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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cjas</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Cuban J. Agric. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2079-3480</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Ediciones ICA</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00008</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ANIMAL SCIENCE</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Effect of the inclusion of beet pulps of different origin on the digestibility and nutritional value of diets for fattening rabbits</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Arce</surname>
						<given-names>O.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Alagón</surname>
						<given-names>G.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Ródenas</surname>
						<given-names>L.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Martínez-Paredes</surname>
						<given-names>E.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Moya</surname>
						<given-names>V.J.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Pascual</surname>
						<given-names>J.J.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Cervera</surname>
						<given-names>C.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Naturales, Universidad Técnica de Oruro, Avda. 6 de octubre 5715, Cas Postal 49, Oruro, Bolivia, </institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Naturales</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Técnica de Oruro</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Oruro</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="BO">Bolivia</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Avda. de la Cultura 733, Ap. Postal 921, Cusco, Perú</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Cusco</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="PE">Perú</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, 14, Valencia 46071, España</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universitat Politècnica de València</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Valencia</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="ES">España</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Email: <email>onarcec@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>05</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2019</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2019</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>53</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<fpage>413</fpage>
			<lpage>424</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>05</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>24</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>To determine the digestibility variability of beet pulps (BP) in the nutritional value of diets for fattening rabbits, the substitution of 20 % of a control feed with BP from five different origins was evaluated. Rabbits of 42 days of age and 1.49 ± 0.208 kg of weight were used, housed in individual cages and with <italic>ad libitum</italic> feeding. The digestibility of feed components was determined by the conventional <italic>in vivo</italic> method of total fecal collection. The digestibility of each of beet pulps was determined by the substitution method. There was no effect of the substitution of components of the control feed with 20 % of BP from different sources in the voluntary intake of rabbits (P&gt; 0.05). The inclusion of BP in diets increases the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, gross energy and all fibrous fractions, and decreases the digestibility of crude protein. However, the effect was more or less important depending on the origin of BP (P &lt;0.05), especially on the digestibility of all fibrous fractions, being the BP collected in summer the one with the highest digestibility. The origin of the BP also affected its nutritional value, giving values of digestible energy between 11.8 and 14.5 MJ kg DM<sup>-1</sup> and digestible protein between 3.8 and 6.6 %.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Key words:</title>
				<kwd><italic>digestibility</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>energy</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>beet pulp</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>Oryctolagus cuniculus</italic></kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="10"/>
				<equation-count count="6"/>
				<ref-count count="50"/>
				<page-count count="12"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
			<p>The rabbit (<italic>Oryctolagus cuniculus</italic>) has many competitive advantages, from the point of view of feeding for its own digestive characteristics, such as cecotrophy or the use of fibrous components of the diet. However, digestive pathologies such as epizootic rabbit enteropathy (ERE), frequent digestive disease in rabbits after weaning (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bäuerl <italic>et al.</italic>2014</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Badiola <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>), are responsible for 60 % of the total mortality in the fattening period (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">de Rozas <italic>et al</italic>. 2005</xref>) and for significant reductions in the effectiveness of food use and in the growth of the affected animals that survive.</p>
			<p>Although the causative agents have not yet been described, it is known that the disease can be controlled with antibiotics. However, processes such as the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria cause the need to develop nutritional strategies to reduce the use of antibiotics in animal feed, which has stimulated the development of researches aimed at enhancing the use of functional nutrients to maximize the development and functionality of the organism and prevent pathologies (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Abad-Guamán <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>Due to the digestive physiology of the rabbit, fiber is very important as the main component of the diet responsible for proper digestion, its positive impact on digestion and intestinal health (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Cobos, 1993</xref>). It is known that moderate levels of soluble fiber in the diet can reduce the mortality of rabbits affected by ERE (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Trocino <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Ocasio Vega <italic>et al.</italic> 2018b</xref>). It has been observed that the higher fiber content, both soluble, insoluble or digestible and indigestible, improves the health status of animals under these conditions (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Martínez-Vallestín <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>), so that currently the recommendations of feed fiber levels for fattening rabbits usually include all types of fibers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">De Blas and Mateos, 2010</xref>).</p>
			<p>An abundant by-product of sugar industry is beet pulp (BP), which is rich in high digestibility fiber (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">de Blas <italic>et al.</italic> 2002</xref>). In this regard, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Santoma (1989)</xref> recommended including BP in feed diets for rabbits and thus avoiding digestive disorders. However, its use has as disadvantages the high variability of some components of its chemical composition according to its origin (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Arce <italic>et al.</italic> 2019</xref>), and that the data on its nutritional value are limited and vary according to the evaluation method used in its determination (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Carabaño and Fraga, 1992</xref>).</p>
			<p>This greater inclusion of pulps in rabbit feeds and the variability of the product itself, both in relation to the vegetable variety of beet and that due to the inclusion of molasses or vinasse during the industrial process that generates the by-product, highlights the need to know its nutritional characteristics and digestibility in rabbits. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the variability of the digestive value of BP included in the feed of fattening rabbits, using BP items from different sugar factories.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>MATERIALS AND METHODS</title>
			<p><italic>Animals and feeding.</italic> The study was carried out in a farm from the Instituto de Ciencia and Tecnología de Producción Animal from the Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. For the experiment, 90 crossed rabbits of Lines R and V, of 42 days old and 1.49 ± 0.208 kg live weight, distributed in 6 groups were used. The animals were placed in independent metabolic cages (44 x 52 x 32 cm), with galvanized sheet metal side walls and metal rods on the roof, floor and front, arranged in two linear batteries placed on a single floor. Each cage was provided with a 1.8 kg capacity galvanized sheet hopper feeder, located in the front part of the cage, automatic bowl-type drinker on the rear wall of the cage and a galvanized sheet metal funnel that covered the entire bottom of the cage, in an inverted cone with a bevel terminal and a plastic bottle with its millimeter mesh screen and protection chamber as a faeces collector, to avoid contamination of feces due to contact with urine.</p>
			<p>Six diets were formulated using the Solver application from the Excel program, a basal diet without BP (Control) and five experimental diets (R1 to R5, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>) in which 20 % of the basal diet was substituted by BP from different factories in Spain (BP1 to 5), which varied in the varieties of beet used and, mainly, in the content of the different fibrous fractions, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table 2</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Ingredients (% DM) of the control feed and the different experimental feeds that included beet pulps from different factories.</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="justify">Raw matters </th>
								<th align="center">Control feed</th>
								<th align="center">Feeds with BP</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Barley 2 rows</td>
								<td align="center">29</td>
								<td align="center">23.1</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Wheat bran</td>
								<td align="center">17</td>
								<td align="center">13.5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">BP 1 to 5</td>
								<td align="center">0</td>
								<td align="center">20</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Beet molasses </td>
								<td align="center">1</td>
								<td align="center">0.8</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Sunflower meal 30</td>
								<td align="center">8.5</td>
								<td align="center">6.8</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Henified alfafa</td>
								<td align="center">27</td>
								<td align="center">21.5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Grape pip</td>
								<td align="center">6.5</td>
								<td align="center">5.2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Soybean husk</td>
								<td align="center">3.3</td>
								<td align="center">2.6</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Oat husk</td>
								<td align="center">3.3</td>
								<td align="center">2.6</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Soybean olein </td>
								<td align="center">2</td>
								<td align="center">1.6</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">DL-Methionine</td>
								<td align="center">0.06</td>
								<td align="center">0.05</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">L-Lisyne</td>
								<td align="center">0.3</td>
								<td align="center">0.26</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">L-Threonine</td>
								<td align="center">0.18</td>
								<td align="center">0.15</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">L-Tryptophan</td>
								<td align="center">0.1</td>
								<td align="center">0.08</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Calcium carbonate </td>
								<td align="center">0.46</td>
								<td align="center">0.46</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Sodium chloride </td>
								<td align="center">0.5</td>
								<td align="center">0.5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"><sup>1</sup>Vitamin corrector</td>
								<td align="center">0.5</td>
								<td align="center">0.5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify"><sup>2</sup>Antibiotics</td>
								<td align="center">0.3</td>
