<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cjas</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Cuban J. Agric. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2079-3480</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Ediciones ICA</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00001</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>REVIEW ARTICLE</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Enzymatic additives and their use on animal rearing</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Valdivia</surname>
						<given-names>Aymara L.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Matos</surname>
						<given-names>Madyu M.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Rodríguez</surname>
						<given-names>Zoraya</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Pérez</surname>
						<given-names>Y.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Rubio</surname>
						<given-names>Yasmary</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Vega</surname>
						<given-names>J.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro de Estudios Biotecnológicos, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Matanzas. Autopista Varadero km 3 ½, Matanzas, Cuba.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Matanzas Camilo Cienfuegos</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro de Estudios Biotecnológicos</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Matanzas</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Matanzas</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CU">Cuba</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Fisiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciencia Animal. Apartado Postal 24, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto de Ciencia Animal</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Fisiología y Bioquímica</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Ciencia Animal</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>San José de las Lajas</city>
					<state>Mayabeque</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="CU">Cuba</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff3">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Matanzas. Cuba.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad de Matanzas Camilo Cienfuegos</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad de Matanzas</institution>
				<country country="CU">Cuba</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Email: <email>aymara.valdivia@umcc.cu</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>05</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2019</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2019</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>53</volume>
			<issue>4</issue>
			<fpage>341</fpage>
			<lpage>352</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>10</day>
					<month>01</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>23</day>
					<month>04</month>
					<year>2019</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>ABSTRACT</title>
				<p>Animal production in recent years has been marked by the increase in the prices of raw materials used in food. To face this situation, the challenge is to achieve better use of the diets provided to animals. For this purpose, one of the most used strategies in the world is the use of enzymatic additives, which are obtained by submerged fermentation or by solid phase fermentation, from bacteria or fungi. Among the hydrolytic enzymes that are used in the supplementation of monogastric species, those that participate in the degradation of antinutritional factors, such as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), stand out. Its use increases food digestibility, improves its quality and use, and favors the degradation of compounds that interfere with nutrient digestion and utilization. The application of these products has a positive impact on productive indicators and health in poultry and pigs, but the effectiveness of their use depends, among other factors, on the composition and quality of diet. This paper aims to provide updated scientific information on obtaining hydrolytic enzymes and their use in the feeding of monogastric species.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd><italic>animal feed</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>hydrolytic enzymes</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>non-starchy polysaccharides</italic></kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="69"/>
				<page-count count="12"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>INTRODUCTION</title>
			<p>In animal rearing, feeding is one of the most important and expensive activities. This fact has a special relevance, considering the increase in recent years of the price of raw materials used for this purpose. For these reasons, the search for alternatives that allow the inclusion of new by-products, as well as the efficient use of the nutritional value of foods, represent a priority for animal science.</p>
			<p>The use of zootechnical additives is one of the strategies used for improving productive performance of animals and reduce production costs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Carro <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>). This category includes probiotics, prebiotics, plant extracts and enzymatic preparations. The use of this last group in conventional and alternative diets in different species allows to improve productive indicators and health of the supplemented animals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Ferreira <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">Yamabhai <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>This objective of this paper was to provide updated scientific information on obtaining hydrolytic enzymes and their use in the feeding of monogastric species.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>ENZYMATIC ADDITIVES</title>
			<p>Enzymes are proteins with catalytic activity that possess extraordinary efficiency and specificity, and its function is to catalyze the chemical reactions that occur in living cells (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Garg 2016</xref>). The increase of research related to enzymatic technology allows the applications of these proteins to be extended to different fields such as industries producing ethanol, detergents, paper, and some other products, as well as in animal feed.</p>
			<p>Exogenous enzymes are considered to be those that do not belong to the digestive system of animals, so they must be included into the diets (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Rojo <italic>et al</italic>. 2007</xref>). The use of these proteins in animal feed was first reported in 1925 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bedford 2018</xref>). During the 50s, studies were conducted to evaluate their addition to rations for poultry. Results were variable and, generally, with little productive response (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Brenes 1992</xref>).</p>
			<p>In the 80s, the use of these additives in animal feed began. Pioneer countries in its application were the Scandinavians, Great Britain, Canada and, in a very particular way, Spain (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Brufau 2014</xref>). These proteins were initially used in wheat and barley producing countries, currently their application extends to other grains, such as corn, soybean and sorghum. The benefits of using this technology in animal diets are associated with improved yield and reduced rearing costs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Souza <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p>In recent decades, the use of enzymes has expanded, so that 200 million tons of pig and poultry feed are supplemented with these products (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Graham and Bedford 2007</xref>). For 2019, it is estimated that the market value of enzymes for animal production will reach 1,280 million dollars, with a growth rate of 7.6% for the period between 2014-2019 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Brufau 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p>Enzymatic additives can exert their effects through direct actions on food, before they are consumed or from modifications of digestive processes of animals in which they are applied (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Carro <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>). Generally, its use is aimed at solving two fundamental problems: improving availability of polysaccharides, lipids and proteins, which are protected from digestive enzymes by impermeable structures of the cell wall of plants, and degrading materials that interfere with digestion, absorption and utilization of nutrients (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">McDonald <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>).</p>
			<p>Its application facilitates the best use of nutrients in feed and makes possible the use of lower quality ingredients, alternative raw materials and by-products. They are also used in order to improve total digestibility of diets, increase digestibility of certain nutrients, complement the activity of endogenous enzymes produced by the animal, especially in young poultry and pigs, as well as reduce the excretion of certain compounds such as phosphorus and nitrogen (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Cortés <italic>et al.</italic> 2002</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Carro <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Fernández and González 2011</xref>).</p>
			<p>This analysis should take into account that digestive processes in animals are not completely efficient. Pigs and poultry cannot digest 15-25% of the food they consume, because it contains indigestible antinutritional factors that interfere with digestive processes. In addition, animals do not have specific enzymes that break certain food components (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bedford and Partridge 2010</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>ANTINUTRITIONAL FACTORS</title>
			<p><italic>Non-starch polysaccharides (NSP).</italic> NSPs are the main components of plant cell walls. These include cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectins, β-glucans and other polysaccharides (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Gray 2006</xref>). Arabinoxylans are the major NSPs in wheat, rye and triticale, while β-glucans are the most abundant in barley and oats. In other feed ingredients, such as soybean, sunflower or rapeseed, other types of NSPs like β-galactosides and β-galactomannans appear in lesser amounts, but with a marked anti-nutritional effect (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Fernández and González 2011</xref>).</p>
			<p>NSPs are classified as soluble and insoluble (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Lata 2011</xref>). These compounds constitute a barrier to the action of hydrolytic enzymes, by retaining the rest of the nutrients in the endosperm cells (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">Willians <italic>et al.</italic> 1997</xref>). In addition, its presence is related to an increase in the viscosity of the digesta, lower digestibility of fats, proteins and carbohydrates and a decrease in the activity of endogenous enzymes, resulting in reduced contact between these proteins and nutrients (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Nikam <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>Excess of these compounds in the diet can cause changes in the microflora of the gastrointestinal tract. In poultry fed with high contents of these macromolecules, a large amount of anaerobic bacteria was observed, which may be associated to increased intestinal viscosity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Dudley-Cash 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p>The inclusion of foods rich in NSP in diets for broilers may cause lower yields in animal production parameters (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alba 2013</xref>). In the case of pigs, it is known that the use of diets with wheat by-products and high levels of these polysaccharides, reduces nutrient digestibility (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Nortey <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">García (2000)</xref> analyzed the effectiveness of several applied methods, in order to increase the nutritional value of cereals rich in NSP. This author recommended, as the most widespread possibility in practice due to its effectiveness and ease, the addition of enzymes of microbial origin with β-glucanase and xylanic activity, which allow the rupture of β-glucans and xylanes, respectively, and avoid the inconveniences derived from the presence of these compounds.</p>
			<p><italic>Phytic acid and phytates</italic>. Phytic acid is the main form for storing phosphorus in plants. It is widely distributed in cereals, legume grains and seeds. It is also found in pollen, roots, stems and leaves (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Shanmugam 2018</xref>). It represents more than 70% of the phosphorus content in cereals, mainly in corn and wheat, which are essential raw materials for animal feeding. Because phytic acid is unstable in its acid form, it is mainly found as phytates. In this way, it forms compounds associated with divalent metal cations and with some proteins and amino acids (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Humer <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>). Phytates are anti-nutritional factors because they are insoluble salts, negatively charged, limit phosphorus, mineral and protein availability, which cannot be absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract of monogastrics due to the low levels of endogenous phytases (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Chen <italic>et al</italic>. 2015</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Ingelmann <italic>et al.</italic> 2019</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">Soto (2015)</xref> considers that phytates can reduce the activation of the stomach pepsin enzyme, responsible for the digestion of proteins, and can negatively affect the mechanism by which amino acids are absorbed from the small intestine.</p>
			<p>The application of phytase enzymes in the diet allows to eliminate the anti-nutritional effects of phytates and increases the productive results of poultry. Given that enzymes are natural, biodegradable, and non-toxic products, their use in the nutrition of monogastric species is one of the most promising alternatives for reducing the negative effects of anti-nutritional factors in animal rearing.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>SOURCES FOR OBTAINING ENZYMES</title>
			<p>Most of the enzymes used in food and food processing have a microbial origin. These proteins are generally produced from bacteria (<italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic>, <italic>Bacillus lentus</italic>, <italic>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</italic> and <italic>Bacillus stearothermophilus</italic>), fungi (<italic>Triochoderma longibrachiatum</italic>, <italic>Asperigillus oryzae</italic> and <italic>Asperigillus niger</italic>) and yeasts, such as <italic>Sacchoromyces cerevisiae</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Khattak <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>). Filamentous fungi, specifically Aspergillus and Trichoderma genera, have been widely used, due to their ability to secrete xylanolytic enzymes to the culture medium (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Fadel <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p>Other authors recommend the use of bacterial cultures for these purposes, and point out that the low nutrient demand of these microorganisms for their growth and their possibilities of development in varied environments are among the most important factors to take into account for this election. These authors also emphasize their ability to produce stable enzymes under extreme conditions of temperature and pH, which could be maintained in bioconversion processes, as well as to increase the rates of enzymatic activity, fermentation and product recovery (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Maki <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Chakdar <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>Bacillus is one of the most used genera for this purpose, which is distributed in various habitats, and can survive under adverse conditions, due to their endospores production (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Kim <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>). Specifically, <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> is an abundant and stable bacterium that is not considered pathogenic and shows potential characteristics for its use in the preparation of zootechnical additives (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Milián <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Cheng <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Milián <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>). It has an excellent fermentation capacity and offers the advantage of secreting great amounts of enzymes into the culture medium (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Meima <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>), such as proteases (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Akcan and Uyar 2011</xref>), amylases (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Maity <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>), mananasas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Pangsri and Pangsri 2017</xref>) and xylanases (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">Sugumaran <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Ho 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>Current processes for enzyme production are based on the use of genetically modified microorganisms. This methodology increases the productive capacity of the fermentation unit itself and avoids the presence of undesirable activities (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Brufau 2014</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Garg 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>Most of the marketed industrial enzymes are produced by submerged fermentation. However, solid state fermentation improves yields, facilitates the separation of the obtained products and lowers production costs, by using agricultural waste materials to obtain the desired enzymes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">Zhang <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Fadel <italic>et al</italic>. 2014</xref>). </p>
