (96 horas) en solución nutritiva Hoagland sin Cu, en solución Hoagland completa (Cu 0.5 µM) y en medio Hoagland con Cu de 1 a 100 µM. La ausencia y la presencia de Cu por encima de 1 µM inhibió la FN (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Costa <italic>et al.</italic>2018</xref>). La FN disminuyó 24, 77 y 89 % en el tratamiento con 0.1, 1 y 3 m mol L<sup>-1</sup> Cu en comparación con el control (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Nisha <italic>et al.</italic>2016</xref>). Se muestra claramente que el Cu aumentó los valores de FN de las plantas de Gramo de caballo con la inoculación previa de rizobios.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f6">
						<label>Figure 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Copper effect on photosynthetic performance of Horse gram plants inoculated with four <italic>Rhizobium</italic> stains. Bars indicate mean ± SE. All the values were analyzed by ANOVA using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 20 and were significant at 5% level of significance (LOS). P value &lt; 0.05.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-53-04-459-gf6.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Las cepas de rizobios de Gramo de caballo han demostrado su capacidad para formar nódulos efectivos en todas las concentraciones de metales analizadas. En nuestro estudio, se observaron nódulos después de 13 días de la siembra y se formaron tanto en la raíz principal como en las raíces laterales. El número total de nódulos formados por planta varió de 12 a 18 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">figura 2</xref>). Las plantas inoculadas con la cepa HGR-6 han mostrado una nodulación máxima a 300 µg g<sup>-1</sup>. Pero, las cepas HGR-4, 13 y 25 han mostrado 100 µg g<sup>-1</sup>. Después de eso, el número de nódulos disminuyó al aumentar la concentración de Cu. Las concentraciones crecientes de Cu en solución libre de N o suelo en maceta redujeron la masa y el volumen de nódulos frescos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Sánchez-Pardo <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). El efecto adverso del Cu excesivo en la fijación biológica simbiótica de nitrógeno (FBN) ha demostrado un efecto inhibitorio del crecimiento, desarrollo y función del nódulo del microsimbionte (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Stan <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Sánchez-Pardo <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). El Cu a 192 µM en solución nutritiva libre de N redujo el peso del nódulo junto con el número de nódulos en <italic>Lupines albus</italic> L. y <italic>Glycine max</italic> L. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Sanchez-Pardo <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). Los metales pesados a altas concentraciones reducen la eficiencia de la nodulación simbiótica con <italic>Rhizobium</italic> y también inhiben el crecimiento de las plantas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Jian <italic>et al.</italic>2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f7">
						<label>Figure 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Nodulation of Horse gram plants inoculated with <italic>Rhizobium</italic> strains in response to Copper. Bars indicate mean ± SE. All the values were analyzed by ANOVA using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 20 and were significant at 5% level of significance (LOS). P value &lt; 0.05.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-53-04-459-gf7.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Existen algunas variaciones en la capacidad de tolerar la toxicidad de Cu entre las asociaciones de rizobia-leguminosa. La asociación rizobia-<italic>Acacia auriculaeformis</italic> tiene mayor tolerancia a Cu<sup>2 +</sup> que la asociación <italic>Rhizobium-Lespedeza formosa</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Nie <italic>et al.</italic> 2002</xref>). El exceso de Cu redujo el número de nódulos funcionales y las células infectadas en los nódulos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Hao <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>). La inoculación de gramo verde con <italic>Bradyrhizobium</italic> sp. bajo estrés de Cu disminuyó el número de nódulos en 23 % a 1338 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> del suelo, en comparación con el control (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Wani <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>). Los altos niveles de Cu redujeron el número de nódulos y el peso en <italic>Vigna unguiculata</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Kopittke <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>). El número de nódulos formados fue alto a baja concentración de Cu (50 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>) después de eso, disminuyeron al aumentar la