								<td align="center">0.3</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p><sup>1</sup>Vitamin corrector and trace elements (L511R; Trouw Nutrition España, S.A.): Vitamin A:</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>8.375 IU; vitamin D3: 750 IU; vitamin E: 20 mg; Vitamin K3: 1 mg; vitamin B1: 1 mg; vitamin B2: 2 mg; vitamin B6: 1 mg; nicotinic acid: 20 mg; choline chloride: 250 mg; magnesium: 290 mg; manganese: 20 mg; zinc: 60 mg; iodine: 1.25 mg; iron: 26 mg; copper: 10 mg; cobalt: 0.7 mg; mixture of butyl hydroxylanysole and ethoxiquin: 4 mg.</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<p><sup>2</sup>Dinco-spectim (29ppm dincomycin + 29 ppm espectinomycin), 120 ppm neomycin, Apsamix Tiamulin (50 ppm tiamulin) normally used in rabbit farms with a high incidence of epizootic enteropathy).</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Chemical composition (% DM) of beet pulps (BP 1 to 5) used in the formulation of experimental feed.</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="justify">Indicator</th>
								<th align="center">BP1</th>
								<th align="center">BP2</th>
								<th align="center">BP3</th>
								<th align="center">BP4</th>
								<th align="center">BP5</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Ashes </td>
								<td align="center">8.4</td>
								<td align="center">5.6</td>
								<td align="center">6.8</td>
								<td align="center">7.4</td>
								<td align="center">7.2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Crude protein </td>
								<td align="center">9.5</td>
								<td align="center">8.4</td>
								<td align="center">8.0</td>
								<td align="center">8.9</td>
								<td align="center">8.6</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">CP linked to NDF</td>
								<td align="center">4.0</td>
								<td align="center">6.2</td>
								<td align="center">6.1</td>
								<td align="center">8.3</td>
								<td align="center">5.2</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Starch</td>
								<td align="center">1.1</td>
								<td align="center">1.5</td>
								<td align="center">1.2</td>
								<td align="center">0.9</td>
								<td align="center">0.5</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Crude fat </td>
								<td align="center">1.1</td>
								<td align="center">1.3</td>
								<td align="center">1.4</td>
								<td align="center">1.2</td>
								<td align="center">1.0</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">N DF</td>
								<td align="center">35.2</td>
								<td align="center">36.7</td>
								<td align="center">37.1</td>
								<td align="center">43.2</td>
								<td align="center">41.3</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">ADF</td>
								<td align="center">19.2</td>
								<td align="center">20.9</td>
								<td align="center">23.3</td>
								<td align="center">22.3</td>
								<td align="center">23.6</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">ADL</td>
								<td align="center">3.3</td>
								<td align="center">3.4</td>
								<td align="center">2.53</td>
								<td align="center">3.8</td>
								<td align="center">2.91</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">FSND</td>
								<td align="center">44.8</td>
								<td align="center">49.1</td>
								<td align="center">53.4</td>
								<td align="center">46.3</td>
								<td align="center">35.9</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p>DM: dry matter, CP linked to NDF: crude protein linked to neutral detergent fiber, NDF: neutral detergent fiber, ADF: acid detergent fiber, ADL: acid detergent lignin, FSND: fiber soluble in neutral detergent.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>For the formulation of diets, the nutritional requirements of fattening rabbits (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">de Blas and Mateos 2010</xref>) were taken into account and the nutritional value of each diet is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">table 3</xref>. </p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Table 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Chemical composition (% DM) of control and experimental feed with the addition of 20 % beet pulp from different factories (R1 to R5).</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col span="6"/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="justify" rowspan="2">Nutrients</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="6">Feed </th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">Control</th>
								<th align="center">R1</th>
								<th align="center">R2</th>
								<th align="center">R3</th>
								<th align="center">R4</th>
								<th align="center">R5</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Control diet</td>
								<td align="center">100</td>
								<td align="center">80</td>
								<td align="center">80</td>
								<td align="center">80</td>
								<td align="center">80</td>
								<td align="center">80</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">BP</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center">20</td>
								<td align="center">20</td>
								<td align="center">20</td>
								<td align="center">20</td>
								<td align="center">20</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Nutritional value </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Dry matter (%)</td>
								<td align="center">90.84</td>
								<td align="center">90.98</td>
								<td align="center">90.99</td>
								<td align="center">90.85</td>
								<td align="center">90.89</td>
								<td align="center">90.52</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Ashes </td>
								<td align="center">7.40</td>
								<td align="center">7.13</td>
								<td align="center">7.11</td>
								<td align="center">7.41</td>
								<td align="center">7.56</td>
								<td align="center">7.44</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Crude protein </td>
								<td align="center">14.36</td>
								<td align="center">13.13</td>
								<td align="center">12.79</td>
								<td align="center">13.14</td>
								<td align="center">13.10</td>
								<td align="center">13.49</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">CP linked to NDF</td>
								<td align="center">2.22</td>
								<td align="center">2.98</td>
								<td align="center">3.81</td>
								<td align="center">4.16</td>
								<td align="center">3.57</td>
								<td align="center">3.50</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Starch </td>
								<td align="center">18.07</td>
								<td align="center">13.91</td>
								<td align="center">13.70</td>
								<td align="center">14.04</td>
								<td align="center">13.50</td>
								<td align="center">14.50</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Crude fat </td>
								<td align="center">4.37</td>
								<td align="center">3.69</td>
								<td align="center">3.87</td>
								<td align="center">3.95</td>
								<td align="center">4.07</td>
								<td align="center">3.53</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">GE (MJ kg<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
								<td align="center">18.85</td>
								<td align="center">18.79</td>
								<td align="center">18.75</td>
								<td align="center">18.50</td>
								<td align="center">18.70</td>
								<td align="center">18.39</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">NDF </td>
								<td align="center">37.81</td>
								<td align="center">38.40</td>
								<td align="center">36.77</td>
								<td align="center">36.90</td>
								<td align="center">38.87</td>
								<td align="center">38.76</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">ADF</td>
								<td align="center">20.35</td>
								<td align="center">20.97</td>
								<td align="center">20.48</td>
								<td align="center">20.88</td>
								<td align="center">21.25</td>
								<td align="center">21.38</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">ADL</td>
								<td align="center">5.76</td>
								<td align="center">4.86</td>
								<td align="center">4.98</td>
								<td align="center">5.08</td>
								<td align="center">5.09</td>
								<td align="center">5.18</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Hemicelluloses</td>
								<td align="center">17.46</td>
								<td align="center">17.43</td>
								<td align="center">16.29</td>
								<td align="center">16.02</td>
								<td align="center">17.62</td>
								<td align="center">17.38</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Celluloses</td>
								<td align="center">14.59</td>
								<td align="center">16.11</td>
								<td align="center">15.5</td>
								<td align="center">15.80</td>
								<td align="center">16.16</td>
								<td align="center">16.20</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">FSND</td>
								<td align="center">13.25</td>
								<td align="center">17.42</td>
								<td align="center">15.40</td>
								<td align="center">16.95</td>
								<td align="center">15.19</td>
								<td align="center">16.65</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN5">
							<p>CP linked to NDF: crude protein linked to neutral detergent, GE: gross energy, NDF: neutral detergent fiber, ADF: acid detergent fiber, ADL: acid detergent lignin, FSND: fiber soluble in neutral detergent.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>The rabbit feeding was <italic>ad libitum</italic> during all the research.</p>
			<p><italic>Determination of feed digestibility.</italic> The digestibility of feeds was determined directly by the conventional method <italic>in vivo</italic> by total fecal collection, with an adaptation period of 7 days and another of 4- day collection (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Pérez <italic>et al</italic>. 1995</xref>). Daily checks were performed at 8:00 a.m. The feces were stored in well-identified polyethylene bags and stored at -20°C until complete collection. Then they were dried in an oven at 60°C until constant weight. Subsequently, the dried material was milled to a particle size of 1 mm and kept in tightly sealed bottles until used for the corresponding chemical analyzes.</p>
			<p>The apparent digestibility (CD) of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), gross energy (GE), crude protein (CP), crude fat (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicelluloses (HE), celluloses (CE) and fiber soluble in neutral detergent (FSND) was determined of each of feeds, using the following formula:</p>
			<p>
				<disp-formula id="e1">
					<mml:math>
						<mml:mrow>
							<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
							<mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
							<mml:mi>%</mml:mi>
							<mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mfrac>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>g</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>s</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
									<mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
									<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>o</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>u</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
									<mml:mfenced>
										<mml:mi>g</mml:mi>
									</mml:mfenced>
									<mml:mo>–</mml:mo>
									<mml:mi>E</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>c</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>r</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
									<mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
									<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>o</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>u</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
									<mml:mfenced>
										<mml:mi>g</mml:mi>
									</mml:mfenced>
								</mml:mrow>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>g</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>s</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
									<mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
									<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>o</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>u</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
									<mml:mfenced>
										<mml:mi>g</mml:mi>
									</mml:mfenced>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfrac>
							<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
							<mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
						</mml:mrow>
					</mml:math>
				</disp-formula>
			</p>
			<p><italic>Chemical analysis.</italic> The chemical analyzes of BP, feed and feces were carried out by the official methods of the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">AOAC (2016)</xref> for DM, total ashes (TA), CP, crude protein linked to neutral detergent fiber (CPNDF), GF, NDF, ADF and acid detergent lignin (ADL). The starch (S) and FSND content was also determined by the method based on mass changes between crude fiber wastes from Ankom extraction, ethanol insoluble wastes and fat extraction (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Martínez-Vallespín <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>). The hemicellulose content was estimated by difference between NDF and DFA and cellulose content by difference between ADF and ADL.</p>