			<p>The use of these by-products helps to solve one of the main problems of the current society, which is the generation of large volumes of waste, with the consequent risk to the environment and public health (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Serrano 2015</xref>). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows examples of the production of enzymes with potential for application in animal feed through the use of solid state fermentation and the use of different by-products.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Microbial production of enzymes through solid phase fermentation </title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="justify">Enzymes </th>
								<th align="center">Microorganisms</th>
								<th align="center">Substrata</th>
								<th align="center">Author</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Lignin peroxidase and β-Glycosidase</td>
								<td align="left"><italic>Bacillus subtilis Brevibacillus</italic> sp<italic>.</italic></td>
								<td align="left">Sawdust</td>
								<td align="left">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Kamsani <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Xylanase</td>
								<td align="left"><italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic></td>
								<td align="left">Wheat bran</td>
								<td align="left">( <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Ho <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Xylanase</td>
								<td align="left"><italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic></td>
								<td align="left">Corn</td>
								<td align="left">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Helianti <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Xylanase</td>
								<td align="left"><italic>Bacillus mojavensis</italic></td>
								<td align="left">Corn meal</td>
								<td align="left">( <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Kallel <italic>et al</italic>. 2016</xref>)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Xylanase and β-mannanase</td>
								<td align="left"><italic>Penicilium chysogenum</italic></td>
								<td align="left">Mixture of corn and wheat bran residues</td>
								<td align="left">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Zhang and Qing, 2015</xref>)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">β- Mannanase</td>
								<td align="left"><italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic></td>
								<td align="left">Torta de harina de palma</td>
								<td align="left">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Siti-Noritaac <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Xylanase</td>
								<td align="left"><italic>Bacillus megaterium</italic></td>
								<td align="left">Salvado de trigo</td>
								<td align="left">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Phadke and Momin 2015</xref>)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Proteases</td>
								<td align="left"><italic>Bacillus licheniformis</italic></td>
								<td align="left">Afrecho de trigo</td>
								<td align="left">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Pouryafar <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>)</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE ON EFFECTIVENESS OF ENZYMATIC PREPARATIONS</title>
			<p>Effectiveness of enzymatic supplementation in animal nutrition depends on various factors related to the characteristics of enzymes and of the animals in which they are applied. The source from which these proteins are obtained, applied dose, collateral activities of other enzymes present, diet composition, age, health and productivity of supplemented animals can limit the success of the used treatment (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Bedford and Cowieson 2012</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Salem <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>). The influence of some of these factors is briefly explained below.</p>
			<p><italic>Animal species</italic>. Enzymatic additives are used, to a greater extent, in monogastric species, mainly in pigs and poultry. The characteristics of poultry gastrointestinal tract contribute to a more uniform response, compared to pigs. The presence of the crop favors the influence of enzymes on the substrates present in the feed, before reaching the stomach. During the period of food storage in this organ, pH is 6.3, favorable value for the performance of most of these enzymes. In pigs, food is retained for a long period in the stomach, with more acidic pH values ​​than in poultry, which could cause the inactivation of the used enzymes. Another aspect to consider is that poultry have less capacity to ferment fiber than pigs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Graham <italic>et al.</italic> 1988</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">McDonald <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>).</p>
			<p>In ruminants, the use of enzymes in their diets was limited in the past, since it was assumed that they can be inactivated during rumen proteolytic activity. However, during the past decade, it was demonstrated that enzyme preparations can be effective for improving lactation and growth in bovine cattle (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Plumstead 2013</xref>).</p>
			<p><italic>Age of animals.</italic> Exogenous enzyme supplementation with food is more successful in young animals. These categories are characterized by having lower digestive capacity and, in general, their enzyme system is not fully developed. Studies in pigs and poultry showed that the benefits of enzymatic supplementation of diets decrease with age increase (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Ravindran 2010</xref>).</p>
			<p><italic>Diet composition and quality</italic>. Proper use of enzymes in animal feeding requires a careful selection of diet ingredients to obtain economic benefits (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Asmare 2014</xref>). Animal response depends on the quality of these ingredients. The lower the quality, the greater the magnitude of the improvements obtained by enzymatic supplementation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Ravindran 2010</xref>). In this case, diet quality largely depends on its content of anti-nutritional factors. The effectiveness is also related to the used cereal, cultivar and level (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Brenes 1992</xref>). This fact is related to the specificity of enzymes and their affinity for certain substrates. </p>
			<p>The selection of the enzyme preparation to be used should be made when considering the nature of the substrate that will be degraded (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Brenes 1992</xref>). For example, wheat contains arabinoxylans that limit the digestibility of its nutrients. It was experimentally demonstrated that this difficulty can decrease with the addition of xylanases in the diet of poultry fed with this cereal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Nortey <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>).</p>
			<p>It should also be considered that various ingredients with different chemical structures are used in the diet for monogastric species, so it is recommended to use a combination of several enzymes to achieve better results (Duran 1992 and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Dudley-Cash 2014</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec>
			<title>EFFECTS OF ENZYMATIC ADDITIVES ON ANIMAL HEALTH AND PRODUCTIVITY</title>
			<p>The inclusion of phytases, carbohydrases and proteases in monogastric diets has generated great interest in recent years. Supplementation with these enzymes had a positive impact on productive indicators of these animal species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Asmare 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p>Phytases can degrade phytate from plants that are used as ingredients in animal feed (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Graham and Bedford 2007</xref>). Its use in poultry and pigs caused increases in phosphorus availability, between 20 and 45% (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Ravindran 2010</xref>). Energy utilization and amino acid availability in the diet increased, which improved indicators such as conversion and production of meat and eggs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bedford and Partridge 2010</xref>). The inclusion of these enzymes in poultry diets helps preserve the environment and prevent contamination by decreasing phosphorus excretion in feces (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Selle and Ravindran 2007</xref>).</p>
			<p>The β-mannanase enzymes hydrolyze the mannane into oligosaccharides, compounds that have prebiotic interest (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">Yamabhai <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">Zuluaga <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>). Its effects as promoters of animal health and growth were verified in different animal species, such as turkeys, poultry and bovines (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">Yamabhai <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Seo <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>The addition of this enzyme to poultry diets caused a decrease of food intake, which can be attributed to the improvement of nutrient absorption related to the decrease of digesta viscosity and to the increase of villi height in the duodenum. This last factor indicates that nutrient absorption was superior in this organ. It was also found that supplementation with this protein improved weight gain and food conversion (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Imran <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>). In addition, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Rehman <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref> recommend valuing their utilization in this species, when low energy diets are used.</p>
			<p>The application of enzymatic additives also causes changes in the intestinal microbiota, which can have a beneficial impact on the health of animals that consume them. Some of the mechanisms involved are the increase of nutrients released from the host, formation of fermentable oligosaccharides, as a result of the depolymerization of insoluble fiber, and the acceleration of digestion that produces rapid movement of fermentable carbohydrates and proteins (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Bedford and Cowieson 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>In the case of ruminants, enzymatic additives have been used to improve food use efficiency and to reduce waste production in animal production systems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">González 2004</xref>). The introduction of these proteins is one of the strategies used for increasing starch digestion rate and the energy value of grains in these animal species (Plata <italic>et al.</italic> 2004).</p>
			<p>The addition of xylanase to polygastric diets improves the digestion of food derived from plants and produces compounds with nutritional value for ruminal flora (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Garg <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>). The application of this enzyme to forages, combined with cellulases, increased silage quality and, consequently, the range of digestion of the cell wall by ruminants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Garg 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>Mixtures of enzymes, such as amylases and cellulases, which improve the digestibility of plant cell walls and/or starch, can increase cattle productivity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Rojo <italic>et al.</italic> 2001</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Gutiérrez <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>). Other effects of enzyme supplementation in different animal species are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 2</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Effect of enzymatic supplementation in different animal species</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="justify">Enzymes</th>
								<th align="center">Species</th>
								<th align="center">Effect</th>
								<th align="center">Author</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">β-mannanase</td>
								<td align="left">Poultry</td>
								<td align="left">Increase of the daily mean gain and improvement of conversion</td>
								<td align="left">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Ferreira <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">β-mannanase y β-glucanase </td>
								<td align="left">Poultry</td>
								<td align="left">Favorable morphological changes in the small intestine</td>
								<td align="left">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Karimi and Zhandi 2015</xref>)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Cellulase and xylanase </td>
								<td align="left">Goats</td>
								<td align="left">Increase of milk production and weight gain</td>
								<td align="left">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Trejo <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Enzymatic additive with xylanase, glucanase and mannanase activity </td>
								<td align="left">Poultry</td>
								<td align="left">Health improvement, attenuation of growth retardation of poultry, challenged with <italic>Clostridium perfringens</italic></td>
								<td align="left">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Sun <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">β-mannanase</td>
								<td align="left">Red tilapia</td>
								<td align="left">Growth improvements</td>
								<td align="left">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Siti-Noritaac <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">β-mannanase</td>
								<td align="left">Bovines</td>
								<td align="left">Increase of growth and feed efficiency</td>
								<td align="left">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">Seo <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">β-mannanase</td>
								<td align="left">Growing pigs</td>
								<td align="left">Reduction of the number of fecal coliforms and tendency to decrease the emission of ammonia from feces.</td>
								<td align="left">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Upadhaya <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>)</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="justify">Combination of xylanase, ß-D-glucanases, cellulases, mannanases and peptinases</td>
								<td align="left">Poultry</td>
								<td align="left">Increase of yield, better food intake and food conversion improvement</td>
								<td align="left">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Nikam <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>)</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>The use of enzymatic additives in animal nutrition is considered to be a promising option from an economic, environmental and sustainability point of view (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Asmare 2014</xref>). In addition, this practice offers new opportunities in the market for crops such as canola, sunflower and cotton, because they favor the use of nutritional properties of these alternative sources (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Souza <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>).</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS</title>
			<p>Obtaining enzymes from microorganisms, with the use of agroindustrial by-products as substrates, is a strategy that reduces the production costs of these additives. In addition, it encourages the proper use of waste materials that contribute, many times, to environmental pollution.</p>
			<p>Enzymatic additives are used in the nutrition of monogastrics, especially in poultry and pigs. Its use allows to increase the use of raw materials, in many cases of low cost, in the supplied diets.</p>
			<p>Although several researches support the positive results of the application of these additives in increasing nutrient digestibility and improving the productive indicators of supplemented animals, there is great variability in them. This may be related to the diversity of factors involved in its effectiveness, among which those of these enzymes stand out (their stability, specificity of action and some others), those related to the animals in which they are used (species, age and morphophysiology of the gastrointestinal tract) and the characteristics of the supplemented diets.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>CONCLUSIONS</title>
			<p>The use of enzymatic additives in animal nutrition is a sustainable alternative to increase the utilization of nutrients, improve productive indicators during rearing, and facilitate the inclusion of new alternative sources to animal rations.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ref-list>
			<title>REFERENCES</title>
			<ref id="B1">
				<mixed-citation>Akcan, N. &amp; Uyar, F. 2011. Production of extracellular alkaline protease from <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> RSSK96 with solid state fermentation. Eurasia J. Biosci. 5: 64-72. ISSN: 1307-9867. DOI:10.5053/ejobios.2011.5.0.8.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Akcan</surname>
							<given-names>N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Uyar</surname>
							<given-names>F.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2011</year>
					<article-title>Production of extracellular alkaline protease from Bacillus subtilis RSSK96 with solid state fermentation</article-title>
					<source>Eurasia J. Biosci</source>
					<volume>5</volume>