concentración de Cu (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Manivasagaperumal <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>). La reducción en el número de nódulos bajo estrés de Cu también se observó en <italic>Lupin</italic>, soya y <italic>Vigna</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Sanchez-Pardo <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). Los experimentos con macetas han demostrado que 400 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> Cu<sup>2 +</sup> inhibieron en gran medida el crecimiento de la planta de <italic>Medicago lupulina</italic>, pero la doble inoculación de <italic>Sinorhizobium meliloti</italic> CCNWSX0020 y <italic>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</italic> CCNWGS0286 aumentó significativamente el número de nódulos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Jian <italic>et al.</italic>2019</xref>). </p>
				<p>La cantidad de leghemoglobina fue máxima en las plantas de Gramo de caballo inoculadas con las cepas HGR-4, 6 y 25 a 300 µg g<sup>-1</sup> de Cu (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">figura 3</xref>). Pero, las plantas inoculadas con la cepa HGR-13 han mostrado 500 µg g<sup>
 <italic>-1</italic>
</sup> . Cu a una concentración de 192 μM, en solución nutritiva libre de N redujo el nitrógeno total de las plantas en <italic>Lupinus albus</italic> L. y <italic>Glycine max</italic> L. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Sanchez-Pardo <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). Cu causa reducción en el contenido de proteínas del nódulo citosol, las fracciones de bacteroides y la concentración de leghemoglobina del nódulo citosol (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Younis 2007</xref>). La toxicidad de Cu en la producción de leghemoglobina fue independiente de la rizobia inoculada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Hao <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>). Se observó una reducción significativa en el nitrógeno total del brote cuando se aumentó el Cu de 0 a 100 mg de Cu L<sup>-1</sup> 
 <italic>in vitro</italic> e <italic>in vivo</italic>. En los estudios basados en suelo en macetas, el aumento de la concentración de Cu de 0-100 mg g<sup>-1</sup> resultó en una drástica disminución en el nitrógeno total del brote de 39.2 y 36.2 % para GM3 y CP1 en comparación con 17.2 y 18.2 para PV1 y PV2 respectivamente (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Hamisi Tindwa <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>). La reducción en la fijación de nitrógeno bajo estrés de Cu se debe a su acumulación en la corteza interna y las zonas infectadas del nódulo induciendo anormalidades en la estructura y ultraestructura de los nódulos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Sanchez-Pardo <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>). El <italic>S. meliloti</italic> CCNWSX0020 tolerante a Cu puede establecer una relación simbiótica normal con la planta hospedadora bajo estrés de Cu y la actividad de la nitrogenasa indica que ha formado nódulos efectivos bajo estrés de Cu (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Jian <italic>et al.</italic>2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>La producción de leghemoglobina fue bastante sensible al estrés del Cu en los nódulos generados por cepas mutantes y de tipo salvaje. La fijación de nitrógeno en el trébol blanco se redujo a la mitad a 428 mg Cu kg<sup>-1</sup> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Broos <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>) pero estas concentraciones estaban por encima del valor normal en Woburn para el Cu total (99 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>). Las plantas inoculadas de <italic>Medicago lupulina</italic> cultivadas en presencia de exceso de Cu han mostrado un ligero aumento en el contenido de N en brotes y raíces (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Kong <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>). El contenido de nitrógeno en los brotes podría considerarse como el suministro de N a través de la fijación de N en los nódulos de la raíz. La cepa <italic>S. meliloti</italic> CCNWSX0020 resistente a Cu puede sobrevivir bajo la concentración de Cu utilizada y promueve un nivel normal de nitrógeno vegetal (Kong <italic>et al</italic>. 2015). Se detectó un aumento significativo en el contenido de nitrógeno en las plantas después de la coinoculación de <italic>S. meliloti</italic> y <italic>Agrobacterium tumefaciences</italic> que aumentó significativamente el contenido de N de la porción sobre el suelo en un 19 % en comparación con el control en presencia de 400 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> Cu<sup>2 +</sup> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Jian <italic>et al.</italic>2019</xref>). La cantidad de nitrógeno total (%) y fósforo (%) presente en el suelo es 0.85 y 1.24, respectivamente. El contenido total de materia orgánica en el suelo es 1.20, arena 18, limo 16, arcilla 42 y el pH del suelo es 6.44.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f8">