			<p>The GE was determined by combustion in an adiabatic calorimetric pump (Gallenkamp) following the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">EGRAN (2001)</xref> recommendations.</p>
			<p><italic>Determination of digestible energy and digestible protein of beet pulps:</italic> The digestible protein (DP, % DM) and digestible energy (DE, kJ g<sup>-1</sup> DM) content of each of the five beet pulps used in experimental feed were calculated according to the substitution method (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Villamide <italic>et al</italic>. 2001</xref>), which is based on the principle of addition of the different raw materials that are included in the feed weighted according to their inclusion percentage, and responds to the following mathematical formula:</p>
			<p>
				<disp-formula id="e2">
					<mml:math>
						<mml:mrow>
							<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
							<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
							<mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>–</mml:mo>
									<mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
									<mml:mfenced>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
											<mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
											<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
											<mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
											<mml:mn>0.8</mml:mn>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mfenced>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:mfenced>
							<mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
							<mml:mn>0.2</mml:mn>
						</mml:mrow>
					</mml:math>
				</disp-formula>
			</p>
			<def-list id="d1">
				<title>Where:</title>
				<def-item>
					<term>DPRx</term>
					<def>
						<p>- DE (kJ g<sup>-1</sup> DM) or DP (% DM) of beet pulp <italic>x</italic> (1 to 5),</p>
					</def>
				</def-item>
				<def-item>
					<term>DRx</term>
					<def>
						<p>- DE (kJ g<sup>-1</sup> DM) or DP (% DM) of feed R<italic>x</italic> (1 to 5) which contained the BPx,</p>
					</def>
				</def-item>
				<def-item>
					<term>DC</term>
					<def>
						<p>- DE (kJ g<sup>-1</sup> DM) or DP (% DM) of control feed </p>
					</def>
				</def-item>
			</def-list>
			<p><italic>Statistical analysis.</italic> The data were analyzed by analysis of variance in a completely randomized design, with 6 treatments and between 11 to 27 repetitions (rabbits) per treatment, using the GLM procedure of SAS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">SAS, 2010</xref>), according to the following fixed linear additive model, at a level of significance of α= 0.05:</p>
			<p>
				<disp-formula id="e3">
					<mml:math>
						<mml:mrow>
							<mml:msub>
								<mml:mi>y</mml:mi>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msub>
							<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
							<mml:mi>μ</mml:mi>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msub>
								<mml:mi>τ</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
							</mml:msub>
							<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
							<mml:msub>
								<mml:mo>∈</mml:mo>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:msub>
						</mml:mrow>
					</mml:math>
				</disp-formula>
			</p>
			<def-list id="d2">
				<title>Where:</title>
				<def-item>
					<term>i </term>
					<def>
						<p>- Feed (control, R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5) </p>
					</def>
				</def-item>
				<def-item>
					<term>j </term>
					<def>
						<p>- Rabbits (1, 2, 3… n)</p>
					</def>
				</def-item>
				<def-item>
					<term>y<sub>ij</sub></term>
					<def>
						<p>- Observed value of a response variable of the experimental unit that receives the i<italic>-th</italic> feed in the j<italic>-th</italic> rabbit.</p>
					</def>
				</def-item>
				<def-item>
					<term>µ </term>
					<def>
						<p>- General mean </p>
					</def>
				</def-item>
				<def-item>
					<term>τ<sub>i</sub></term>
					<def>
						<p>- Variation between treatments (feed)</p>
					</def>
				</def-item>
				<def-item>
					<term>∈<sub>ij</sub></term>
					<def>
						<p>- Variation between repetitions (rabbits) </p>
					</def>
				</def-item>
			</def-list>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>RESULTS AND DISCUSSION</title>
			<p><italic>Feed digestibility.</italic> 
 Following the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Pérez <italic>et al.</italic> (1995)</xref> recommendations, during the experimental development two rabbits were removed for showing symptoms of digestive dysfunction, the rest of the animals without any symptoms showed a weight gain of 50 g day<sup>-1</sup>, which is an adequate value for these animals.</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Table 4</xref> shows the obtained results regarding intake and apparent digestibility of feed. There was no effect of the substitution of components of the control diet for 20% of BP from different sources in the voluntary intake of rabbits (P&gt; 0.05).</p>
			<p>The inclusion of BP increased the apparent digestibility of the DM, OM and GE of the diet (P &lt;0.001), which seems to be a consequence of the increased digestibility of all fibrous fractions (NDF, ADF, CE and HE, and FSND, P &lt;0.001), regarding the control diet.</p>
			<p>However, these increases were variable according to the BP that would have been included in the diet. The DMD and OMD increased between 2 to 5 % and the GED between 2 and 7 %, except the R4 diet, which increase was not significant regarding the control diet and which contained the BP with the highest values of insoluble fibers (NDF, ADF and ADL).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Table 4</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Effect of the replacement of 20 % of the control feed by beet pulp from different factories (R1 to R5) on the ingestion and apparent digestibility in rabbits (mean ± standard error).</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="justify"> </th>
								<th align="center">Control</th>
								<th align="center">R1</th>
								<th align="center">R2</th>
								<th align="center">R3</th>
								<th align="center">R4</th>
								<th align="center">R5</th>
								<th align="center">P value</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">DMI (g d<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
								<td align="center">139.0±3.7</td>
								<td align="center">120.0±5.6</td>
								<td align="center">126.0±5.9</td>
								<td align="center">136.0±5.6</td>
								<td align="center">131.0±5.6</td>
								<td align="center">131.0±5.4</td>
								<td align="center">0.1089</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">DMD (%)</td>
								<td align="center">59.3±0.5<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">61.6±0.7<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="center">62.9±0.7<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">61.4±0.7<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="center">60.0±0.7<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td align="center">62.8±0.7<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">OMD (%)</td>
								<td align="center">59.3±0.5<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">62.1±0.7<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="center">63.2±0.7<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">61.6±0.7<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="center">60.2±0.7<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td align="center">62.6±0.7<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">GED (%)</td>
								<td align="center">58.0±0.4<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">61.6±0.7<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">62.1±0.7<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">60.6±0.7<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="center">59.4±0.7<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td align="center">61.3±0.7<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">CPD (%)</td>
								<td align="center">72.1±0.7<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">68.9±1.0<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td align="center">69.6±1.1<sup>abc</sup></td>
								<td align="center">68.9±1.0<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td align="center">68.6±1.0<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">71.7±1.0<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.0143</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">DNDF (%)</td>
								<td align="center">22.4±0.7<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">30.9±1.1<sup>cd</sup></td>
								<td align="center">30.2±1.2<sup>bcd</sup></td>
								<td align="center">26.9±1.1<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">28.4±1.1<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="center">31.9±1.1<sup>d</sup></td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">DADF (%)</td>
								<td align="center">11.5±0.9<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">18.5±1.4<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">19.2±1.4<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">14.9±1.4<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td align="center">16.0±1.4<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">18.3±1.3<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">HED (%)</td>
								<td align="center">35.3±0.8<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">45.9±1.3<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="center">44.1±1.3<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="center">42.4±1.3<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">43.2±1.3<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">46.9±1.2<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">CED (%)</td>
								<td align="center">16.6±1.1<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">24.5±1.7<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="center">24.4±1.8<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="center">18.5±1.7<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">19.8±1.7<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td align="center">26.7±1.6<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">DFSND (%)</td>
								<td align="center">64.5±0.4<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">72.8±0.6<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">72.8±0.6<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">74.6±0.6<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">69.1±0.6<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">74.1±0.5<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN6">
							<p><sup>abcd</sup>Means with different letters on the same row are significantly different (P &lt;0.05).</p>
						</fn>
						<fn id="TFN7">
							<p>DMI=dry matter intake; DMD = dry matter digestibility; OMD = organic matter digestibility; GED = gross energy digestibility; CPD = crude protein digestibility; DNDF = digestibility of neutral detergent fiber; DADF = digestibility of acid detergent fiber; CED = cellulose digestibility; HED = hemicellulose digestibility; DFSND = digestibility of fiber soluble in neutral detergent</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>The digestibility of the soluble fiber fraction was significantly higher (P &lt;0.001) in all R feeds versus control feed. The feed that included BP with higher FSND content recorded higher increases in the digestibility coefficient (13 % for R1 and R2, and 16% for R3), with the exceptions of feed R4, which registered the lowest increase (7 %) despite that the value of FSND was high, and of the R5 feed, with an increase of 16 %, despite having the lowest content in FSND. The obtained results on the digestibility of the FSND fraction can be affected by interactions with the secretion of intestinal mucin (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abad-Guamán <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>), but they may also be very affected by the analytical method of determining this fraction, since the increases of the fraction in experimental feed have been lower than expected (between -6 % for R5 and -25 % for R2) according to the concentration of FSND obtained in the analysis of raw matter, therefore, it would be desirable to review the real value of this determination.</p>
			<p>Increases in feed digestibility coefficients when including variable proportions of BP have been recorded by other authors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">de Blas and Villamide, 1990</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">García <italic>et al.</italic> 1993</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Carabaño <italic>et al.</italic> 1997</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Gidenne and Jehl 1996</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Falcao- e-Cunha <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Gómez-Conde <italic>et al</italic>. 2007</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">2009</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Xiccato <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Trocino <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>), showing great variability in the values obtained by each other in the digestibility of the different fractions.</p>