					<fpage>64</fpage>
					<lpage>72</lpage>
					<issn>1307-9867</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5053/ejobios.2011.5.0.8</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B2">
				<mixed-citation>Alba, D. P. 2013. Efectos nutricionales de los polisacáridos no amiláceos en pollos de engorde de la línea Ross. Ciencia y Agricultura.10(1): 39-45. ISSN 0122-8420. DOI: 10.19053/01228420.2826. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Alba</surname>
							<given-names>D. P.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Efectos nutricionales de los polisacáridos no amiláceos en pollos de engorde de la línea Ross</article-title>
					<source>Ciencia y Agricultura</source>
					<volume>10</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>39</fpage>
					<lpage>45</lpage>
					<issn>0122-8420</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.19053/01228420.2826</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B3">
				<mixed-citation>Asmare, B. 2014. Effect of common feed enzymes on nutrient utilization of monogastric animals. Int. J. Biotechnol. Mol. Biol. Res. 5(4): 27-34. ISSN: 2141-2154 DOI: 10.5897/IJBMBR2014.0191</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Asmare</surname>
							<given-names>B.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Effect of common feed enzymes on nutrient utilization of monogastric animals</article-title>
					<source>Int. J. Biotechnol. Mol. Biol. Res.</source>
					<volume>5</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>27</fpage>
					<lpage>34</lpage>
					<issn>2141-2154</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5897/IJBMBR2014.0191</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B4">
				<mixed-citation>Bedford, M.R. 2018. The evolution and application of enzymes in the animal feed industry the role of data interpretation. Br. Poult. Sci. 59 (5): 486-493. ISSN: 0007-1668. DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2018.1484074. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Bedford</surname>
							<given-names>M.R.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>The evolution and application of enzymes in the animal feed industry the role of data interpretation</article-title>
					<source>Br. Poult. Sci.</source>
					<volume>59</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>486</fpage>
					<lpage>493</lpage>
					<issn>0007-1668</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/00071668.2018.1484074</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B5">
				<mixed-citation>Bedford, M.R. &amp; Cowieson, A.J. 2012. Exogenous enzymes and their effects on intestinal microbiology. Anim. Feed Sci.Technol. 173(1-2): 76-85. ISSN:0377-8401. DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.018</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Bedford</surname>
							<given-names>M.R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cowieson</surname>
							<given-names>A.J.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<article-title>Exogenous enzymes and their effects on intestinal microbiology</article-title>
					<source>Anim. Feed Sci.Technol.</source>
					<volume>173</volume>
					<issue>1-2</issue>
					<fpage>76</fpage>
					<lpage>85</lpage>
					<issn>0377-8401</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.018</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B6">
				<mixed-citation>Bedford, M.R. &amp; Partridge, G. 2010. Enzymes in farm animal nutrition. Second Edition. CAB International, London, UK, p .12-129. ISBN 978-1-8459-674-7.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Bedford</surname>
							<given-names>M.R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Partridge</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2010</year>
					<source>Enzymes in farm animal nutrition</source>
					<edition>Second Edition</edition>
					<publisher-name>CAB International</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>London, UK</publisher-loc>
					<fpage>12</fpage>
					<lpage>129</lpage>
					<isbn>978-1-8459-674-7</isbn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B7">
				<mixed-citation>Brenes, A. 1992. Influencia de la adición de enzimas sobre el valor nutritivo de las raciones en la alimentación aviar. Selecciones avícolas. 34(12): 787-794. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/33161006.pdf">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/33161006.pdf</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Brenes</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1992</year>
					<article-title>Influencia de la adición de enzimas sobre el valor nutritivo de las raciones en la alimentación aviar</article-title>
					<source>Selecciones avícolas</source>
					<volume>34</volume>
					<issue>12</issue>
					<fpage>787</fpage>
					<lpage>794</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/33161006.pdf">https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/33161006.pdf</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B8">
				<mixed-citation>Brufau, J. 2014. Introducción al uso de las enzimas en la alimentación animal un proceso de innovación. nutriNews. Noviembre: 17-21. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://issuu.com/avinews/docs/nutrinews-revista-noviembre-2014">https://issuu.com/avinews/docs/nutrinews-revista-noviembre-2014</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Brufau</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Introducción al uso de las enzimas en la alimentación animal un proceso de innovación</article-title>
					<source>nutriNews</source>
					<volume>Noviembre</volume>
					<fpage>17</fpage>
					<lpage>21</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://issuu.com/avinews/docs/nutrinews-revista-noviembre-2014">https://issuu.com/avinews/docs/nutrinews-revista-noviembre-2014</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B9">
				<mixed-citation>Carro, M.D., Ranilla, M.J. &amp; Tejido, M.L. 2006. Utilización de aditivos en la alimentación del ganado ovino y caprino. Pequeños Rumiantes. 7(3):26-37. ISSN: 1888-4865. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Carro</surname>
							<given-names>M.D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ranilla</surname>
							<given-names>M.J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Tejido</surname>
							<given-names>M.L.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2006</year>
					<article-title>Utilización de aditivos en la alimentación del ganado ovino y caprino</article-title>
					<source>Pequeños Rumiantes</source>
					<volume>7</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>26</fpage>
					<lpage>37</lpage>
					<issn>1888-4865</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B10">
				<mixed-citation>Chakdar, H., Kumar, M., Pandiyan, K; Singh, A., Nanjappan, K., Kashyap, P.L. &amp; Srivastava, A. K. 2016. Bacterial xylanases: biology to biotechnology. 3 Biotech. 6:150. ISSN: 2190-5738. DOI: 10.1007/s13205-016-0457-z</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Chakdar</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kumar</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pandiyan</surname>
							<given-names>K</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Singh</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nanjappan</surname>
							<given-names>K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kashyap</surname>
							<given-names>P.L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Srivastava</surname>
							<given-names>A. K.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Bacterial xylanases: biology to biotechnology</article-title>
					<source>3 Biotech</source>
					<volume>6</volume>
					<fpage>150</fpage>
					<lpage>150</lpage>
					<issn>2190-5738</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s13205-016-0457-z</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B11">
				<mixed-citation>Chen, C.C., Cheng, K.J., Ko, T.P., &amp; Guo, R.T. 2015. Current Progresses in Phytase Research: Three-Dimensional Structure and Protein Engineering. Chem. Bio. Eng. Reviews. 2(2): 76-86. ISSN: 2196-9744. DOI: 10.1002/cben.201400026. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Chen</surname>
							<given-names>C.C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cheng</surname>
							<given-names>K.J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ko</surname>
							<given-names>T.P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Guo</surname>
							<given-names>R.T.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Current Progresses in Phytase Research: Three-Dimensional Structure and Protein Engineering</article-title>
					<source>Chem. Bio. Eng. Reviews</source>
					<volume>2</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>76</fpage>
					<lpage>86</lpage>
					<issn>2196-9744</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/cben.201400026</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B12">
				<mixed-citation>Cheng, L., Duan, S., Feng, X., Zheng, K., Yang, Q. &amp; Liu, Z. 2016. Purification and Characterization of a Thermostable β-Mannanase from <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> BE-91: Potential Application in Inflammatory Diseases. BioMed. Res. Int. 2016(6380147): 1-7. ISSN: 2314-6141. DOI: 10.1155/2016/6380147.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Cheng</surname>
							<given-names>L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Duan</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Feng</surname>
							<given-names>X.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zheng</surname>
							<given-names>K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yang</surname>
							<given-names>Q.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Liu</surname>
							<given-names>Z.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Purification and Characterization of a Thermostable β-Mannanase from Bacillus subtilis BE-91: Potential Application in Inflammatory Diseases</article-title>
					<source>BioMed. Res. Int.</source>
					<volume>2016</volume>
					<issue>6380147</issue>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>7</lpage>
					<issn>2314-6141</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1155/2016/6380147</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B13">
				<mixed-citation>Cortes, C. A., Águila, S. R. &amp; Ávila, G.E. 2002. La utilización de enzimas como aditivos en dietas para pollos de engorda. Vet. Méx.33(1): 1-9. ISSN: 0301-5092. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Cortes</surname>
							<given-names>C. A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Águila</surname>
							<given-names>S. R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ávila</surname>
							<given-names>G.E.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2002</year>
					<article-title>La utilización de enzimas como aditivos en dietas para pollos de engorda</article-title>
					<source>Vet. Méx.</source>
					<volume>33</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>9</lpage>
					<issn>0301-5092</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B14">
				<mixed-citation>Dudley-Cash, B. 2014. La respuesta de las aves a las enzimas NSP varían. Selecciones. Avícolas. 56(1): 16-18. ISSN: 0210-0541. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://seleccionesavicolas.com/pdf-files/2014/1/016-018-Alimentacion-Respuesta-aves-enzimas-NSP-Dudley-Cash-SA201401.pdf">https://seleccionesavicolas.com/pdf-files/2014/1/016-018-Alimentacion-Respuesta-aves-enzimas-NSP-Dudley-Cash-SA201401.pdf</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Dudley-Cash</surname>
							<given-names>B.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>La respuesta de las aves a las enzimas NSP varían</article-title>
					<source>Selecciones. Avícolas</source>
					<volume>56</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>16</fpage>
					<lpage>18</lpage>
					<issn>0210-0541</issn>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://seleccionesavicolas.com/pdf-files/2014/1/016-018-Alimentacion-Respuesta-aves-enzimas-NSP-Dudley-Cash-SA201401.pdf">https://seleccionesavicolas.com/pdf-files/2014/1/016-018-Alimentacion-Respuesta-aves-enzimas-NSP-Dudley-Cash-SA201401.pdf</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B15">
				<mixed-citation>Fadel, M., Abeer, A., Keera, A., Shadia, M. &amp; Kahil, T. 2014. Clean Production of Xilanase from white corn flour by <italic>Aspergillus fumigatus</italic> F-993 under Solid State Fermentation. World Appl. Sci. J. 29(3): 326-336. ISSN 1991-6426. DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2014.29.03.13848.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Fadel</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Abeer</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Keera</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Shadia</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kahil</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Clean Production of Xilanase from white corn flour by Aspergillus fumigatus F-993 under Solid State Fermentation</article-title>
					<source>World Appl. Sci. J.</source>
					<volume>29</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>326</fpage>
					<lpage>336</lpage>
					<issn>1991-6426</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5829/idosi.wasj.2014.29.03.13848</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B16">
				<mixed-citation>Fernández, J.I. &amp; Sánchez, D.G. 2011. Polisacáridos no amiláceos y complejos multienzimáticos; como mejorar el valor nutricional de los piensos. Selecciones Avícolas. 53(10): 19-22. ISSN: 0210-0541. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://seleccionesavicolas.com/pdf-files/2011/10/6309-polisacaridos-no-amilaceos-y-complejos-multienzimaticos-como-mejorar-el-valor-nutricional-del-pienso.pdf">https://seleccionesavicolas.com/pdf-files/2011/10/6309-polisacaridos-no-amilaceos-y-complejos-multienzimaticos-como-mejorar-el-valor-nutricional-del-pienso.pdf</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Fernández</surname>
							<given-names>J.I.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sánchez</surname>
							<given-names>D.G.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2011</year>
					<article-title>Polisacáridos no amiláceos y complejos multienzimáticos; como mejorar el valor nutricional de los piensos</article-title>
					<source>Selecciones Avícolas</source>
					<volume>53</volume>
					<issue>10</issue>
					<fpage>19</fpage>
					<lpage>22</lpage>
					<issn>0210-0541</issn>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://seleccionesavicolas.com/pdf-files/2011/10/6309-polisacaridos-no-amilaceos-y-complejos-multienzimaticos-como-mejorar-el-valor-nutricional-del-pienso.pdf">https://seleccionesavicolas.com/pdf-files/2011/10/6309-polisacaridos-no-amilaceos-y-complejos-multienzimaticos-como-mejorar-el-valor-nutricional-del-pienso.pdf</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B17">
				<mixed-citation>Ferreira, H.C., Hannas, M.I., Albino, L.F.T., Rostagno, H.S., Neme, R., Faria, B.D., Xavier, M.L. &amp; Rennó, L.N. 2016. Effect of the addition of β-mannanase on the performance, metabolizable energy, amino acid digestibility coefficients, and inmune functions of broilers fed different nutritional levels. Poultry Sci. 95(8):1848-1857.ISSN: 0032-5791. DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew076.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ferreira</surname>
							<given-names>H.C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hannas</surname>
							<given-names>M.I.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Albino</surname>
							<given-names>L.F.T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rostagno</surname>
							<given-names>H.S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Neme</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Faria</surname>
							<given-names>B.D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Xavier</surname>
							<given-names>M.L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rennó</surname>
							<given-names>L.N.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Effect of the addition of β-mannanase on the performance, metabolizable energy, amino acid digestibility coefficients, and inmune functions of broilers fed different nutritional levels</article-title>
					<source>Poultry Sci.</source>
					<volume>95</volume>
					<issue>8</issue>
					<fpage>1848</fpage>
					<lpage>1857</lpage>
					<issn>0032-5791</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3382/ps/pew076</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B18">
				<mixed-citation>García, M. 2000. Evaluación de complejos enzimáticos en alimentación de pollos de engorde. PhD Thesis Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, España.<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://oa.upm.es/837/1/02200009.pdf">http://oa.upm.es/837/1/02200009.pdf</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="thesis">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>García</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2000</year>
					<source>Evaluación de complejos enzimáticos en alimentación de pollos de engorde</source>
					<comment content-type="degree">PhD Thesis</comment>
					<publisher-name>Universidad Politécnica de Madrid</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>España</publisher-loc>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://oa.upm.es/837/1/02200009.pdf">http://oa.upm.es/837/1/02200009.pdf</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B19">
				<mixed-citation>Garg, S. 2016. Xylanase: Applications in Biofuel Production. Curr. Metabolomics. 4(1):23-37. ISSN: 2213-2368. DOI: 10.2174/2213235X03666150915211224. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Garg</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Xylanase: Applications in Biofuel Production</article-title>
					<source>Curr. Metabolomics</source>
					<volume>4</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>23</fpage>
					<lpage>37</lpage>
					<issn>2213-2368</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2174/2213235X03666150915211224</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B20">
				<mixed-citation>Garg, N., Mahatman, K.K. &amp; Kumar, A. 2010. Xylanase: Applications and Biotechnological Aspects. Lambert Academic Publishing, AG &amp;Co. KG, Koln, Germany. p.60. ISBN 978-3-8383-7504-5.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Garg</surname>