						<label>Figure 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Leghaemoglobin content in root nodules of Horse gram plants inoculated with <italic>Rhizobium</italic> strains in response to Copper. Bars indicate mean ± SE. All the values were analyzed by ANOVA using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 20 and were significant at 5% level of significance (LOS). P value &lt; 0.05.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-53-04-459-gf8.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Además de la fijación de nitrógeno, la rizobia resistente a los metales demuestra la producción de sustancias reguladoras del crecimiento de las plantas o los efectos sobre la solubilidad y la biodisponibilidad de los metales que afectan la absorción de los metales en la planta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Pajuelo <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>). El mecanismo de bioacumulación / biosorción bacteriana junto con otras características promotoras del crecimiento de las plantas explicaron el crecimiento mejorado de la planta en suelos contaminados con metales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Zaidi <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>). En este estudio, el potencial de biosorción de la cepa HGR-6 se determinó mediante Espectroscopía de Absorción Atómica (EAA), como la cantidad de metal presente en el medio después del tratamiento con el aislado. Los resultados han demostrado que el aislado fue capaz de absorber Cu a una concentración de 500 µg g<sup>-1</sup> en nódulos de la raíz y también en muestras de suelo inoculadas con la cepa HGR-6 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">figura 4</xref> y <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">5</xref>). Por lo tanto, el uso de microbios para la reducción/desintoxicación de metales pesados es una de las opciones preferidas y se considera un enfoque rentable en tecnologías de remediación.</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f9">
						<label>Figure 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Metal (Cu) biosorption by the strain HGR-6 in soil determined by AAS. Bars indicate mean of ± SE. All the values were analyzed by ANOVA using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 20 and were significant at 5% level of significance (LOS). P value &lt; 0.05.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-53-04-459-gf9.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f10">
						<label>Figure 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Metal (Cu) biosorption in root nodules of Horse gram plants inoculated with the strain HGR-6 determined by AAS. Bars indicate mean of ± SE. All the values were analyzed by ANOVA using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 20 and were significant at 5% level of significance (LOS). P value &lt; 0.05.</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-53-04-459-gf10.jpg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>Estas bacterias también pueden proteger a las plantas de los efectos tóxicos de los metales a través de un mecanismo de adsorción/desorción. La disminución en la concentración de metales después de la inoculación de rizobios sugirió el papel de la cepa RP5 en la eliminación de estos metales a través del mecanismo de adsorción-desorción (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Mammaril <italic>et al.</italic> 1997</xref>). Las células muertas de <italic>Mesorhizobium amorphae</italic> CCNWGS0123 son un absorbente eficaz para la eliminación de Cu de una solución acuosa. La eliminación de Cu<sup>2 +</sup> aumentó significativamente al disminuir el pH hasta 5.0 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Mohamd <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>Este estudio demuestra que los rizobios tolerantes a Cu, es decir, HGR-4, 6, 13 y 25, mejoraron el rendimiento fotosintético, la eficiencia simbiótica y el potencial de biosorción en las plantas de Gramo de caballo inoculadas con rizobios. Por lo tanto, las plantas de Gramo de caballo asociadas con rizobios podrían usarse en la fitorremediación de suelos contaminados con metal (Cu).</p>
			</sec>
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		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>AGRADECIMIENTOS</title>
				<p>E.P agradece a la University Grants Commission (UGC), Nueva Delhi, por su ayuda financiera en virtud de la Beca Post-Doctoral (PDF). Un sincero agradecimiento al Departamento de Botánica y Microbiología, Universidad Acharya Nagarjuna, Andhra Pradesh, India, por proporcionar un analizador fotosintético</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>