			<p>The chemical composition of the fibrous fractions is very complex because it includes very different groups of molecules (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Gidenne 2003</xref>), and the fiber of the BP has particular characteristics, such as the high value of FSND, but also of soluble and insoluble non-starchy polysaccharides and other non-water soluble cell wall carbohydrates, such as some pectins (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Gidenne <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>), whose digestibility can be highly variable, both in ileum and caecum.</p>
			<p>Therefore, it seems that the analytical separation of the fibrous fractions in soluble and non-soluble in neutral detergent is not sufficient to interpret the variability in the digestion of the fibrous components, main fractions of the BP, and a more precise analysis that assesses concrete chemical groups would be necessary.</p>
			<p>Coinciding with that recorded by other authors, the incorporation of BP into the diet decreased the CPD component compared to the control feed (P &lt;0.05), despite the low CP content of the BP, which could be linked to the fact that most part of CP is linked to the NDF fraction (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Arce <italic>et al.</italic> 2019</xref>), which makes digestion difficult. The DP content of the different BP was low (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">table 5</xref>), mainly due to their low value in CP, but also because the digestibility coefficients between the different BP significantly varied (P &lt;0.05), with higher values in the BP5, which registered a digestibility similar to that of the control feed.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t5">
					<label>Table 5</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Nutritive value of beet pulps evaluated in fattening rabbits.</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col span="5"/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="justify" rowspan="2">Indicators</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="5">Origin of BP</th>
								<th align="center" rowspan="2">SE</th>
								<th align="center" rowspan="2">P value </th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">BP1</th>
								<th align="center">BP2</th>
								<th align="center">BP3</th>
								<th align="center">BP4</th>
								<th align="center">BP5</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">DP (%)</td>
								<td align="center">4.5<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">3.8<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">5<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td align="center">4.2<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">6.6<sup>b</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.6</td>
								<td align="center">0.03</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">DE (MJ kg<sup>-1</sup> DM)</td>
								<td align="center">14.1<sup>bc</sup></td>
								<td align="center">14.5<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">12.3<sup>ab</sup></td>
								<td align="center">11.8<sup>a</sup></td>
								<td align="center">14.2<sup>c</sup></td>
								<td align="center">0.6</td>
								<td align="center">0.01</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN8">
							<p>DP = digestible protein; DE = digestible energy; SE = standard error</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>The digestible energy content of pulps was in the range of digestible energy values reported for this by-product by other authors (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">table 5</xref>), which average value in rabbits is 12.52 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup> DM(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Papadomichelakis <italic>et al</italic>. 2004</xref>),that is higher than the digestible energy content of alfalfa (<italic>Medicago sativa</italic>), the source of fiber most commonly used in rabbit diets, in which the average content was reported as 8.9 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup> DM (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Fernández-Carmona <italic>et al.</italic> 1998</xref>), and represents 56.7 % of the gross energy contained in the diets intake by the rabbit (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Machado <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>But the origin of the BP also significantly affects the DE values (P &lt;0.05). Other studies have found high variability of the digestible energy content of BP used in rabbit feeding (9.6 to 14.2 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup> DM), attributed to the type of basal diet or the inclusion level of this by-product in the diet (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">de Blas and Carabaño, 1996</xref>). From the available information, these authors suggested a value of 10.5 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup> DM for this by-product, for an inclusion level of 15 %; suggesting that this by-product be considered as an energy concentrate for rabbits, due to its highly digestible fiber content (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">de Blas <italic>et al</italic>. 2003</xref>). However, that value may vary according to the type of basal diet and the inclusion level in the diet. At 15 % of inclusion, the digestible energy is 9.6 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup> DM (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">García <italic>et al.</italic> 1993</xref>); while at 40 % of replacement, the value increases to 12.3 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup> DM (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Maertens and d Groote 1984</xref>); and when the pulp is offered alone, the value reaches 14.2 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup> DM (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Martínez and Fernández 1980</xref>), evidencing that the digestible energy content of BP varies in direct relation to the replacement level. However, replacements levels above 30 % are not recommended because it affects the intake and yield of rabbits (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">García <italic>et al.</italic> 1993</xref> and de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Blas and Carabaño 1996</xref>).</p>
			<p>In this study, the same basal diet and a single inclusion level of BP have been used, but a great variability in the digestibility coefficients has also been obtained, which seems to show that the origin of the BP also affects the DE value, which seems logical given the differences in chemical composition of BP, especially with the different contents in fibrous fractions and, possibly, also with the chemical nature of them.</p>
			<p>The BP5 registered a high DE content and showed the highest digestibility coefficients of all fibrous fractions, both soluble and insoluble, which could be linked to plant origin, since it is the only BP obtained from varieties that are collected in summer and present the highest differences in the type of fibers they contain (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Arce <italic>et al.</italic> 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>The lowest DE values correspond to BP3 and 4, which also correspond to the lowest digestibility coefficients of insoluble fibers and, in the case of BP4, also soluble fiber (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">table 3</xref>). The low degradability of the NDF of BP3 with respect to the BP1 and BP2 and of the FSND of BP4 compared to the BP1, BP2 and BP3, all varieties harvested in winter, contradicts its composition in these fractions and with the high degradability values reported by other authors (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Fernández-Carmona <italic>et al.</italic> 1996</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">de Blas <italic>et al.</italic> 2002</xref>), and could be due to particularities of the industrial extraction process in these industries (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Arce <italic>et al.</italic> 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>The increases in the digestibility coefficients found in this study against the control feed are consistent with all the studies carried until now, where it has been shown that BP is a by-product of easy digestion by the microbial flora of the caecum, reaching digestibility values higher than 80 %, as a result of the rapid degradation of sugars and pectins and their low lignin content (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Gidenne, 2003</xref>).</p>
			<p>Despite the limited information on the digestibility of BP fiber, there is a consensus that this component is very important in the fermentation efficiency and caecal health of the rabbit (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">García <italic>et al.</italic> 2000</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Belenguer <italic>et al</italic>. 2012</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">de Blas 2013</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Gidenne 2015</xref>). The incorporation of moderate levels of soluble fiber in feed, by incorporating BP, improves the morphology and functionality of the intestinal mucosa of the rabbit (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">El Abed <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>). This positive effect could be related to both its contribution in soluble fiber and its content of insoluble fermentable fiber, especially at the ileal level (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abad-Guamán <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>). The hydrolysis of the fibrous fractions releases sugars of low molecular weight in the small intestine (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Pedersen <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>), and the use of these oligosaccharides-disaccharides derived from the fiber degradation allows the microbiota profile to be modified and improves in some cases the health of animals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Ocasio Vega <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">2018a</xref>).</p>
			<p>However, the interpretation of results is complicated as the complexity of compounds that are included in the fibrous fractions, and that give rise to other concepts, such as total dietary fiber (TDF), insoluble dietary fiber and soluble fiber (SF) is more fully known and its importance in the nutrition and digestive health of rabbits (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Trocino et al. 2013</xref>), where soluble fiber is part of TDF that includes pectic substances, β-glucans, fructans and gums, and excludes the starch and the neutral detergent fiber (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Hall 2003</xref>).</p>
			<p>Based on the average gross energy value of BP (GE = 17,781 ± 0.198 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup>DM), estimated in accordance with the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Nehring and Haenlein (1973)</xref> equation, and its average digestible energy value (DE = 12,757 ± 0.787 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup> DM) obtained in the test, it is estimated that this by-product has a high efficiency of gross energy use (k = 0.717 ± 0.044, CV 6.1 %), confirming its goodness as an energy source for the rabbit; which is logical, since it is formed by a high proportion of soluble fiber that promotes the caecal fermentation and improves digestibility in the rabbit (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Falcao-E-Cunha <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Gómez-Conde <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Xiccato <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Maertens <italic>et al</italic>. 2014</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
			<p>The BP is a good source of fiber to include in feed for rabbits, but poor in protein. Its inclusion at 20 % in a conventional feed increases the digestibility coefficients of all fibrous fractions and decreases those of the BP, although the effect is variable depending on the origin of BP, which also influences on its nutritional value, both in content in DE as in DP. It is recommended to include beet pulp in rations for rabbits, as they generally improve their digestibility coefficients.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS</title>
			<p>To the Universidad Técnica de Oruro, Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal de la Universitat Politècnica de Valencia and the office of Acción Internacional de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia for the financial support of the research</p>
		</ack>