							<given-names>N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mahatman</surname>
							<given-names>K.K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kumar</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2010</year>
					<source>Xylanase: Applications and Biotechnological Aspects</source>
					<publisher-name>Lambert Academic Publishing, AG &amp;Co. KG</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>Koln, Germany</publisher-loc>
					<fpage>60</fpage>
					<lpage>60</lpage>
					<isbn>978-3-8383-7504-5</isbn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B21">
				<mixed-citation>González, E. 2004. Utilización de enzimas fibrolíticas en cabras lecheras. Evaluación de su actividad y características fermentativas <italic>in vitro</italic>. PhD Thesis. Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, España. ISBN: 8468877581.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="thesis">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>González</surname>
							<given-names>E.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2004</year>
					<source>Utilización de enzimas fibrolíticas en cabras lecheras. Evaluación de su actividad y características fermentativas in vitro</source>
					<comment content-type="degree">PhD Thesis</comment>
					<publisher-name>Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>Barcelona, España</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-loc>Barcelona, España</publisher-loc>
					<isbn>8468877581</isbn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B22">
				<mixed-citation>Graham, H. &amp; Bedford, M. 2007. Using enzymes to improve energy utilization in animal feeds. In: Proceedings of the 15th Annual ASA-IM Southeast Asian Feed Techn. and Nutrition Workshop, Conrad Bali Resort. Indonesia. pp 1-5. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="confproc">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Graham</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bedford</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2007</year>
					<source>Using enzymes to improve energy utilization in animal feeds</source>
					<conf-name>15thAnnual ASA-IM Southeast Asian Feed Techn. and Nutrition Workshop</conf-name>
					<conf-sponsor>Conrad Bali Resort</conf-sponsor>
					<conf-loc>Indonesia</conf-loc>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>5</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B23">
				<mixed-citation>Graham, H., Lowgren, W., Petterson, D. &amp; Aman, P. 1988. Effects of enzyme supplementation on digestion of a barley/ pollard-based pig diet. Nutr. Rep. Int. 38 (5): 1073-1079. ISSN: 0029-6635. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Graham</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lowgren</surname>
							<given-names>W.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Petterson</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Aman</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1988</year>
					<article-title>Effects of enzyme supplementation on digestion of a barley/ pollard-based pig diet</article-title>
					<source>Nutr. Rep. Int.</source>
					<volume>38</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>1073</fpage>
					<lpage>1079</lpage>
					<issn>0029-6635</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B24">
				<mixed-citation>Gray, J. 2006. Definiciones. In: Fibra dietética definición, análisis, fisiología y salud. Edición Original. International Life Science Institute (ILSI). Bruselas. Bélgica, p 5-13. ISBN: 90-78637-03-X.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Gray</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2006</year>
					<chapter-title>Definiciones</chapter-title>
					<source>Fibra dietética definición, análisis, fisiología y salud</source>
					<edition>Edición Original</edition>
					<publisher-name>International Life Science Institute (ILSI)</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>Bruselas. Bélgica</publisher-loc>
					<fpage>5</fpage>
					<lpage>13</lpage>
					<isbn>90-78637-03-X</isbn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B25">
				<mixed-citation>Gutiérrez, C.L.C., Mendoza, E.G.D., Ricalde, R., Melgoza, M.L.M. &amp; Plata, F. 2005. Effects of storage time and processing temperature of grains with added amylolytic enzymes on <italic>in situ</italic> ruminal starch digestion. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 27(1):39-40. ISSN: 0971-2119. DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2005.9706534</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Gutiérrez</surname>
							<given-names>C.L.C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mendoza</surname>
							<given-names>E.G.D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ricalde</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Melgoza</surname>
							<given-names>M.L.M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Plata</surname>
							<given-names>F.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2005</year>
					<article-title>Effects of storage time and processing temperature of grains with added amylolytic enzymes on in situ ruminal starch digestion</article-title>
					<source>J. Appl. Anim. Res.</source>
					<volume>27</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>39</fpage>
					<lpage>40</lpage>
					<issn>0971-2119</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/09712119.2005.9706534</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B26">
				<mixed-citation>Helianti, I., Ulfah, M., Nurhayati, N., Suhendar, D., Nurhayati, N., Suhendar, D., Kusuma, A. &amp; Krisna, A. 2016. Production of Xylanase by Recombinant <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> DB104 Cultivated in Agroindustrial Waste Medium. HAYATI J. Biosci. .23(3):125-131. ISSN: 2086-4094. DOI: 10.1016/j.hjb.2016.07.002</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Helianti</surname>
							<given-names>I.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ulfah</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nurhayati</surname>
							<given-names>N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Suhendar</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Nurhayati</surname>
							<given-names>N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Suhendar</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kusuma</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Krisna</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Production of Xylanase by Recombinant Bacillus subtilis DB104 Cultivated in Agroindustrial Waste Medium</article-title>
					<source>HAYATI J. Biosci.</source>
					<volume>23</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>125</fpage>
					<lpage>131</lpage>
					<issn>2086-4094</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.hjb.2016.07.002</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B27">
				<mixed-citation>Ho, H.L. 2015. Xylanase production by <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> using carbon source of inexpensive agricultural wastes in two different approaches of Submerged Fermentation (SmF) and Solid State Fermentation (SsF). J. Food Process Technol. 6(4): 1-9. ISSN: 2157-7110. DOI: 10.4172/2157-7110.1000437.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ho</surname>
							<given-names>H.L.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Xylanase production by Bacillus subtilis using carbon source of inexpensive agricultural wastes in two different approaches of Submerged Fermentation (SmF) and Solid State Fermentation (SsF)</article-title>
					<source>J. Food Process Technol.</source>
					<volume>6</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>9</lpage>
					<issn>2157-7110</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4172/2157-7110.1000437</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B28">
				<mixed-citation>Humer, E., Schwarz, C., &amp; Schedle, K. 2015. Phytate in pig and poultry nutrition. J. Anim. Physiol. an N. 99(4): 605-625. ISSN: 1439-0396. DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12258</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Humer</surname>
							<given-names>E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schwarz</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schedle</surname>
							<given-names>K.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Phytate in pig and poultry nutrition</article-title>
					<source>J. Anim. Physiol. an N.</source>
					<volume>99</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>605</fpage>
					<lpage>625</lpage>
					<issn>1439-0396</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/jpn.12258</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B29">
				<mixed-citation>Ingelmann, C.J., Witzig, M., Möhring, J., Schollenberger, M., Kühn, I., &amp; Rodehutscord, M. 2018. Phytate degradation and phosphorus digestibility in broilers and turkeys fed different corn sources with or without added phytase. Poultry Sci. , 98(2): 912-922. ISSN: 0032-5791. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey438</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ingelmann</surname>
							<given-names>C.J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Witzig</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Möhring</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Schollenberger</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kühn</surname>
							<given-names>I.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rodehutscord</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>Phytate degradation and phosphorus digestibility in broilers and turkeys fed different corn sources with or without added phytase</article-title>
					<source>Poultry Sci.</source>
					<volume>98</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>912</fpage>
					<lpage>922</lpage>
					<issn>0032-5791</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3382/ps/pey438</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B30">
				<mixed-citation>Imran, M., Pasha, N., Akram, S.M., Mehmood, K. &amp; Sabir, A.J. 2014. Effect of ß-Mannanase on Broilers Performance at different dietary energy levels. Glob. Vet. 12 (5): 622-626. ISSN 1992-6197. DOI: 10.5829/idosi.gv.2014.12.05.83128. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Imran</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pasha</surname>
							<given-names>N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Akram</surname>
							<given-names>S.M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mehmood</surname>
							<given-names>K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sabir</surname>
							<given-names>A.J.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Effect of ß-Mannanase on Broilers Performance at different dietary energy levels</article-title>
					<source>Glob. Vet.</source>
					<volume>12</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>622</fpage>
					<lpage>626</lpage>
					<issn>1992-6197</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5829/idosi.gv.2014.12.05.83128</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B31">
				<mixed-citation>Kallel, F., Driss, D., Chaari, F., Zouri-Ellouzi, S., Chaabouni, M., Ghorbel, R. &amp; Chaabouni, S. E. 2016. Statistical optimization of flow-cost production of an acidic xylanase by <italic>Bacillus mojavensis</italic> UEB-FK: Its potential applications. Biocatal. Agric. Biotecnol. 5:1-10. ISSN: 1878-8181. DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2015.11.005.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kallel</surname>
							<given-names>F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Driss</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chaari</surname>
							<given-names>F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zouri-Ellouzi</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chaabouni</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ghorbel</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chaabouni</surname>
							<given-names>S. E.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Statistical optimization of flow-cost production of an acidic xylanase by Bacillus mojavensis UEB-FK: Its potential applications</article-title>
					<source>Biocatal. Agric. Biotecnol.</source>
					<volume>5</volume>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>10</lpage>
					<issn>1878-8181</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.bcab.2015.11.005</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B32">
				<mixed-citation>Kamsani, N., Salleh, M., Yahya, A. &amp; Chong, C.S. 2016. Production of lignocellulolytic enzymes by microorganisms isolated from <italic>Bulbitermes</italic> sp. termite gut in Solid-State Fermentation.Waste Biomass Valori 7(2):357-371.ISSN: 1877-265X. DOI: 10.1007/s12649-015-9453-5.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kamsani</surname>
							<given-names>N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Salleh</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yahya</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chong</surname>
							<given-names>C.S.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Production of lignocellulolytic enzymes by microorganisms isolated from Bulbitermes sp. termite gut in Solid-State Fermentation</article-title>
					<source>Waste Biomass Valori</source>
					<volume>7</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>357</fpage>
					<lpage>371</lpage>
					<issn>1877-265X</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s12649-015-9453-5</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B33">
				<mixed-citation>Karimi, K. &amp; Zhandi, M. 2015. The effect of β-mannanase and β-glucanase on small intestine morphology in male broilers fed diets containing various levels of metabolizable energy. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 43 (3): 324-329. ISSN: 0971-2119. DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2014.978770.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Karimi</surname>
							<given-names>K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zhandi</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>The effect of β-mannanase and β-glucanase on small intestine morphology in male broilers fed diets containing various levels of metabolizable energy</article-title>
					<source>J. Appl. Anim. Res.</source>
					<volume>43</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>324</fpage>
					<lpage>329</lpage>
					<issn>0971-2119</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/09712119.2014.978770</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B34">
				<mixed-citation>Khattak, F. M, Pasha, T. N., Hayat, Z. &amp; Mahmud, Z. 2006.Enzymes in poultry nutrition. J. Anim. Pl. Sci. 16(1-2): 1-7. ISSN: 2309-8694. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Khattak</surname>
							<given-names>F. M</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pasha</surname>
							<given-names>T. N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hayat</surname>
							<given-names>Z.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mahmud</surname>
							<given-names>Z.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2006</year>
					<article-title>Enzymes in poultry nutrition</article-title>
					<source>J. Anim. Pl. Sci.</source>
					<volume>16</volume>
					<issue>1-2</issue>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>7</lpage>
					<issn>2309-8694</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B35">
				<mixed-citation>Kim, M., Khan, M.M. &amp; Yoo, J.C. 2017. Antimicrobial and antioxidant peptide from <italic>Bacillus</italic> strain CBS73 isolated from Korean Food. J. Chosun Natural Sci. 10(3): 154-161. ISSN: 2005-1042. DOI: 10.13160/ricns.2017.10.3.154</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Kim</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Khan</surname>
							<given-names>M.M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Yoo</surname>
							<given-names>J.C.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Antimicrobial and antioxidant peptide from Bacillus strain CBS73 isolated from Korean Food</article-title>
					<source>J. Chosun Natural Sci.</source>
					<volume>10</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>154</fpage>
					<lpage>161</lpage>
					<issn>2005-1042</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.13160/ricns.2017.10.3.154</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B36">
				<mixed-citation>Lata Pérez, O.R. 2011. Evaluación de enzimas exógenas en la alimentación de cerdos en la etapa de crecimiento. Eng. Thesis, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Chimborazo, Riobamba, Ecuador. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="thesis">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Lata Pérez</surname>
							<given-names>O.R.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2011</year>
					<source>Evaluación de enzimas exógenas en la alimentación de cerdos en la etapa de crecimiento</source>
					<comment content-type="degree">Eng. Thesis</comment>
					<publisher-name>Escuela Superior Politécnica del Chimborazo</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>Riobamba, Ecuador</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-loc>Riobamba, Ecuador</publisher-loc>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B37">
				<mixed-citation>Maity, S., Mallik, S., Basuthakur &amp; Gupta, S. 2015. Optimization of solid state fermentation condition and characterization thermostable alpha amylase from <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> (ATCC 6633). J. Bioprocess Biotech. 5 (4): 218.ISSN: 2155-9821: DOI: 10.4172/2155-9821.1000218</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Maity</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mallik</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Basuthakur</surname>
							<given-names/>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Gupta</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Optimization of solid state fermentation condition and characterization thermostable alpha amylase from Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6633)</article-title>
					<source>J. Bioprocess Biotech.</source>
					<volume>5</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>218</fpage>