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		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>CIENCIA ANIMAL</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Efecto de la inclusión de pulpas de remolacha de diferente origen en la digestibilidad y el valor nutritivo de dietas para conejos de ceba</article-title>
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			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
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					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2">*</xref>
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				<contrib contrib-type="author">
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						<given-names>L.</given-names>
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					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref>
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						<surname>Martínez-Paredes</surname>
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					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref>
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					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref>
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			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Naturales, Universidad Técnica de Oruro, Avda. 6 de octubre 5715, Cas Postal 49, Oruro, Bolivia, </institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Avda. de la Cultura 733, Ap. Postal 921, Cusco, Perú</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera, 14, Valencia 46071, España</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>*</label>Email: <email>onarcec@hotmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>Para determinar la variabilidad de la digestibilidad de la pulpa de remolacha (PR) en el valor nutritivo de dietas para conejos de ceba, se evaluó la sustitución de 20% de un pienso control con PR de cinco orígenes distintos. Se utilizaron conejos de 42 días de edad y 1.49 ± 0.208 kg de peso, alojados en jaulas individuales y con alimentación <italic>ad libitum</italic>. La digestibilidad de los componentes de los piensos se determinó por el método convencional <italic>in vivo</italic> de recolección fecal total. La digestibilidad de cada una de las pulpas de remolacha se determinó mediante el método de sustitución. No se apreció efecto de la sustitución de componentes del pienso control por el 20% de PR de diferentes procedencias en el consumo voluntario de los conejos (P&gt; 0.05). La inclusión de PR en las dietas aumenta la digestibilidad de materia seca, materia orgánica, energía bruta y de todas las fracciones fibrosas, y disminuye la digestibilidad de la proteína bruta. Sin embargo, el efecto fue más o menos importante según la procedencia de las PR (P&lt; 0.05), especialmente ene la digestibilidad de todas las fracciones fibrosas, siendo la PR que se recolecta en verano la de mayor digestibilidad. El origen de la PR también afectó su valor nutritivo, dando valores de energía digestible entre 11.8 y 14.5 MJ kg MS<sup>-1</sup> y de proteína digestible entre 3.8 y 6.6 %. </p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd><italic>digestibilidad</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>energía</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>pulpa de remolacha</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>Oryctolagus cuniculus</italic></kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
				<p>El conejo (<italic>Oryctolagus cuniculus</italic>) tiene muchas ventajas competitivas, desde el punto de vista de alimentación por sus características digestivas, tales como la cecotrofía o la utilización de los componentes fibrosos de la dieta. Sin embargo, patologías digestivas como la enteropatía epizoótica del conejo (ERE, por sus siglas en inglés), enfermedad digestiva frecuente en conejos después de destete (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bäuerl <italic>et al</italic>, 2014</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Badiola <italic>et al</italic>. 2016</xref>), son responsables del 60% del total de la mortalidad en el período de ceba (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">de Rozas <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>) y de reducciones importantes en la eficacia de utilización del alimento y en el crecimiento de los animales afectados que sobreviven. </p>
				<p>Aunque los agentes causantes todavía no se han descrito, se sabe que la enfermedad se puede controlar con antibióticos. Sin embargo, procesos como la aparición de bacterias resistentes a antibióticos provocan la necesidad de desarrollar estrategias nutricionales para reducir el uso de antibióticos en los piensos de animales, lo que ha estimulado el desarrollo de investigaciones encaminadas a potenciar el uso de nutrientes funcionales para maximizar el desarrollo y funcionalidad del organismo y prevenir patologías (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Abad-Guamán <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>). </p>
				<p>Para la fisiología digestiva del conejo, es muy importante la fibra como el principal componente de la dieta responsable de la digestión adecuada, por su incidencia positiva en la digestión y la salud intestinal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Cobos 1993</xref>). Se conoce que niveles moderados de fibra soluble en la dieta pueden reducir la mortalidad de los conejos afectados por ERE (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Trocino <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Ocasio Vega <italic>et al.</italic> 2018b</xref>). Se ha observado que el mayor contenido en fibras, tanto solubles, como insolubles o digestibles como indigestibles, mejora el estado sanitario de los animales en estas condiciones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Martínez-Vallestín <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>), por lo que en la actualidad las recomendaciones de niveles de fibras en los piensos para conejos de ceba suelen incluir todos los tipos de fibras (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">De Blas y Mateos, 2010</xref>). </p>
				<p>Un subproducto abundante de la industria azucarera es la pulpa de remolacha (PR), la cual es rica en fibra de alta digestibilidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">de Blas <italic>et al.</italic> 2002</xref>). Al respecto, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Santoma (1989)</xref> recomendó incluir PR en las dietas de piensos para conejos y de esta forma evitar trastornos digestivos. Sin embargo, su empleo tiene como desventajas la alta variabilidad de algunos componentes de su composición química de acuerdo con su origen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Arce <italic>et al.</italic>, 2019</xref>), y que los datos sobre su valor nutritivo son escasos y varían de acuerdo con el método de valoración utilizado en su determinación (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Carabaño y Fraga 1992</xref>). </p>
				<p>Esta mayor inclusión de pulpas en los piensos de conejos y la variabilidad del producto en sí, tanto en relación con la variedad vegetal de la remolacha, como la debida a la inclusión de melazas o de vinazas durante el proceso industrial que genera el subproducto, pone de manifiesto la necesidad de conocer sus características nutritivas y su digestibilidad en conejos. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la variabilidad del valor digestivo de PR incluida en el pienso de conejos de ceba, utilizando para ello partidas de PR procedentes de distintas factorías productoras de azúcar.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS</title>
				<p><italic>Animales y alimentación.</italic> El estudio se llevó a cabo en la granja del Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Producción Animal de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. Para el experimento se utilizaron 90 conejos cruzados de las Líneas R y V, de 42 días de edad y 1.49 ± 0.208 kg de peso vivo, distribuidos en 6 grupos. Los animales se colocaron en jaulas metabólicas independientes (44 x 52 x 32 cm), con paredes laterales de chapa galvanizada y varillas metálicas en el techo, piso y parte anterior, dispuestas en dos baterías lineales colocadas en un solo piso. Cada jaula estuvo provista de comedero tipo tolva de chapa galvanizada de 1.8 kg de capacidad, ubicado en la parte anterior de la jaula, bebedero automático tipo cazoleta en la pared posterior de la jaula y un embudo metálico de chapa galvanizada que abarcaba toda la parte inferior de la jaula, en forma de cono invertido con terminal en bisel y un frasco de plástico con su tamiz de malla milimétrica y cámara de protección como recolector de heces, para evitar la contaminación de los crotines fecales por contacto con la orina.</p>
				<p>Se formularon seis dietas mediante el empleo de la aplicación Solver del programa Excel, una dieta basal sin PR (control) y cinco dietas experimentales (R1 a R5, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabla 1</xref>) en las cuales se sustituyó el 20% de la dieta basal por PR procedentes de distintas factorías de España (PR1 a 5), que variaban en las variedades de remolacha utilizada y, fundamentalmente, en el contenido de las distintas fracciones fibrosas, tal como se muestra en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">tabla 2</xref>. </p>
				<p>Para la formulación de las dietas se tuvo en cuenta los requerimientos nutricionales de conejos de ceba (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">de Blas y Mateos, 2010</xref>) y el valor nutritivo de cada dieta se muestra en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">tabla 3</xref>. </p>
				<p>La alimentación de los conejos fue <italic>ad libitum</italic> durante todo el trabajo de investigación.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Ingredients (% DM) of the control feed and the different experimental feeds that included beet pulps from different factories.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify">Raw matters </th>
									<th align="center">Control feed</th>
									<th align="center">Feeds with BP</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Barley 2 rows</td>
									<td align="center">29</td>
									<td align="center">23.1</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Wheat bran</td>
									<td align="center">17</td>
									<td align="center">13.5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">BP 1 to 5</td>
									<td align="center">0</td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Beet molasses </td>
									<td align="center">1</td>
									<td align="center">0.8</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Sunflower meal 30</td>
									<td align="center">8.5</td>
									<td align="center">6.8</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Henified alfafa</td>
									<td align="center">27</td>
									<td align="center">21.5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Grape pip</td>
									<td align="center">6.5</td>
									<td align="center">5.2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Soybean husk</td>
									<td align="center">3.3</td>
									<td align="center">2.6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Oat husk</td>
									<td align="center">3.3</td>
									<td align="center">2.6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Soybean olein </td>
									<td align="center">2</td>
									<td align="center">1.6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">DL-Methionine</td>
									<td align="center">0.06</td>
									<td align="center">0.05</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">L-Lisyne</td>
									<td align="center">0.3</td>
									<td align="center">0.26</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">L-Threonine</td>
									<td align="center">0.18</td>
									<td align="center">0.15</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">L-Tryptophan</td>
									<td align="center">0.1</td>
									<td align="center">0.08</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Calcium carbonate </td>
									<td align="center">0.46</td>
									<td align="center">0.46</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Sodium chloride </td>
									<td align="center">0.5</td>
									<td align="center">0.5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><sup>1</sup>Vitamin corrector</td>
									<td align="center">0.5</td>
									<td align="center">0.5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify"><sup>2</sup>Antibiotics</td>
									<td align="center">0.3</td>
									<td align="center">0.3</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN9">
								<p><sup>1</sup>Vitamin corrector and trace elements (L511R; Trouw Nutrition España, S.A.): Vitamin A:</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN10">
								<p>8.375 IU; vitamin D3: 750 IU; vitamin E: 20 mg; Vitamin K3: 1 mg; vitamin B1: 1 mg; vitamin B2: 2 mg; vitamin B6: 1 mg; nicotinic acid: 20 mg; choline chloride: 250 mg; magnesium: 290 mg; manganese: 20 mg; zinc: 60 mg; iodine: 1.25 mg; iron: 26 mg; copper: 10 mg; cobalt: 0.7 mg; mixture of butyl hydroxylanysole and ethoxiquin: 4 mg.</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN11">