					<lpage>218</lpage>
					<issn>2155-9821</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4172/2155-9821.1000218</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B38">
				<mixed-citation>Maki, M., Leung, K. T., &amp; Qin, W. 2009. The prospects of cellulose-producing bacteria for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass. Int J. Biol. Sci. 5(5): 500-516.<italic>ISSN</italic>: 1449-2288. DOI:10.7150/ijbs.5.500.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Maki</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Leung</surname>
							<given-names>K. T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Qin</surname>
							<given-names>W.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2009</year>
					<article-title>The prospects of cellulose-producing bacteria for bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass</article-title>
					<source>Int J. Biol. Sci.</source>
					<volume>5</volume>
					<issue>5</issue>
					<fpage>500</fpage>
					<lpage>516</lpage>
					<issn>1449-2288</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7150/ijbs.5.500</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B39">
				<mixed-citation>McDonald, P., Edwards, R.A., Greenhalgh, J.F.D., Morgan, C.A., Sinclair, L.A. &amp; Wilkinson, R. G. 2011. Food additives En: Animal Nutrition. Seventh Edition. Pearson Education Ltd., Harlow, UK, p 600-602. ISBN 978-1408204238.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>McDonald</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Edwards</surname>
							<given-names>R.A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Greenhalgh</surname>
							<given-names>J.F.D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Morgan</surname>
							<given-names>C.A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sinclair</surname>
							<given-names>L.A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Wilkinson</surname>
							<given-names>R. G.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2011</year>
					<chapter-title>Food additives</chapter-title>
					<source>Animal Nutrition</source>
					<edition>Seventh Edition</edition>
					<publisher-name>Pearson Education Ltd.</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>Harlow, UK</publisher-loc>
					<fpage>600</fpage>
					<lpage>602</lpage>
					<isbn>978-1408204238</isbn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B40">
				<mixed-citation>Meima, R., Van Dijl, J.M., Holsappel, S. &amp; Bron, S. 2004. Expression systems in Bacillus. In: Protein Expression technologies: current status and future trends Edited by: Baneyx F. Horizon Scientific Press. UK p 199-252. ISBN: 0-9545232-5-3.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Meima</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Van Dijl</surname>
							<given-names>J.M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Holsappel</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bron</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2004</year>
					<chapter-title>Expression systems in Bacillus</chapter-title>
					<source>Protein Expression technologies: current status and future trends</source>
					<person-group person-group-type="editor">
						<name>
							<surname>Baneyx</surname>
							<given-names>F.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<publisher-name>Horizon Scientific Press</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>UK</publisher-loc>
					<fpage>199</fpage>
					<lpage>252</lpage>
					<isbn>0-9545232-5-3</isbn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B41">
				<mixed-citation>Milián, G., Rondón, A. J., Pérez, M., Bocourt, R., Rodríguez, M., Arteaga, F., Portilla, Y., Pérez, Y., Beruvides, A. &amp; Laurencio, M. 2017. Caracterización de cepas <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> como candidatas para la elaboración de aditivos zootécnicos. Cuban J. Agr. Sci. 51(2): 209-216. ISSN: 0034-7485.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Milián</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rondón</surname>
							<given-names>A. J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pérez</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bocourt</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rodríguez</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Arteaga</surname>
							<given-names>F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Portilla</surname>
							<given-names>Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pérez</surname>
							<given-names>Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Beruvides</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Laurencio</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Caracterización de cepas Bacillus subtilis como candidatas para la elaboración de aditivos zootécnicos</article-title>
					<source>Cuban J. Agr. Sci.</source>
					<volume>51</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>209</fpage>
					<lpage>216</lpage>
					<issn>0034-7485</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B42">
				<mixed-citation>Milián, G., Rondón, A. J., Pérez, M., Samaniego, Luz María, Riaño, J., Bocourt, R., Ranilla, M.J., Carro, M.D., Rodríguez, M. &amp; Laurencio, M. 2014. Isolation and identification of strains of <italic>Bacillus</italic> spp in diferent ecosystems, with probiotic purposes, and their use in animals. Cuban J. Agr. Sci. 48(4): 347-351.ISSN: 2079-3480.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Milián</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rondón</surname>
							<given-names>A. J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pérez</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Samaniego</surname>
							<given-names>Luz María</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Riaño</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bocourt</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ranilla</surname>
							<given-names>M.J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Carro</surname>
							<given-names>M.D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rodríguez</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Laurencio</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Isolation and identification of strains of Bacillus spp in diferent ecosystems, with probiotic purposes, and their use in animals</article-title>
					<source>Cuban J. Agr. Sci.</source>
					<volume>48</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>347</fpage>
					<lpage>351</lpage>
					<issn>2079-3480</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B43">
				<mixed-citation>Nikam, M.G., Ravinder, V., Raju, M.V.L.N., Kondal, K. &amp; Narasimha, J. 2017. Effect of dietary supplementation of Non Starch Polysaccharide hydrolyzingenzymes on performance of broilers fed diets based on guar meal, rape seed meal and cotton seed meal. Int. J. Livest. Res. 7 (2): 180-190. ISSN: 2277-1964. DOI: 10.5455/ijlr.20170209070638. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Nikam</surname>
							<given-names>M.G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ravinder</surname>
							<given-names>V.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Raju</surname>
							<given-names>M.V.L.N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kondal</surname>
							<given-names>K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Narasimha</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Effect of dietary supplementation of Non Starch Polysaccharide hydrolyzingenzymes on performance of broilers fed diets based on guar meal, rape seed meal and cotton seed meal</article-title>
					<source>Int. J. Livest. Res</source>
					<volume>7</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>180</fpage>
					<lpage>190</lpage>
					<issn>2277-1964</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5455/ijlr.20170209070638</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B44">
				<mixed-citation>Nortey, T.N., Patience, J.F., Sands, J.S. &amp; Zjlstra, RT. 2007. Xilanase supplementation improves energy digestibility of wheat by-products in grower pigs. Livest. Sci. 109 (1-3): 96-99. ISSN: 1871-1413. DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2007.01.092.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Nortey</surname>
							<given-names>T.N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Patience</surname>
							<given-names>J.F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sands</surname>
							<given-names>J.S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zjlstra</surname>
							<given-names>RT.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2007</year>
					<article-title>Xilanase supplementation improves energy digestibility of wheat by-products in grower pigs</article-title>
					<source>Livest. Sci.</source>
					<volume>109</volume>
					<issue>1-3</issue>
					<fpage>96</fpage>
					<lpage>99</lpage>
					<issn>1871-1413</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.livsci.2007.01.092</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B45">
				<mixed-citation>Pangsri, P. &amp; Pangsri, P. 2017. Mannase enzyme from <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> P2-5 with waste management. Energy Procedia .138: 343-347.ISSN: 1876-6102. DOI: 10.1016/j.egypro.2017.10.136</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Pangsri</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pangsri</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Mannase enzyme from Bacillus subtilis P2-5 with waste management</article-title>
					<source>Energy Procedia</source>
					<volume>138</volume>
					<fpage>343</fpage>
					<lpage>347</lpage>
					<issn>1876-6102</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.egypro.2017.10.136</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B46">
				<mixed-citation>Phadke, M. &amp; Momin, Z. 2015. Application of Xylanase produced by <italic>Bacillus megaterium</italic> in saccharification, juice clarification and oil extraction fromJatropha seed kernel. J. Biotechnol. Biochem. 1(2): 38-45. ISSN: 2455-264X. DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.1373571.v1. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Phadke</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Momin</surname>
							<given-names>Z.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Application of Xylanase produced by Bacillus megaterium in saccharification, juice clarification and oil extraction fromJatropha seed kernel</article-title>
					<source>J. Biotechnol. Biochem.</source>
					<volume>1</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>38</fpage>
					<lpage>45</lpage>
					<issn>2455-264X</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.6084/m9.figshare.1373571.v1</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B47">
				<mixed-citation>Plumstead, P. 2013. Developing enzymes to deliver current and future values. All About Feed. 21(6): 24-26. Disponible en: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://animalnutrition.dupont.com/fileadmin/user_upload/live/animal_nutrition/documents/open/Developing_enzymes_AAF_v21_no_6_2013.pdf">http://animalnutrition.dupont.com/fileadmin/user_upload/live/animal_nutrition/documents/open/Developing_enzymes_AAF_v21_no_6_2013.pdf</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Plumstead</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Developing enzymes to deliver current and future values</article-title>
					<source>All About Feed</source>
					<volume>21</volume>
					<issue>6</issue>
					<fpage>24</fpage>
					<lpage>26</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://animalnutrition.dupont.com/fileadmin/user_upload/live/animal_nutrition/documents/open/Developing_enzymes_AAF_v21_no_6_2013.pdf">http://animalnutrition.dupont.com/fileadmin/user_upload/live/animal_nutrition/documents/open/Developing_enzymes_AAF_v21_no_6_2013.pdf</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B48">
				<mixed-citation>Pouryafar, F.,Najafpour, G.D., Noshadi, N. &amp; Jahanshahi,M. 2015. Thermostable Alkaline Protease Production via Solid State Fermentation in a Tray Bioreactor Using <italic>Bacillus licheniformis</italic> ATCC 21424. Int. J. Environ. Res. 9(4):1127-1134. ISSN: 1735-6865. DOI: 10.22059/ijer.2015.1001. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Pouryafar</surname>
							<given-names>F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Najafpour</surname>
							<given-names>G.D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Noshadi</surname>
							<given-names>N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Jahanshahi</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Thermostable Alkaline Protease Production via Solid State Fermentation in a Tray Bioreactor Using Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 21424</article-title>
					<source>Int. J. Environ. Res.</source>
					<volume>9</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>1127</fpage>
					<lpage>1134</lpage>
					<issn>1735-6865</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22059/ijer.2015.1001</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B49">
				<mixed-citation>Ravindran, V. 2010. Aditivos en la alimentación animal: presente y futuro. En: XXVI Curso de Especialización FEDNA: Avances en Nutrición y Alimentación Animal. Rebollar, P.G., de Blas, C. &amp; Mateos, G.G. (Eds). FEDNA (Fundación Española para el Desarrollo de la Nutrición Animal). Madrid.4-5 de noviembre: 3-26. Disponible en: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://fundacionfedna.org/sites/default/files/10CAP_I.pdf">http://fundacionfedna.org/sites/default/files/10CAP_I.pdf</ext-link>. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="confproc">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Ravindran</surname>
							<given-names>V.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2010</year>
					<source>Aditivos en la alimentación animal: presente y futuro</source>
					<conf-name>XXVICurso de Especialización FEDNA: Avances en Nutrición y Alimentación Animal</conf-name>
					<person-group person-group-type="editor">
						<name>
							<surname>Rebollar</surname>
							<given-names>P.G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>de Blas</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mateos</surname>
							<given-names>G.G.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<publisher-name>FEDNA (Fundación Española para el Desarrollo de la Nutrición Animal)</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>Madrid</publisher-loc>
					<comment>4-5 de noviembre</comment>
					<fpage>3</fpage>
					<lpage>26</lpage>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://fundacionfedna.org/sites/default/files/10CAP_I.pdf">http://fundacionfedna.org/sites/default/files/10CAP_I.pdf</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B50">
				<mixed-citation>Rehman, Z.U., Aziz, T., Bhatti, S. A., Ahmad, G., Kamran, J., Umar, S., Meng, C. &amp; Ding, C. 2016. Effect of β-mannanase on the Performance and digestibility of broilers. Asian J. Anim. Vet. Adv. 11(7): 393-398. ISSN: 1683-9919. DOI: 10.3923/ajava.2016.393.398</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rehman</surname>
							<given-names>Z.U.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Aziz</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Bhatti</surname>
							<given-names>S. A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ahmad</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kamran</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Umar</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Meng</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ding</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Effect of β-mannanase on the Performance and digestibility of broilers</article-title>
					<source>Asian J. Anim. Vet. Adv.</source>
					<volume>11</volume>
					<issue>7</issue>
					<fpage>393</fpage>
					<lpage>398</lpage>
					<issn>1683-9919</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3923/ajava.2016.393.398</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B51">
				<mixed-citation>Rojo, R., Mendoza, G. D. &amp; Crosbi, M. M. 2001. Uso de amilasa termoestable de <italic>Bacillus licheniformis</italic> en la digestibilidad <italic>in vitro</italic> de almidón de sorgo y maíz. Agrociencia. 35(4): 423-427. ISSN: 1405-3195. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rojo</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mendoza</surname>
							<given-names>G. D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Crosbi</surname>
							<given-names>M. M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2001</year>
					<article-title>Uso de amilasa termoestable de Bacillus licheniformis en la digestibilidad in vitro de almidón de sorgo y maíz</article-title>
					<source>Agrociencia</source>
					<volume>35</volume>
					<issue>4</issue>
					<fpage>423</fpage>
					<lpage>427</lpage>
					<issn>1405-3195</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B52">
				<mixed-citation>Rojo-Rubio, R., Mendoza-Martínez, G. D., Montañez-Valdez, O. D., Rebollar, S., Cardoso-Jiménez, D., Hernández-Martínez, J., &amp; González-Razo, F.J. 2007. Enzimas amilolíticas exógenas en la alimentación de rumiantes. Universidad y Ciencia. 23(2): 173-182. ISSN: 0186-2979. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Rojo-Rubio</surname>
							<given-names>R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mendoza-Martínez</surname>
							<given-names>G. D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Montañez-Valdez</surname>
							<given-names>O. D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Rebollar</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Cardoso-Jiménez</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Hernández-Martínez</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>González-Razo</surname>
							<given-names>F.J.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2007</year>
					<article-title>Enzimas amilolíticas exógenas en la alimentación de rumiantes</article-title>
					<source>Universidad y Ciencia</source>
					<volume>23</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>173</fpage>
					<lpage>182</lpage>
					<issn>0186-2979</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B53">
				<mixed-citation>Salem, A.Z.M., Odongo, N. &amp; Pattanaik, A.K. 2013. Exogenous Enzymes in animal nutrition benefits and limitations. Anim. Nutr. Feed Technol. 13(3):335-336. ISSN: 0974-181X.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Salem</surname>
							<given-names>A.Z.M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Odongo</surname>
							<given-names>N.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pattanaik</surname>
							<given-names>A.K.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Exogenous Enzymes in animal nutrition benefits and limitations</article-title>
					<source>Anim. Nutr. Feed Technol.</source>
					<volume>13</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>335</fpage>
					<lpage>336</lpage>
					<issn>0974-181X</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B54">
				<mixed-citation>Selle, P.H. &amp; Ravindran, V. 2007. Microbial phytase in poultry nutition. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 135(1-2): 1-41. ISSN: 0377-8401. DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.06.010.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Selle</surname>
							<given-names>P.H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ravindran</surname>
							<given-names>V</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2007</year>
					<article-title>Microbial phytase in poultry nutition</article-title>
					<source>Anim. Feed Sci. Tech.</source>
					<volume>135</volume>
					<issue>1-2</issue>
					<fpage>1</fpage>
					<lpage>41</lpage>
					<issn>0377-8401</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2006.06.010</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B55">
				<mixed-citation>Seo, J., Park, J., Lee, J., Lee, J.H., Lee, J.J., Kam, D. K. &amp; Seo, S. 2016. Enhancement of daily gain and feed efficiency of growing heifers by dietary supplementation of β-mannanase in Hanwoo (<italic>Bos taurus coreanae</italic>). Livest. Sci. 188: 21-24. ISSN: 1871-1413. DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2016.04.001</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Seo</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Park</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lee</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lee</surname>
							<given-names>J.H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lee</surname>
							<given-names>J.J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kam</surname>
							<given-names>D. K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Seo</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Enhancement of daily gain and feed efficiency of growing heifers by dietary supplementation of β-mannanase in Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae)</article-title>
					<source>Livest. Sci.</source>
					<volume>188</volume>
					<fpage>21</fpage>
					<lpage>24</lpage>
					<issn>1871-1413</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.livsci.2016.04.001</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B56">
				<mixed-citation>Serrano, A. 2015. Tratamiento de residuos y subproductos agroindustriales mediante co-digestión anaerobia. PhD Thesis, Universidad de Córdoba, España.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="thesis">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Serrano</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<source>Tratamiento de residuos y subproductos agroindustriales mediante co-digestión anaerobia</source>
					<comment content-type="degree">PhD Thesis</comment>
					<publisher-name>Universidad de Córdoba</publisher-name>
					<publisher-loc>España</publisher-loc>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B57">
				<mixed-citation>Shanmugam, G. 2018. Characteristics of Phytase Enzyme and its Role in Animal Nutrition. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci.7(3): 1006-1013.ISSN: 2319-7706. DOI: 10.20546/ijcmas.2018.703.120.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Shanmugam</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2018</year>
					<article-title>Characteristics of Phytase Enzyme and its Role in Animal Nutrition</article-title>
					<source>Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci.</source>
					<volume>7</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>1006</fpage>
					<lpage>1013</lpage>
					<issn>2319-7706</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20546/ijcmas.2018.703.120</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B58">
				<mixed-citation>Siti-Noritaac, M., Arbakariya, A., Noor-Azlina, I. &amp; Ibrahim, C.O. 2015. Effect of β-Mannanase supplementation on the growth and apparent digestibility of red tilapia fed formulated diets containing palm kernel cake. Glob. Adv. Res. J. Agric. Sci. 4(2): 75-88. ISSN: 2315-5094.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Siti-Noritaac</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Arbakariya</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Noor-Azlina</surname>
							<given-names>I.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ibrahim</surname>
							<given-names>C.O.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Effect of β-Mannanase supplementation on the growth and apparent digestibility of red tilapia fed formulated diets containing palm kernel cake</article-title>
					<source>Glob. Adv. Res. J. Agric. Sci.</source>
					<volume>4</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>75</fpage>
					<lpage>88</lpage>
					<issn>2315-5094</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B59">
				<mixed-citation>Soto, M. F. 2015. Fitasas y la historia continúa. Selecciones avícolas . 680 (Agosto): 11-13. ISSN: 0210-0541. Disponible en: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://seleccionesavicolas.com/avicultura/2015/08/fitasas-y-la-historia-continua">https://seleccionesavicolas.com/avicultura/2015/08/fitasas-y-la-historia-continua</ext-link>
				</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Soto</surname>
							<given-names>M. F.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Fitasas y la historia continúa</article-title>
					<source>Selecciones avícolas</source>
					<volume>680</volume>
					<issue>Agosto</issue>
					<fpage>11</fpage>
					<lpage>13</lpage>
					<issn>0210-0541</issn>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://seleccionesavicolas.com/avicultura/2015/08/fitasas-y-la-historia-continua">https://seleccionesavicolas.com/avicultura/2015/08/fitasas-y-la-historia-continua</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B60">
				<mixed-citation> Souza Moura, G., Arruda, E., Lanna, T. &amp; Mattos, M. 2014. Enzymes in animal diets: benefits and advances of the last 25 years. Zootecnia.1(1): 25-35.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Souza Moura</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Arruda</surname>
							<given-names>E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lanna</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mattos</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2014</year>
					<article-title>Enzymes in animal diets: benefits and advances of the last 25 years</article-title>
					<source>Zootecnia</source>
					<volume>1</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>25</fpage>
					<lpage>35</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B61">
				<mixed-citation>Sugumaran, K.R., Kumar, B.K., Mahalakshmi, M. &amp; Ponnusami, V. 2013. Cassava bagasse-Low cost substrate for thermotolerant xylanase production using <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic>. Int. J. ChemTech. Res. 5(1): 394-400. ISSN: 0974-4290</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Sugumaran</surname>
							<given-names>K.R.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kumar</surname>
							<given-names>B.K.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Mahalakshmi</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ponnusami</surname>
							<given-names>V.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2013</year>
					<article-title>Cassava bagasse-Low cost substrate for thermotolerant xylanase production using Bacillus subtilis</article-title>
					<source>Int. J. ChemTech. Res.</source>
					<volume>5</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>394</fpage>
					<lpage>400</lpage>
					<issn>0974-4290</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B62">
				<mixed-citation>Sun, Q., Liu, D., Guo, S., Chen, Y. &amp; Guo, Y. 2015. Effects of dietary essential oil and enzyme supplementation on growth performance and gut health of broilers challenged by <italic>Clostridium perfringens</italic>. Anim. Feed Sci. Tech. 207: 234-244. ISSN: 0377-8401. DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.06.021</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Sun</surname>
							<given-names>Q.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Liu</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Guo</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Chen</surname>
							<given-names>Y.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Guo</surname>
							<given-names>Y.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Effects of dietary essential oil and enzyme supplementation on growth performance and gut health of broilers challenged by Clostridium perfringens</article-title>
					<source>Anim. Feed Sci. Tech.</source>
					<volume>207</volume>
					<fpage>234</fpage>
					<lpage>244</lpage>
					<issn>0377-8401</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.06.021</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B63">
				<mixed-citation>Trejo, T., Zepeda, A., Franco, J., Soto, S., Ojeda, D. &amp; Ayala, M. 2017. Uso de extracto enzimático de <italic>Pleurotus ostretus</italic> sobre los parámetros productivos de cabras. Abanico vet. 7(2):14-21. ISSN: 2448-6132. DOI: 10.21929/abavet2017.72.1.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Trejo</surname>
							<given-names>T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zepeda</surname>
							<given-names>A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Franco</surname>
							<given-names>J.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Soto</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ojeda</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ayala</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Uso de extracto enzimático de Pleurotus ostretus sobre los parámetros productivos de cabras</article-title>
					<source>Abanico vet.</source>
					<volume>7</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>14</fpage>
					<lpage>21</lpage>
					<issn>2448-6132</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.21929/abavet2017.72.1</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B64">
				<mixed-citation>Upadhaya, S.D., Park, J. W., Lee, J. H. &amp; Kim, I.H. 2016. Efficacy of β-mannanase supplementation to corn-soya bean meal-based diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood urea nitrogen, faecal coliform and lactic acid bacteria and faecal noxious gas emission in growing pigs. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 70(1): 33-43. ISSN: 1477-2817. DOI: 10.1080/1745039X.2015.1117697.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Upadhaya</surname>
							<given-names>S.D.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Park</surname>
							<given-names>J. W.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Lee</surname>
							<given-names>J. H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Kim</surname>
							<given-names>I.H.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Efficacy of β-mannanase supplementation to corn-soya bean meal-based diets on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood urea nitrogen, faecal coliform and lactic acid bacteria and faecal noxious gas emission in growing pigs</article-title>
					<source>Arch. Anim. Nutr.</source>
					<volume>70</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>33</fpage>
					<lpage>43</lpage>
					<issn>1477-2817</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1080/1745039X.2015.1117697</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B65">
				<mixed-citation>Willians, P.E.V., Geraert, P.A., Uzu, G &amp; Annison, G. 1997. Factors affecting non-starch polysaccharide digestibility in poultry. In: Morand-Fehr, P. (ed). Feed manufacturing in Southern Europe: New challenges. Zaragoza: CIHEAM, p. 125-134. (Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes; n. 26). ISSN: 1022-1379. South European Feed Manufacturers Conference, 1996/05/09-11, Reus (Spain). <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://om.ciheam.org/om/pdf/c26/97605979.pdf">http://om.ciheam.org/om/pdf/c26/97605979.pdf</ext-link>. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Willians</surname>
							<given-names>P.E.V.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Geraert</surname>
							<given-names>P.A.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Uzu</surname>
							<given-names>G</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Annison</surname>
							<given-names>G.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>1997</year>
					<chapter-title>Factors affecting non-starch polysaccharide digestibility in poultry</chapter-title>
					<person-group person-group-type="editor">
						<name>
							<surname>Morand-Fehr</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<source>Feed manufacturing in Southern Europe: New challenges</source>
					<publisher-loc>Zaragoza</publisher-loc>
					<publisher-name>CIHEAM</publisher-name>
					<fpage>125</fpage>
					<lpage>134</lpage>
					<comment>(Cahiers Options Méditerranéennes; n. 26)</comment>
					<issn>1022-1379</issn>
					<comment>South European Feed Manufacturers Conference, 1996/05/09-11, Reus (Spain)</comment>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://om.ciheam.org/om/pdf/c26/97605979.pdf">http://om.ciheam.org/om/pdf/c26/97605979.pdf</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B66">
				<mixed-citation>Yamabhai, M., Sak-Ubol, S., Srila, W. &amp; Haltrich, D. 2016. Mannan biotechnology: from biofuels to health. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 36(1): 32-42. ISSN: 1549-7801. DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2014.923372. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Yamabhai</surname>
							<given-names>M.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sak-Ubol</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Srila</surname>
							<given-names>W.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Haltrich</surname>
							<given-names>D.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2016</year>
					<article-title>Mannan biotechnology: from biofuels to health</article-title>
					<source>Crit. Rev. Biotechnol.</source>
					<volume>36</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>32</fpage>
					<lpage>42</lpage>
					<issn>1549-7801</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3109/07388551.2014.923372</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B67">
				<mixed-citation>Zhang, H. &amp; Qing, S. 2015. Production and extraction optimization of xylanase an β-mannanase by <italic>Penicillium chrysogenum</italic> QML-2 and primary application in saccharification of corn cob. Biochem. Eng. J. 97: 101-110. ISSN: 1369-703X. DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.02.014</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Zhang</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Qing</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2015</year>
					<article-title>Production and extraction optimization of xylanase an β-mannanase by Penicillium chrysogenum QML-2 and primary application in saccharification of corn cob</article-title>
					<source>Biochem. Eng. J.</source>
					<volume>97</volume>
					<fpage>101</fpage>
					<lpage>110</lpage>
					<issn>1369-703X</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.bej.2015.02.014</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B68">
				<mixed-citation>Zhang, H., Sang, Q. &amp; Zhang, W., 2012. Statistical optimization of cellulose production by <italic>Penicillium chrysogenum</italic> QML-2 under solid-state fermentation and primary application to chitosan hydrolysis. World J. Microbial Biotecnol. 28(3): 1163-1174. ISSN: 1573-0972. DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-0919-8.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Zhang</surname>
							<given-names>H.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Sang</surname>
							<given-names>Q.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Zhang</surname>
							<given-names>W.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2012</year>
					<article-title>Statistical optimization of cellulose production by Penicillium chrysogenum QML-2 under solid-state fermentation and primary application to chitosan hydrolysis</article-title>
					<source>World J. Microbial Biotecnol.</source>
					<volume>28</volume>
					<issue>3</issue>
					<fpage>1163</fpage>
					<lpage>1174</lpage>
					<issn>1573-0972</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s11274-011-0919-8</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B69">
				<mixed-citation>Zuluaga, L.V., Padilla, B.E., Aguilera, C., Ocampo, J.L. &amp; Acuña, J.C. 2017. Remoción de sedimentos en extractos de café mediante hidrólisis enzimática con una mananasa de <italic>Hypothenemus hampei</italic>. Cenicafé, 68 (2):90-98. ISSN: 0120-0275. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Zuluaga</surname>
							<given-names>L.V.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Padilla</surname>
							<given-names>B.E.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Aguilera</surname>
							<given-names>C.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Ocampo</surname>
							<given-names>J.L.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Acuña</surname>
							<given-names>J.C.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Remoción de sedimentos en extractos de café mediante hidrólisis enzimática con una mananasa de Hypothenemus hampei</article-title>
					<source>Cenicafé</source>
					<volume>68</volume>
					<issue>2</issue>
					<fpage>90</fpage>
					<lpage>98</lpage>
					<issn>0120-0275</issn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="es">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>ARTÍCULO DE REVISIÓN</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Los aditivos enzimáticos, su aplicación en la crianza animal</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Valdivia</surname>