								<p><sup>2</sup>Dinco-spectim (29ppm dincomycin + 29 ppm espectinomycin), 120 ppm neomycin, Apsamix Tiamulin (50 ppm tiamulin) normally used in rabbit farms with a high incidence of epizootic enteropathy).</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t7">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Chemical composition (% DM) of beet pulps (BP 1 to 5) used in the formulation of experimental feed.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify">Indicator</th>
									<th align="center">BP1</th>
									<th align="center">BP2</th>
									<th align="center">BP3</th>
									<th align="center">BP4</th>
									<th align="center">BP5</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Ashes </td>
									<td align="center">8.4</td>
									<td align="center">5.6</td>
									<td align="center">6.8</td>
									<td align="center">7.4</td>
									<td align="center">7.2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Crude protein </td>
									<td align="center">9.5</td>
									<td align="center">8.4</td>
									<td align="center">8.0</td>
									<td align="center">8.9</td>
									<td align="center">8.6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">CP linked to NDF</td>
									<td align="center">4.0</td>
									<td align="center">6.2</td>
									<td align="center">6.1</td>
									<td align="center">8.3</td>
									<td align="center">5.2</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Starch</td>
									<td align="center">1.1</td>
									<td align="center">1.5</td>
									<td align="center">1.2</td>
									<td align="center">0.9</td>
									<td align="center">0.5</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Crude fat </td>
									<td align="center">1.1</td>
									<td align="center">1.3</td>
									<td align="center">1.4</td>
									<td align="center">1.2</td>
									<td align="center">1.0</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">N DF</td>
									<td align="center">35.2</td>
									<td align="center">36.7</td>
									<td align="center">37.1</td>
									<td align="center">43.2</td>
									<td align="center">41.3</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">ADF</td>
									<td align="center">19.2</td>
									<td align="center">20.9</td>
									<td align="center">23.3</td>
									<td align="center">22.3</td>
									<td align="center">23.6</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">ADL</td>
									<td align="center">3.3</td>
									<td align="center">3.4</td>
									<td align="center">2.53</td>
									<td align="center">3.8</td>
									<td align="center">2.91</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">FSND</td>
									<td align="center">44.8</td>
									<td align="center">49.1</td>
									<td align="center">53.4</td>
									<td align="center">46.3</td>
									<td align="center">35.9</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN12">
								<p>DM: dry matter, CP linked to NDF: crude protein linked to neutral detergent fiber, NDF: neutral detergent fiber, ADF: acid detergent fiber, ADL: acid detergent lignin, FSND: fiber soluble in neutral detergent.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t8">
						<label>Table 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Chemical composition (% DM) of control and experimental feed with the addition of 20 % beet pulp from different factories (R1 to R5).</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="6"/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify" rowspan="2">Nutrients</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="6">Feed </th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">Control</th>
									<th align="center">R1</th>
									<th align="center">R2</th>
									<th align="center">R3</th>
									<th align="center">R4</th>
									<th align="center">R5</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Control diet</td>
									<td align="center">100</td>
									<td align="center">80</td>
									<td align="center">80</td>
									<td align="center">80</td>
									<td align="center">80</td>
									<td align="center">80</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">BP</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
									<td align="center">20</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Nutritional value </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Dry matter (%)</td>
									<td align="center">90.84</td>
									<td align="center">90.98</td>
									<td align="center">90.99</td>
									<td align="center">90.85</td>
									<td align="center">90.89</td>
									<td align="center">90.52</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Ashes </td>
									<td align="center">7.40</td>
									<td align="center">7.13</td>
									<td align="center">7.11</td>
									<td align="center">7.41</td>
									<td align="center">7.56</td>
									<td align="center">7.44</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Crude protein </td>
									<td align="center">14.36</td>
									<td align="center">13.13</td>
									<td align="center">12.79</td>
									<td align="center">13.14</td>
									<td align="center">13.10</td>
									<td align="center">13.49</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">CP linked to NDF</td>
									<td align="center">2.22</td>
									<td align="center">2.98</td>
									<td align="center">3.81</td>
									<td align="center">4.16</td>
									<td align="center">3.57</td>
									<td align="center">3.50</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Starch </td>
									<td align="center">18.07</td>
									<td align="center">13.91</td>
									<td align="center">13.70</td>
									<td align="center">14.04</td>
									<td align="center">13.50</td>
									<td align="center">14.50</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Crude fat </td>
									<td align="center">4.37</td>
									<td align="center">3.69</td>
									<td align="center">3.87</td>
									<td align="center">3.95</td>
									<td align="center">4.07</td>
									<td align="center">3.53</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">GE (MJ kg<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
									<td align="center">18.85</td>
									<td align="center">18.79</td>
									<td align="center">18.75</td>
									<td align="center">18.50</td>
									<td align="center">18.70</td>
									<td align="center">18.39</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">NDF </td>
									<td align="center">37.81</td>
									<td align="center">38.40</td>
									<td align="center">36.77</td>
									<td align="center">36.90</td>
									<td align="center">38.87</td>
									<td align="center">38.76</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">ADF</td>
									<td align="center">20.35</td>
									<td align="center">20.97</td>
									<td align="center">20.48</td>
									<td align="center">20.88</td>
									<td align="center">21.25</td>
									<td align="center">21.38</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">ADL</td>
									<td align="center">5.76</td>
									<td align="center">4.86</td>
									<td align="center">4.98</td>
									<td align="center">5.08</td>
									<td align="center">5.09</td>
									<td align="center">5.18</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Hemicelluloses</td>
									<td align="center">17.46</td>
									<td align="center">17.43</td>
									<td align="center">16.29</td>
									<td align="center">16.02</td>
									<td align="center">17.62</td>
									<td align="center">17.38</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Celluloses</td>
									<td align="center">14.59</td>
									<td align="center">16.11</td>
									<td align="center">15.5</td>
									<td align="center">15.80</td>
									<td align="center">16.16</td>
									<td align="center">16.20</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">FSND</td>
									<td align="center">13.25</td>
									<td align="center">17.42</td>
									<td align="center">15.40</td>
									<td align="center">16.95</td>
									<td align="center">15.19</td>
									<td align="center">16.65</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN13">
								<p>CP linked to NDF: crude protein linked to neutral detergent, GE: gross energy, NDF: neutral detergent fiber, ADF: acid detergent fiber, ADL: acid detergent lignin, FSND: fiber soluble in neutral detergent.</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p><italic>Determinación de la digestibilidad de los piensos.</italic> La digestibilidad de los piensos se determinó de manera directa mediante el método convencional <italic>in vivo</italic> por recolección fecal total, con un periodo de adaptación de 7 días y otro de recolección de 4 días (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Pérez <italic>et al.</italic> 1995</xref>). Los controles diarios se realizaron a las 8:00 am. Las heces se almacenaron en bolsas de polietileno identificadas y se conservaron a -20°C hasta completar la recolección. Luego se secaron en estufa a 60 °C hasta peso constante. Posteriormente, el material seco se molió a tamaño de partícula de 1 mm y se conservó en frascos herméticamente cerrados hasta su uso para los análisis químicos correspondientes. </p>
				<p>Se determinó la digestibilidad aparente (CD) de la materia seca (MS), materia orgánica (MO), energía bruta (EB), proteína bruta (PB), grasa bruta (GB), fibra detergente neutro (FDN), fibra detergente ácido (FDA), hemicelulosas (HE), celulosas (CE) y fibra soluble en detergente neutro (FSDN) de cada uno de los piensos, mediante la siguiente fórmula:</p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula id="e4">
						<mml:math>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi>%</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:mfrac>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
										<mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
										<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>g</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>r</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
										<mml:mfenced>
											<mml:mi>g</mml:mi>
										</mml:mfenced>
										<mml:mo>–</mml:mo>
										<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
										<mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
										<mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>c</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>r</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
										<mml:mfenced>
											<mml:mi>g</mml:mi>
										</mml:mfenced>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
										<mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
										<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>g</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>r</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
										<mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
										<mml:mfenced>
											<mml:mi>g</mml:mi>
										</mml:mfenced>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfrac>
								<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
								<mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
								<mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
							</mml:mrow>
						</mml:math>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<p><italic>Análisis químicos.</italic> Los análisis químicos de las PR, piensos y heces se realizaron por los métodos oficiales de la <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">AOAC (2016)</xref> para MS, cenizas totales (CT), PB, proteína bruta ligada a fibra detergente neutro (PBFDN), GB, FDN, FDA y lignina detergente ácido (LDA). También se determinó el contenido en almidón (AL) y FSDN por el método basado en los cambios de masa entre los residuos crudos de fibra procedentes de la extracción Ankom, los residuos insolubles en etanol y la extracción de grasa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Martínez-Vallespín <italic>et al.</italic>, 2011</xref>). El contenido de hemicelulosas se estimó por diferencia entre FDN y FDA y el de celulosa por diferencia entre FDA y LDA. </p>
				<p>La EB se determinó por combustión en bomba calorimétrica adiabática (Gallenkamp) siguiendo las recomendaciones de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">EGRAN (2001)</xref>. </p>
				<p><italic>Determinación de la energía digestible y proteína digestible de las pulpas de remolacha.</italic> 
 El contenido de proteína digestible (PD, % MS) y de energía digestible (ED, kJ g<sup>-1</sup> MS) de cada una de las cinco pulpas de remolacha utilizadas en los piensos experimentales se calcularon según el método de sustitución (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Villamide <italic>et al.</italic> 2001</xref>), que se basa en el principio de adición de las distintas materias primas que se incluyen en el pienso ponderadas según su porcentaje de inclusión, y responde a la siguiente fórmula matemática: </p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula id="e5">
						<mml:math>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>P</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
								<mml:mfenced>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>R</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
										<mml:mo>–</mml:mo>
										<mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
										<mml:mfenced>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
												<mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
												<mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
												<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
												<mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
												<mml:mn>0.8</mml:mn>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:mfenced>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfenced>
								<mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
								<mml:mn>0.2</mml:mn>
							</mml:mrow>
						</mml:math>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<def-list id="d3">
					<title>Donde:</title>
					<def-item>
						<term>DPRx</term>
						<def>
							<p>- ED (kJ g<sup>-1</sup> MS) o PD (% MS) de la pulpa de remolacha x (1 a 5),</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>DRx</term>
						<def>
							<p>- ED (kJ g<sup>-1</sup> MS) o PD (% MS) del pienso Rx (1 a 5) que contenía la PRx,</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>DC</term>
						<def>
							<p>- ED (kJ g<sup>-1</sup> MS) o PD (% MS) del pienso control</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
				</def-list>
				<p><italic>Análisis estadístico.</italic> Los datos se analizaron mediante el análisis de varianza en diseño completamente aleatorizado, con 6 tratamientos y entre 11 a 27 repeticiones (conejos) por tratamiento, utilizando el procedimiento GLM del SAS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">SAS 2010</xref>), según el siguiente modelo aditivo lineal fijo, a un nivel de significancia de α = 0.05:</p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula id="e6">
						<mml:math>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:msub>
									<mml:mi>y</mml:mi>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msub>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:mi>μ</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msub>
									<mml:mi>τ</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
								</mml:msub>
								<mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
								<mml:msub>
									<mml:mo>∈</mml:mo>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:msub>
							</mml:mrow>
						</mml:math>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<def-list id="d4">
					<title>Donde:</title>
					<def-item>
						<term>i </term>
						<def>
							<p>- Piensos (control, R1, R2, R3 ,R4 y R5) </p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>j </term>
						<def>
							<p>- Conejos (1, 2, 3… n)</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>y<sub>ij</sub></term>
						<def>
							<p>- Valor observado de una variable de respuesta de la unidad experimental que recibe el i<italic>-ésimo</italic> pienso en el j<italic>-ésimo</italic> conejo.</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>µ </term>
						<def>
							<p>- Media general</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>τ<sub>i</sub></term>
						<def>
							<p><sub>-</sub> Variación entre tratamientos (piensos)</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>∈<sub>ij</sub></term>
						<def>
							<p>- Variación entre repeticiones (conejos) </p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
				</def-list>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN</title>
				<p><italic>Digestibilidad de los piensos.</italic> 
 Siguiendo las recomendaciones de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Pérez <italic>et al.</italic> (1995)</xref>, durante el desarrollo experimental dos conejos fueron retirados por mostrar síntomas de disfunción digestiva, el resto de los animales sin ningún tipo de sintomatología mostraron incremento de peso de 50 g día<sup>-1</sup>, que es un valor adecuado para estos animales.</p>
				<p>En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">tabla 4</xref> se muestran los resultados obtenidos en cuanto a ingestión y digestibilidad aparente de los piensos. No se apreció efecto de la sustitución de componentes de la dieta control por el 20% de PR de diferentes procedencias en el consumo voluntario de los conejos (P&gt; 0.05).</p>
				<p>La inclusión de PR aumentó la digestibilidad aparente de la MS, MO y EB de la dieta (P&lt; 0.001), lo que parece ser una consecuencia del incremento de la digestibilidad de todas las fracciones fibrosas (FDN, FDA, CE y HE, y FSDN, P&lt;0.001), respecto a la dieta control.</p>
				<p>Sin embargo, estos incrementos fueron variables según la partida de PR que se hubiera incluido en la dieta. La DMS y DMO aumentó entre 2 a 5% y la DEB entre 2 y 7%, excepto la dieta R4, cuyo aumento no fue significativo respecto a la dieta control y que contenía la PR con los mayores valores de fibras insolubles (FDN, FDA y ADL).</p>
				<p>La digestibilidad de la fracción de fibra soluble fue significativamente mayor (P&lt;0.001) en todos los piensos R frente al pienso control. Los piensos que incluían PR con mayor contenido en FSDN registraron mayores incrementos del coeficiente de digestibilidad (13% para R1 y R2, y 16% para R3), con las excepciones del pienso R4, que registró el menor incremento (7%) a pesar de que el valor de FSDN era alto, y del pienso R5, con un incremento del 16%, a pesar de tener el menor contenido en FSDN. Los resultados obtenidos sobre la digestibilidad de la fracción FSDN pueden verse afectados por interacciones con la secreción de mucina intestinal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abad-Guamán <italic>et al.,</italic> 2015</xref>), pero pueden estar también muy afectados por el propio método analítico de determinación de esta fracción, ya que los incrementos de dicha fracción en los piensos experimentales han sido inferiores a los esperados (entre -6% para R5 y -25% para R2) atendiendo a la concentración de FSDN obtenida en el análisis de las materias primas, por lo que sería deseable revisar el valor real de esta determinación. </p>
				<p>Incrementos en los coeficientes de digestibilidad de piensos al incluir proporciones variables de PR han sido registrados por otros autores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">de Blas y Villamide 1990</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">García <italic>et al.</italic> 1993</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Carabaño <italic>et al.</italic> 1997</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Gidenne y Jehl 1996</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Falcao-e-Cunha <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Gómez-Conde <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">2009</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Xiccato <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Trocino <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>), mostrando igualmente gran variabilidad en los valores obtenidos por unos y otros en la digestibilidad de las distintas fracciones.</p>
				<p>La composición química de las fracciones fibrosas es muy compleja porque incluye grupos de moléculas muy diferentes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Gidenne 2003</xref>), y la fibra de la PR tiene unas características particulares, como son el alto valor de FSDN, pero también de polisacáridos no amiláceos solubles e insolubles y de otros carbohidratos no solubles en agua de la pared celular, tales como algunas pectinas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Gidenne <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>), cuya digestibilidad puede ser muy variable, tanto en ileon como en ciego. </p>
				<p>Por ello, parece que la separación analítica de las fracciones fibrosas en solubles y no solubles en detergente neutro no es suficiente para interpretar la variabilidad en la digestión de los componentes fibrosos, principales fracciones de la PR, y un análisis más preciso que valore grupos químicos concretos sería necesario. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t9">
						<label>Table 4</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Effect of the replacement of 20 % of the control feed by beet pulp from different factories (R1 to R5) on the ingestion and apparent digestibility in rabbits (mean ± standard error).</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify"> </th>
									<th align="center">Control</th>
									<th align="center">R1</th>
									<th align="center">R2</th>
									<th align="center">R3</th>
									<th align="center">R4</th>
									<th align="center">R5</th>
									<th align="center">P value</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">DMI (g d<sup>-1</sup>)</td>
									<td align="center">139.0±3.7</td>
									<td align="center">120.0±5.6</td>
									<td align="center">126.0±5.9</td>
									<td align="center">136.0±5.6</td>
									<td align="center">131.0±5.6</td>
									<td align="center">131.0±5.4</td>
									<td align="center">0.1089</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">DMD (%)</td>
									<td align="center">59.3±0.5<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">61.6±0.7<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">62.9±0.7<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">61.4±0.7<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">60.0±0.7<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="center">62.8±0.7<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">OMD (%)</td>
									<td align="center">59.3±0.5<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">62.1±0.7<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">63.2±0.7<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">61.6±0.7<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">60.2±0.7<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="center">62.6±0.7<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">GED (%)</td>
									<td align="center">58.0±0.4<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">61.6±0.7<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">62.1±0.7<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">60.6±0.7<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">59.4±0.7<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="center">61.3±0.7<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">CPD (%)</td>
									<td align="center">72.1±0.7<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">68.9±1.0<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="center">69.6±1.1<sup>abc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">68.9±1.0<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="center">68.6±1.0<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">71.7±1.0<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.0143</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">DNDF (%)</td>
									<td align="center">22.4±0.7<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">30.9±1.1<sup>cd</sup></td>
									<td align="center">30.2±1.2<sup>bcd</sup></td>
									<td align="center">26.9±1.1<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">28.4±1.1<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">31.9±1.1<sup>d</sup></td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">DADF (%)</td>
									<td align="center">11.5±0.9<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">18.5±1.4<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">19.2±1.4<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">14.9±1.4<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="center">16.0±1.4<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">18.3±1.3<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">HED (%)</td>
									<td align="center">35.3±0.8<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">45.9±1.3<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">44.1±1.3<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">42.4±1.3<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">43.2±1.3<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">46.9±1.2<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">CED (%)</td>
									<td align="center">16.6±1.1<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">24.5±1.7<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">24.4±1.8<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">18.5±1.7<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">19.8±1.7<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="center">26.7±1.6<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">DFSND (%)</td>
									<td align="center">64.5±0.4<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">72.8±0.6<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">72.8±0.6<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">74.6±0.6<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">69.1±0.6<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">74.1±0.5<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN15">