						<given-names>Aymara L.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Matos</surname>
						<given-names>Madyu M.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Rodríguez</surname>
						<given-names>Zoraya</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Pérez</surname>
						<given-names>Y.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Rubio</surname>
						<given-names>Yasmary</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Vega</surname>
						<given-names>J.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"><sup>3</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Centro de Estudios Biotecnológicos, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Matanzas. Autopista Varadero km 3 ½, Matanzas, Cuba.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff5">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Departamento de Fisiología y Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciencia Animal. Apartado Postal 24, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff6">
				<label>3</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Matanzas. Cuba.</institution>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>*</label>Email: <email>aymara.valdivia@umcc.cu</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>RESUMEN</title>
				<p>La producción animal en los últimos años ha estado marcada por el incremento de los precios de las materias primas que se emplean en la alimentación. Para enfrentar esta situación, el reto está en lograr mejor aprovechamiento de las dietas que se suministran a los animales. Con este propósito, entre las estrategias más usadas en el mundo se encuentra el empleo de aditivos enzimáticos, que se obtienen por fermentación sumergida o por fermentación en fase sólida, a partir de bacterias u hongos. Entre las enzimas hidrolíticas que se utilizan en la suplementación de las especies monogástricas, se destacan las que participan en la degradación de los factores antinutricionales, como los polisacáridos no amiláceos (PNA). Su empleo incrementa la digestibilidad de los alimentos, mejora su calidad y aprovechamiento, y favorece la degradación de compuestos que interfieren en la digestión y utilización de nutrientes. La aplicación de estos productos tiene repercusión positiva en los indicadores productivos y de salud en aves y cerdos, pero la efectividad de su uso depende, entre otros factores, de la composición y calidad de la dieta Este artículo tiene como objetivo proveer información científica actualizada sobre la obtención de las enzimas hidrolíticas y su uso en la alimentación de las especies monogástricas.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd><italic>alimentación animal</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>enzimas hidrolíticas</italic></kwd>
				<kwd><italic>polisacáridos no amiláceos</italic></kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>INTRODUCCIÓN</title>
				<p>En la crianza animal, la alimentación constituye una de las actividades más importantes y costosas. Este hecho posee relevancia especial, si se tiene en cuenta el incremento en los últimos años, del precio de las materias primas usadas para este propósito. Por estas razones, la búsqueda de alternativas que permitan la incorporación de nuevos subproductos así como el aprovechamiento eficiente del valor nutricional de los alimentos que se emplean, representa una prioridad para la ciencia animal. </p>
				<p>El uso de aditivos zootécnicos es una de las estrategias empleadas para mejorar el rendimiento productivo de los animales y disminuir los costos de producción (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Carro <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>). En esta categoría se incluyen los probióticos, los prebióticos, los extractos vegetales y los preparados enzimáticos. El empleo de este último grupo en dietas convencionales y alternativas en diferentes especies, permite mejorar los indicadores productivos y la salud de los animales que se suplementan (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Ferreira <italic>et al. ,</italic>2016</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">Yamabhai et al., 2016</xref>). </p>
				<p>Este artículo tiene como objetivo proveer información científica actualizada sobre la obtención de las enzimas hidrolíticas y su uso en la alimentación de las especies monogástricas.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>ADITIVOS ENZIMÁTICOS</title>
				<p>Las enzimas son proteínas con actividad catalítica que poseen extraordinaria eficiencia y especificidad, cuya función es catalizar las reacciones químicas que ocurren en las células vivas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Garg 2016</xref>). El incremento de las investigaciones relacionadas con la tecnología enzimática permite que las aplicaciones de estas proteínas se extiendan a diferentes campos como las industrias productoras de etanol, detergentes, papel, entre otros productos, así como en la alimentación animal. </p>
				<p>Se consideran enzimas exógenas aquellas que no pertenecen al sistema digestivo de los animales, por lo que deben ser incorporadas a las dietas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Rojo <italic>et al.,</italic> 2007</xref>). El uso de estas proteínas en la alimentación animal se informó por primera vez en 1925 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bedford 2018</xref>). Durante la década del 50, se realizaron estudios encaminados a evaluar la adición de las mismas a raciones para las aves. Los resultados que se alcanzaron fueron variables y, generalmente, con escasa respuesta productiva (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Brenes 1992</xref>). </p>
				<p>En los años 80, se inició el uso de estos aditivos en la alimentación animal. Los países pioneros en su aplicación fueron los escandinavos, Gran Bretaña, Canadá y de forma muy particular, España (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Brufau 2014</xref>). Estas proteínas se usaron inicialmente en países productores de trigo y cebada, actualmente su aplicación se extiende a otros granos, como el maíz, la soya y el sorgo. Los beneficios del empleo de esta tecnología en las dietas animales se asocian con la mejora del rendimiento y la disminución de los costos de crianza (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Souza <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>). </p>
				<p>En las últimas décadas, el uso de las enzimas se amplió, de manera que 200 millones de toneladas de alimentos para cerdos y aves se suplementan con estos productos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Graham y Bedford 2007</xref>). Para el año 2019, se estima que el valor del mercado de enzimas para la producción animal alcanzará los 1280 millones de dólares, con tasa de crecimiento del 7.6% para el período entre 2014-2019 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Brufau 2014</xref>).</p>
				<p>Los aditivos enzimáticos pueden ejercer sus efectos a través de acciones directas en los alimentos, antes de que sean consumidos o a partir de modificaciones de los procesos digestivos de los animales en los que se aplican (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Carro <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref>). Generalmente, su empleo está encaminado a la solución de dos problemas fundamentales: mejorar la disponibilidad de polisacáridos, lípidos y proteínas, los cuales se encuentran protegidos de las enzimas digestivas por estructuras impermeables de la pared celular de las plantas, y degradar materiales que interfieren en la digestión, absorción y utilización de nutrientes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">McDonald <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>).</p>
				<p>Su aplicación facilita la mejor utilización de los nutrientes en el pienso y hace posible el uso de ingredientes de menor calidad, materias primas alternativas y subproductos. También se emplean con la finalidad de mejorar la digestibilidad total de las dietas, aumentar la digestibilidad de determinados nutrientes, complementar la actividad de las enzimas endógenas producidas por el animal, especialmente en cerdos y aves jóvenes, así como reducir la excreción de ciertos compuestos como el fósforo y el nitrógeno (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Cortés <italic>et al.</italic> 2002</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Carro <italic>et al.,</italic> 2006</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Fernández y González 2011</xref>).</p>
				<p>En este análisis se debe tener en cuenta que los procesos digestivos en los animales no son completamente eficientes. Los cerdos y las aves no pueden digerir del 15 - 25% del alimento que consumen, ya que este contiene factores antinutricionales indigestibles, que interfieren en los procesos digestivos. Además, los animales no poseen enzimas específicas que rompan ciertos componentes de los alimentos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bedford y Partridge 2010</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>FACTORES ANTINUTRICIONALES</title>
				<p>Polisacáridos no amiláceos (PNA). Los PNA constituyen los principales componentes de las paredes de las células vegetales. Entre ellos se incluyen la celulosa, las hemicelulosas, las pectinas, β-glucanos y otros polisacáridos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Gray, 2006</xref>). Los arabinoxilanos son los PNA mayoritarios en el trigo, el centeno y el triticale, mientras que los β-glucanos son los más abundantes en la cebada y la avena. En otros ingredientes del pienso, como la soya, el girasol o la colza, aparecen, en menor cantidad, pero con marcado efecto antinutricional, otros tipos de PNA como los β-galactósidos y los β-galactomananos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Fernández y González, 2011</xref>).</p>
				<p>Los PNA se clasifican en solubles e insolubles (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Lata 2011</xref>). Estos compuestos constituyen una barrera para la acción de las enzimas hidrolíticas, al retener el resto de los nutrientes en las células del endospermo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B65">Willians <italic>et al.,</italic> 1997</xref>). Además, su presencia se relaciona con incremento de la viscosidad de la digesta, menor digestibilidad de las grasas, las proteínas y los carbohidratos y disminución de la actividad de las enzimas endógenas, al provocar reducción del contacto entre estas proteínas y los nutrientes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Nikam <italic>et al.,</italic> 2017</xref>).</p>
				<p>El exceso de estos compuestos en la dieta puede causar cambios en la microflora del tracto gastrointestinal. En aves alimentadas con altos contenidos de estas macromoléculas, se observó gran cantidad de bacterias anaerobias, lo que puede estar asociado al aumento de la viscosidad intestinal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Dudley-Cash 2014</xref>). </p>
				<p>La inclusión de alimentos ricos en PNA en dietas para pollos de engorde puede ocasionar menor rendimiento en los indicadores productivos de los animales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alba 2013</xref>). En el caso de los cerdos, se conoce que el empleo de dietas en las que se utilizan subproductos del trigo, con altos niveles de estos polisacáridos reduce la digestibilidad de los nutrientes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Nortey <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>). </p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">García (2000)</xref> analizó la efectividad de varios métodos aplicados, con la finalidad de incrementar el valor nutritivo de los cereales ricos en PNA. Este autor recomendó como la posibilidad más extendida en la práctica, por su eficacia y facilidad, la adición de enzimas de origen microbiano con actividad β-glucanásica y xilanásica, que permiten la ruptura de β-glucanos y xilanos, respectivamente, y evitan los inconvenientes que se derivan de la presencia de dichos compuestos.</p>
				<p><italic>Ácido fítico y fitatos.</italic> El ácido fítico es la principal forma en la que se almacena el fósforo en las plantas. Está ampliamente distribuido en los cereales, granos de leguminosas y semillas. También se encuentra en el polen, en las raíces, tallos y hojas de las plantas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Shanmugam 2018</xref>). Representa más del 70% del contenido de fósforo en los cereales, principalmente en maíz y trigo, materias primas esenciales en la alimentación animal. Debido a que el ácido fítico es inestable en su forma ácida, se encuentra principalmente como fitatos. De esta manera forma complejos, asociado con cationes de metales divalentes y con algunas proteínas y aminoácidos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Humer <italic>et al.</italic>, 2015</xref>). Los fitatos constituyen factores antinutricionales, debido a que son sales insolubles, cargadas negativamente, que limitan la disponibilidad de fósforo, minerales y proteínas, que no se pueden absorber en el tracto gastrointestinal de los monogástricos por los bajos niveles de fitasas endógenas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Chen <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref> e <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Ingelmann <italic>et al.</italic> 2019</xref>). </p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">Soto (2015)</xref> considera que los fitatos pueden reducir la activación de la enzima pepsina del estómago, responsable de la digestión de las proteínas, y pueden afectar negativamente el mecanismo por el cual los aminoácidos se absorben desde el intestino delgado.</p>
				<p>La aplicación de las enzimas fitasas en la alimentación permite eliminar los efectos antinutricionales de los fitatos e incrementa los resultados productivos de las aves. Teniendo en cuenta que las enzimas son productos naturales, biodegradables, y no tóxicos, su empleo en la nutrición de las especies monogástricas constituye una de las alternativas más promisorias para disminuir los efectos negativos de los factores antinutricionales en la crianza animal.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>FUENTES DE OBTENCIÓN DE LAS ENZIMAS</title>
				<p>La mayoría de las enzimas utilizadas en la alimentación y el procesamiento de alimentos son de origen microbiano. Estas proteínas se producen, generalmente, a partir de bacterias (<italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic>, <italic>Bacillus lentus</italic>, <italic>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</italic> y <italic>Bacillus stearothermophilus</italic>), hongos (<italic>Triochoderma longibrachiatum</italic>, <italic>Asperigillu oryzae</italic> y <italic>Asperigillus niger</italic>) y levaduras, como <italic>Sacchoromyces cerevisiae</italic> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Khattak <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>). Los hongos filamentosos, específicamente los géneros Aspergillus y Trichoderma, se han utilizado ampliamente, debido a su capacidad de secretar enzimas xilanolíticas al medio de cultivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Fadel <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>).</p>
				<p>Otros autores recomiendan la utilización de cultivos bacterianos con estos fines, y señalan que entre los factores más importantes a tener en cuenta para esta elección se encuentran la baja demanda de nutrientes de estos microorganismos para su crecimiento y sus posibilidades de desarrollo en ambientes variados. Destacan además, su capacidad para producir enzimas estables en condiciones extremas de temperatura y pH, que se podrían mantener en procesos de bioconversión, así como para incrementar las tasas de actividad enzimática, fermentación y recuperación de productos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Maki <italic>et al.,</italic> 2009</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Chakdar <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>). </p>
				<p>Entre los géneros más utilizados con este propósito se encuentra Bacillus, distribuido en diversos hábitats, y que puede sobrevivir en condiciones adversas, debido a la producción de endosporas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Kim <italic>et al</italic>. 2017</xref>). Específicamente, <italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic> es una bacteria abundante, estable, que no se considera patógena y que muestra características potenciales para su utilización en la elaboración de aditivos zootécnicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Milián <italic>et al.,</italic> 2014</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Cheng <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Milián <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>). Posee excelente capacidad fermentadora y ofrece la ventaja de secretar gran cantidad de enzimas al medio de cultivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Meima <italic>et al.,</italic> 2004</xref>), como proteasas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Akcan y Uyar 2011</xref>), amilasas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Maity <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>), mananasas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Pangsri y Pangsri 2017</xref>) y xilanasas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B61">Sugumaran <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Ho 2015</xref>).</p>
				<p>Los procesos actuales para la producción de enzimas se basan en la utilización de microorganismos modificados genéticamente. Esta metodología incrementa la capacidad productiva de la propia unidad de fermentación y evita la presencia de actividades indeseables (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Brufau 2014</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Garg 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>La mayoría de las enzimas industriales que se comercializan se producen por fermentación sumergida. Sin embargo, la fermentación en fase sólida mejora los rendimientos, facilita la separación de los productos obtenidos y disminuye los costos de producción, al utilizar materiales de desechos agrícolas para la obtención de las enzimas deseadas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B68">Zhang <italic>et al.,</italic> 2012</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Fadel <italic>et al</italic>. 2014</xref>). </p>
				<p>El empleo de estos subproductos contribuye a solucionar uno de los problemas principales de la sociedad actual, la generación de grandes volúmenes de residuos, con el consiguiente riesgo para el medio ambiente y la salud pública (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Serrano 2015</xref>). En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabla 1</xref> se muestran ejemplos de la producción de enzimas con potencialidades para su aplicación en la alimentación animal mediante el empleo de la fermentación en fase sólida y la utilización de diferentes subproductos.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t3">
						<label>Table 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Microbial production of enzymes through solid phase fermentation </title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify">Enzymes </th>
									<th align="center">Microorganisms</th>
									<th align="center">Substrata</th>
									<th align="center">Author</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Lignin peroxidase and β-Glycosidase</td>
									<td align="left"><italic>Bacillus subtilis Brevibacillus</italic> sp<italic>.</italic></td>
									<td align="left">Sawdust</td>
									<td align="left">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Kamsani <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Xylanase</td>
									<td align="left"><italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic></td>
									<td align="left">Wheat bran</td>
									<td align="left">( <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Ho <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Xylanase</td>
									<td align="left"><italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic></td>
									<td align="left">Corn</td>
									<td align="left">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Helianti <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Xylanase</td>
									<td align="left"><italic>Bacillus mojavensis</italic></td>
									<td align="left">Corn meal</td>
									<td align="left">( <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Kallel <italic>et al</italic>. 2016</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Xylanase and β-mannanase</td>
									<td align="left"><italic>Penicilium chysogenum</italic></td>
									<td align="left">Mixture of corn and wheat bran residues</td>
									<td align="left">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B67">Zhang and Qing, 2015</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">β- Mannanase</td>
									<td align="left"><italic>Bacillus subtilis</italic></td>
									<td align="left">Torta de harina de palma</td>
									<td align="left">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Siti-Noritaac <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Xylanase</td>
									<td align="left"><italic>Bacillus megaterium</italic></td>
									<td align="left">Salvado de trigo</td>
									<td align="left">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Phadke and Momin 2015</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Proteases</td>
									<td align="left"><italic>Bacillus licheniformis</italic></td>
									<td align="left">Afrecho de trigo</td>
									<td align="left">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Pouryafar <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>FACTORES QUE INFLUYEN EN LA EFECTIVIDAD DE LOS PREPARADOS ENZIMÁTICOS</title>
				<p>La efectividad de la suplementación enzimática en la nutrición animal depende de diversos factores relacionados con las características propias de las enzimas y de los animales en los que se aplican. La fuente de donde se obtienen estas proteínas, la dosis aplicada, las actividades colaterales de otras enzimas presentes, la composición de la dieta, la edad, la salud y la productividad de los animales que se suplementen pueden limitar el éxito del tratamiento empleado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Bedford y Cowieson 2012</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Salem <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>). A continuación se expone brevemente la influencia de algunos de estos factores.</p>
				<p><italic>Especie animal.</italic> Los aditivos enzimáticos se utilizan en mayor cuantía en las especies monogástricas, fundamentalmente en cerdos y aves. Las características del tracto gastrointestinal de las aves contribuyen a una respuesta más uniforme, en comparación con los cerdos. La presencia del buche les proporciona que las enzimas comiencen a actuar sobre los sustratos presentes en el pienso, antes de llegar al estómago. Durante el período de almacenamiento del alimento en este órgano, el pH es de 6.3, valor favorable para la actuación de la mayoría de estas enzimas. En los cerdos, el alimento se retiene durante un largo período en el estómago, con valores de pH más ácido que en las aves, lo que podría provocar la inactivación de las enzimas empleadas. Otro aspecto a considerar es que las aves poseen menor capacidad para fermentar la fibra que los porcinos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Graham <italic>et al.</italic> 1988</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">McDonald <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>).</p>
				<p>En los rumiantes, el uso de las enzimas en sus dietas estuvo limitado en el pasado, ya que se asumió que pueden ser inactivadas durante la actividad proteolítica del rumen. Sin embargo, durante la década pasada se demostró que las preparaciones enzimáticas pueden ser efectivas para mejorar la lactación y el crecimiento en el ganado vacuno (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Plumstead 2013</xref>).</p>
				<p><italic>Edad de los animales.</italic> El suplemento de enzimas exógenas con el alimento es más exitoso en los animales jóvenes. Estas categorías se caracterizan por poseer menor capacidad digestiva y, por lo general, no tienen desarrollado completamente su sistema de enzimas. Estudios en cerdos y aves demostraron que los beneficios de la suplementación enzimática de las dietas disminuyen con el incremento de la edad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Ravindran 2010</xref>). </p>
				<p><italic>Composición y calidad de la dieta.</italic> El uso apropiado de las enzimas en la alimentación animal requiere de la elección cuidadosa de los ingredientes de las dietas para obtener beneficios económicos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Asmare 2014</xref>). La respuesta de los animales depende de la calidad de estos ingredientes. A menor calidad, mayor será la magnitud de las mejoras obtenidas por la suplementación enzimática (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Ravindran 2010</xref>). En este caso, la calidad de la dieta depende en gran medida de su contenido de factores antinutricionales. La efectividad está relacionada también con el cereal empleado, el cultivar y nivel utilizado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Brenes 1992</xref>). Este hecho está vinculado con la especificidad de las enzimas y su afinidad por determinados sustratos.</p>
				<p>La elección del preparado enzimático utilizado se debe realizar al considerar la naturaleza del sustrato que se degradará (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Brenes, 1992</xref>). Por ejemplo, el trigo contiene arabinoxilanos que limitan la digestibilidad de sus nutrientes. Se demostró experimentalmente que esta dificultad puede disminuir con la adición de xilanasas en la dieta de las aves alimentadas con este cereal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Nortey <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>). </p>
				<p>En las especies monogástricas, también se debe considerar que en su alimentación se emplean varios ingredientes con diferentes estructuras químicas, por lo que se recomienda emplear una combinación de varias enzimas para lograr mejores resultados (Duran 1992 y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Dudley-Cash 2014</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>EFECTOS DE LOS ADITIVOS ENZIMÁTICOS EN LA PRODUCTIVIDAD Y LA SALUD ANIMAL.</title>
				<p>La inclusión de fitasas, carbohidrasas y proteasas en la dietas de monogástricos ha generado gran interés en los últimos años. El suplemento con estas enzimas repercutió positivamente en los indicadores productivos de estas especies animales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Asmare 2014</xref>).</p>
				<p>Las fitasas permiten degradar el fitato de las plantas que se usan como ingredientes en la alimentación animal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Graham y Bedford, 2007</xref>). Su uso en aves y cerdos provocó aumentos en la disponibilidad de fósforo, entre 20 y 45 % (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Ravindran 2010</xref>). Incrementó la utilización de la energía y la disponibilidad de los aminoácidos en la dieta, lo que mejoró indicadores como la conversión y la producción de carne y huevos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bedford y Partridge 2010</xref>). La incorporación de estas enzimas en las dietas de las aves contribuye a preservar el medio ambiente y prevenir la contaminación mediante la disminución de la excreción de fósforo en las heces fecales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Selle y Ravindran 2007</xref>). </p>
				<p>Las enzimas ß-mananasas hidrolizan los mananos en oligosacáridos, compuestos que tienen interés prebiótico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">Yamabhai <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B69">Zuluaga <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>). Sus efectos como promotores de la salud y el crecimiento animal se comprobaron en diferentes especies animales, como pavos, pollos y bovinos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">Yamabhai <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Seo <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>La adición de esta enzima a dietas para pollos provocó disminución en la ingestión de alimentos, que se puede atribuir a la mejora de la absorción de nutrientes relacionada con el decrecimiento de la viscosidad de la digesta y al incremento de la altura de las vellosidades en el duodeno. Este último factor indica que la absorción de nutrientes fue máxima en este órgano. También se comprobó que la suplementación con esta proteína mejoró la ganancia de peso y la conversión alimentaria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Imran <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>). Además, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Rehman <italic>et al</italic>. (2016)</xref> recomiendan valorar su empleo en esta especie animal, cuando se utilicen dietas con baja energía.</p>
				<p>La aplicación de los aditivos enzimáticos también provoca cambios en la microbiota intestinal, que pueden repercutir beneficiosamente en la salud de los animales que los consumen. Entre los mecanismos que intervienen se describe el incremento de los nutrientes liberados del hospedero, la formación de oligosacáridos fermentables, como resultado de la despolimerización de la fibra insoluble y la aceleración de la digestión que produce rápido movimiento de los carbohidratos fermentables y las proteínas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Bedford y Cowieson 2012</xref>).</p>
				<p> En el caso de los rumiantes, los aditivos enzimáticos se han empleado para mejorar la eficiencia en la utilización de los alimentos y reducir la producción de desechos en los sistemas de producción animal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">González 2004</xref>). La introducción de estas proteínas es una de las estrategias que se utilizan para incrementar la tasa de digestión del almidón y el valor energético de los granos en estas especies animales (Plata <italic>et al.</italic> 2004).</p>
				<p>La adición de xilanasa a las dietas de poligástricos mejora la digestión de los alimentos derivados de las plantas y produce compuestos que poseen valor nutricional para la flora ruminal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Garg <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref>). La aplicación de esta enzima a forrajes, combinada con la celulasas, incrementó la calidad del ensilaje y, consecuentemente, el rango de digestión de la pared celular por los rumiantes (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Garg 2016</xref>).</p>
				<p>Las mezclas de enzimas, como amilasas y celulasas, que mejoran la digestibilidad de las paredes celulares de las plantas y/o del almidón, puede aumentar la productividad del ganado bovino (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Rojo <italic>et al.</italic> 2001</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Gutiérrez <italic>et al.</italic> 2005</xref>). Otros efectos de la suplementación de enzimas en diferentes especies animales se presentan en la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabla 2</xref>.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Table 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Effect of enzymatic supplementation in different animal species</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="justify">Enzymes</th>
									<th align="center">Species</th>
									<th align="center">Effect</th>
									<th align="center">Author</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">β-mannanase</td>
									<td align="left">Poultry</td>
									<td align="left">Increase of the daily mean gain and improvement of conversion</td>
									<td align="left">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Ferreira <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">β-mannanase y β-glucanase </td>
									<td align="left">Poultry</td>
									<td align="left">Favorable morphological changes in the small intestine</td>
									<td align="left">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Karimi and Zhandi 2015</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Cellulase and xylanase </td>
									<td align="left">Goats</td>
									<td align="left">Increase of milk production and weight gain</td>
									<td align="left">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B63">Trejo <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Enzymatic additive with xylanase, glucanase and mannanase activity </td>
									<td align="left">Poultry</td>
									<td align="left">Health improvement, attenuation of growth retardation of poultry, challenged with <italic>Clostridium perfringens</italic></td>
									<td align="left">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B62">Sun <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">β-mannanase</td>
									<td align="left">Red tilapia</td>
									<td align="left">Growth improvements</td>
									<td align="left">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Siti-Noritaac <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">β-mannanase</td>
									<td align="left">Bovines</td>
									<td align="left">Increase of growth and feed efficiency</td>
									<td align="left">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B66">Seo <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">β-mannanase</td>
									<td align="left">Growing pigs</td>
									<td align="left">Reduction of the number of fecal coliforms and tendency to decrease the emission of ammonia from feces.</td>
									<td align="left">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B64">Upadhaya <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="justify">Combination of xylanase, ß-D-glucanases, cellulases, mannanases and peptinases</td>
									<td align="left">Poultry</td>
									<td align="left">Increase of yield, better food intake and food conversion improvement</td>
									<td align="left">(<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Nikam <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>)</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Se considera que el uso de los aditivos enzimáticos en la nutrición animal es una opción prometedora desde el punto de vista económico, ambiental y de sostenibilidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Asmare 2014</xref>). Además, esta práctica ofrece nuevas oportunidades en el mercado para cultivos como la canola, el girasol y el algodón, al favorecer que se aprovechen las propiedades nutricionales de estas fuentes alternativas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B60">Souza <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>).</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONSIDERACIONES GENERALES</title>
				<p>La obtención de enzimas a partir de microorganismos, con el empleo de subproductos agroindustriales como sustratos, es una estrategia que permite disminuir los costos de producción de estos aditivos. Además, propicia la utilización adecuada de materiales de desecho que, en muchas ocasiones, contribuyen a la contaminación del medio ambiente. </p>
				<p>Los aditivos enzimáticos se emplean en la nutrición de monogástricos, especialmente en aves y cerdos. Su utilización permite incrementar el uso de materias primas, en muchos casos de bajo costo, en las dietas suministradas.</p>
				<p>Aunque numerosas investigaciones avalan los resultados positivos de la aplicación de estos aditivos en el incremento de la digestibilidad de los nutrientes y el mejoramiento de los indicadores productivos de los animales suplementados, existe gran variabilidad en los mismos. Esto puede estar relacionado con la diversidad de factores que intervienen en su efectividad, entre los que se destacan los propios de las enzimas en cuestión (su estabilidad y especificidad de acción entre otros), los relacionados con los animales en los que se utilizan (especie, edad y morfofisiología del tracto gastrointestinal) y las características de las dietas que se suplementan.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>CONCLUSIONES</title>
				<p>El empleo de aditivos enzimáticos en la nutrición animal constituye una alternativa sostenible para incrementar el aprovechamiento de los nutrientes empleados, mejorar indicadores productivos durante la crianza, y facilitar la incorporación de nuevas fuentes alternativas a las raciones destinadas a los animales.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
	</sub-article>
</article>