								<p><sup>abcd</sup>Means with different letters on the same row are significantly different (P &lt;0.05).</p>
							</fn>
							<fn id="TFN16">
								<p>DMI=dry matter intake; DMD = dry matter digestibility; OMD = organic matter digestibility; GED = gross energy digestibility; CPD = crude protein digestibility; DNDF = digestibility of neutral detergent fiber; DADF = digestibility of acid detergent fiber; CED = cellulose digestibility; HED = hemicellulose digestibility; DFSND = digestibility of fiber soluble in neutral detergent</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Coincidiendo con lo registrado por otros autores, la incorporación de PR a la dieta disminuyó la DPB componente respecto al pienso control (P&lt; 0.05), a pesar del bajo contenido en PB de la PR, lo que podría estar ligado a que la mayor parte de dicha PB está ligada a la fracción FDN (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Arce <italic>et al.</italic> 2019</xref>), lo que dificulta su digestión. El contenido en PD de las diferentes PR fue bajo (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">tabla 5</xref>) debido fundamentalmente a su escaso valor en PB, pero también a que variaron significativamente los coeficientes de digestibilidad entre las distintas PR (P&lt;0.05), con valores mayores en la PR5, que registró una digestibilidad similar a la del pienso control.</p>
				<p>El contenido de energía digestible de las pulpas estuvo en el rango de valores de energía digestible reportado para este subproducto por otros autores (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">tabla 5</xref>), cuyo valor promedio en conejos es de 12.52 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup> MS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Papadomichelakis <italic>et al</italic>. 2004</xref>), que es mayor al contenido de energía digestible de la alfalfa (<italic>Medicago sativa</italic>), la fuente de fibra de mayor uso en dietas de conejos, en el cual el contenido promedio fue reportado como 8.9 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup> MS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Fernández-Carmona <italic>et al.</italic> 1998</xref>), y que representa el 56.7 % de la energía bruta contenida en las dietas consumidas por el conejo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Machado <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p>Pero el origen de la PR también afecta significativamente a los valores de ED (P&lt;0.05). Otros estudios han encontrado alta variabilidad del contenido de energía digestible de PR utilizadas en la alimentación de conejos (9.6 a 14.2 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup> MS), que atribuyen al tipo de dieta basal o al nivel de inclusión de este subproducto en la dieta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">de Blas y Carabaño 1996</xref>). A partir de la información disponible, estos autores sugirieron un valor de 10.5 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup> MS para este subproducto, para un nivel de inclusión del 15%; sugiriendo que este subproducto sea considerado como un concentrado energético para conejos, debido a su contenido de fibra altamente digestibles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">de Blas <italic>et al.</italic> 2003</xref>). Sin embargo, ese valor puede variar de acuerdo con el tipo de dieta basal y el nivel de inclusión en la dieta. Al 15% de inclusión, la energía digestible es de 9.6 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup> MS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">García <italic>et al.</italic> 1993</xref>); mientras que al 40% de sustitución, el valor incrementa a 12.3 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup> MS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Maertens y De Groote 1984</xref>); y cuando la pulpa se ofrece sola, el valor alcanza los 14.2 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup> MS (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Martínez y Fernández 1980</xref>), evidenciando que el contenido de energía digestible de PR varía en relación directa con el nivel de sustitución. Sin embargo, no se recomienda niveles de sustitución superiores al 30% porque afecta el consumo y rendimiento de los conejos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">García <italic>et al.</italic> 1993</xref> y de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Blas y Carabaño 1996</xref>).</p>
				<p>En el presente trabajo se ha utilizado una misma dieta basal y un solo nivel de inclusión de PR, pero se ha obtenido también gran variabilidad en los coeficientes de digestibilidad, lo que parece indicar que el origen de la PR también afecta al valor de ED, lo que parece lógico dadas las diferencias de composición química de las propias PR, especialmente con los diferentes contenidos en fracciones fibrosas y, posiblemente, también con la naturaleza química de las mismas.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t10">
						<label>Table 5</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Nutritive value of beet pulps evaluated in fattening rabbits.</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col span="5"/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify" rowspan="2">Indicators</th>
									<th align="center" colspan="5">Origin of BP </th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2">SE</th>
									<th align="center" rowspan="2">P value </th>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">BP1</th>
									<th align="center">BP2</th>
									<th align="center">BP3</th>
									<th align="center">BP4</th>
									<th align="center">BP5</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">DP (%)</td>
									<td align="center">4.5<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">3.8<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">5<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="center">4.2<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">6.6<sup>b</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.6</td>
									<td align="center">0.03</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">DE (MJ kg<sup>-1</sup> DM)</td>
									<td align="center">14.1<sup>bc</sup></td>
									<td align="center">14.5<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">12.3<sup>ab</sup></td>
									<td align="center">11.8<sup>a</sup></td>
									<td align="center">14.2<sup>c</sup></td>
									<td align="center">0.6</td>
									<td align="center">0.01</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN17">
								<p>DP = digestible protein; DE = digestible energy; SE = standard error</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>La PR5 registró alto contenido en ED y mostró los mayores coeficientes de digestibilidad de todas las fracciones fibrosas, tanto solubles como insolubles, lo que podría estar ligado al origen vegetal, dado que es la única PR obtenida de variedades que se recolectan en verano y que presentan las mayores diferencias en el tipo de fibras que contienen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Arce <italic>et al.</italic> 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p> Los menores valores de ED corresponden a las PR3 y 4, que se corresponden también con los menores coeficientes de digestibilidad de las fibras insolubles y, en el caso de la PR4 también de la fibra soluble (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">tabla 3</xref>). La baja degradabilidad de la FDN de la PR3 respecto a las PR1 y PR2 y de la FSDN de la PR4 frente a las PR1, PR2 y PR3, todas ellas variedades recolectadas en invierno, se contradice con su composición en estas fracciones y con los altos valores de degradabilidad informados por otros autores (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Fernández-Carmona <italic>et al.</italic> y 1996</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">de Blas <italic>et al.</italic> 2002</xref>), y se pudo deber a particularidades del proceso industrial de extracción en dichas industrias (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Arce <italic>et al.</italic> 2019</xref>).</p>
				<p>Los aumentos de los coeficientes de digestibilidad encontrados en este trabajo frente al pienso control concuerdan con los todos los estudios realizados hasta el momento, donde se han mostrado que la PR es un subproducto de fácil digestión por la flora microbiana del ciego, alcanzando valores de digestibilidad superiores al 80%, como consecuencia de la rápida degradación de los azúcares y las pectinas, y su bajo contenido de lignina (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Gidenne 2003</xref>). </p>
				<p>A pesar de la limitada información sobre la digestibilidad de la fibra de PR, existe consenso en que este componente es muy importante en la eficiencia fermentativa y la salud cecal del conejo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">García <italic>et al.</italic> 2000</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Belenguer <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">de Blas 2013</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Gidenne 2015</xref>). La incorporación de niveles moderados de fibra soluble en los piensos, mediante la incorporación de PR, mejora la morfología y funcionabilidad de la mucosa intestinal del conejo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">El Abed <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>). Este efecto positivo podría estar relacionado tanto por su aporte en fibra soluble como por su contenido de fibra insoluble fermentable, especialmente a nivel ileal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Abad-Guamán <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>). La hidrólisis de las fracciones fibrosas libera azúcares de bajo peso molecular en el intestino delgado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Pedersen <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>), y la utilización de estos oligosacáridos-disacáridos procedentes de la degradación de la fibra permite modificar el perfil de la microbiota y mejora en algunos casos la salud de los animales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Ocasio Vega <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">2018a</xref>). </p>
				<p>Sin embargo, la interpretación de resultados se complica conforme se va conociendo más a fondo la complejidad de compuestos que se incluyen en las fracciones fibrosas, y que hacen surgir otros conceptos, tales como fibra dietaría total (TDF), fibra dietaria insoluble y fibra soluble (SF) y su importancia en la nutrición y la salud digestiva de los conejos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Trocino <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>), donde la fibra soluble forma parte de TDF que incluye substancias pécticas, β-glucanos, fructanos y gomas, y excluye el almidón y la fibra detergente neutro (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Hall 2003</xref>).</p>
				<p>A partir del valor promedio de energía bruta de PR (EB = 17.781±0.198 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup> MS), estimado con adecuación a la ecuación de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Nehring y Haenlein (1973)</xref>, y su valor promedio de energía digestible (ED = 12.757±0.787 MJ kg<sup>-1</sup> MS) obtenido en el ensayo, se estima que este subproducto tiene alta eficiencia de uso de la energía bruta (k = 0.717±0.044, CV 6.1%), confirmando su bondad como fuente de energía para el conejo; lo cual es lógico, dado que está formado por alta proporción de fibra soluble que promueve la fermentación cecal y mejora la digestibilidad en el conejo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Falcao-E-Cunha <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Gómez-Conde <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Xiccato <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Maertens <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONES</title>
				<p>La PR es una buena fuente de fibra para incluir en piensos para conejos, pero pobre en proteína. Su inclusión al 20% en un pienso convencional aumenta los coeficientes de digestibilidad de todas las fracciones fibrosas y desciende los de la PB, aunque el efecto es variable dependiendo del origen de la PR, lo que influye también en su valor nutritivo, tanto en contenido en ED como en PD. Se recomienda incluir la pulpa de remolacha en las raciones para conejos, al mejorar de forma general los coeficientes de digestibilidad de las mismas.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>AGRADECIMIENTOS</title>
				<p>A la Universidad Técnica de Oruro, al Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Animal de la Universitat Politècnica de València y a la oficina de Acción Internacional de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia por el soporte financiero del trabajo de investigación</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>