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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cjas</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Cuban J. Agric. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2079-3480</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Ediciones ICA</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00007</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Animal Science</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Apparent digestibility of nutrients in fattening pigs (Largewhite x Duroc x Pietrain), fed with taro (<italic>Colocasia esculenta</italic> (L.) Schott) meal. Technical note</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Caicedo</surname>
						<given-names>W.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Sanchez</surname>
						<given-names>J.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Tapuy</surname>
						<given-names>A.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Vargas</surname>
						<given-names>J.C.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Samaniego</surname>
						<given-names>E.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Valle</surname>
						<given-names>S.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Moyano</surname>
						<given-names>J.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Pujupat</surname>
						<given-names>D.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, km 2 ½ vía a Napo. Pastaza, Ecuador</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Estatal Amazónica</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Estatal Amazónica</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<city>Napo</city>
						<state>Pastaza</state>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="EC">Ecuador</country>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Email: <email>orlando.caicedo@yahoo.es</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>06</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2018</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Apr-Jun</season>
				<year>2018</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>52</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>181</fpage>
			<lpage>186</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>23</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2018</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>06</day>
					<month>06</month>
					<year>2018</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>In order to determine the apparent digestibility of nutrients from taro (<italic>Colocasia esculenta</italic> (L.) Schott) tubers meal in fattening pigs, three castrated male pigs were used, product of the commercial cross (Largewhite x Duroc x Pietrain), with average live weight of 68 ± 2 kg. The animals were distributed in three treatments: T1 (control diet based on corn and soybean), T2 and T3 (inclusion of 20 and 40 % of taro meal in the diet respectively), according to the Latin square design. The mean comparison was performed with the Duncan test (P≤0.05). There was no significant difference (P&gt; 0.05) in the apparent digestibility coefficients of the dry matter (T1 86.70, T2 88.67, T3 88.77 %), organic matter (T1 90.79, 91.80, 89.90%) and crude protein (T1 92.46; T2 91.96 %; T3 91.89 %). The rectal digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and crude protein showed high utilization rates, when including 20 and 40% of taro tuberous meal in the diet, which guarantees a food of adequate nutritional characteristics for fattening pigs.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Key words:</title>
				<kwd>pig feeding</kwd>
				<kwd>use of nutrients</kwd>
				<kwd>drying</kwd>
				<kwd>taro tubers</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="4"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="23"/>
				<page-count count="6"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>At present, the intake of food and the accelerated population growth have caused the increase in the cost of raw materials used in the formulation of balanced diets for monogastric animals. Because of this situation, as regards pigs, nutritionists have had to look for other sources of food that decrease the production cost, since this represents 70 % (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Méndez <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>). The use of alternative sources in pig feeding is a very suitable strategy, since it allows obtaining viable production systems that contribute to the environment conservation, and that do not compete directly with the human diet (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Lezcano <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>).</p>
		<p>In the Republic of Ecuador, a great amount of alternative foods of vegetal origin is available, whose use is feasible for pig feeding, among which are the taro (<italic>Colocasia esculenta</italic> (L.) Schott) tubers. Taro tubers are recognized as a good source of lower cost carbohydrates with respect to cereals such as corn, sorghum or wheat, and other types of roots and tubers (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Caicedo <italic>et al.</italic>2015</xref>). In the elaboration of meals, in order to maintain their conservation, thermal processing such as drying can be applied, since these foods, due to their availability, in large volume and with little time of preservation, are not used in pig feeding adequately (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Torres-Gallo <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>).</p>
		<p>The nutritional value of a ration, food or nutrient, can be expressed through its digestibility coefficient, which is the proportion of the food that is not excreted, and that is assumed to be absorbed. The digestibility coefficient is closely related to the nutritional value of food. In fact, the amount and type of excretion of fecal material in pigs depend on several factors, among which we can mention the age, the environment, the breed and the nature of diet. Therefore, it is essential to study the use of nutrients from diets to make balanced formulations for pigs feeding (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Hossain <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>). The above serves as a basis for determining the apparent digestibility of nutrients of taro (<italic>Colocasia esculenta</italic> (L.) Schott) tubers meal in fattening pigs.</p>
		<p>The study was carried out in the Programa de Porcinos de la Universidad Estatal Amazónica (UEA) from Republic of Ecuador. The temperature recorded during the study was 26 ºC and the average relative humidity was 90 %. Three castrated male pigs were used as experimental units, product of the commercial cross (Largewhite x Duroc x Pietrain), with an average live weight of 68 ± 2 kg. The animals were dewormed and randomly housed in metabolism cages of 1.0 m x 1.6 m (1.6 m2), located in a building with concrete walls and floor to facilitate cleaning (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Zhang and Adeola 2017</xref>).</p>
		<p>To prepare the meal, taro tubers were obtained in the rural parish &quot;Teniente Hugo Ortiz&quot;, from Allishungo community, and moved to the study area. A solution with 3 % sodium hypochlorite in the water was prepared to wash the tubers for 10 min. Subsequently, they were rinsed and drained. Then, the chopped in slices and pre-drying in the sun for eight hours was carried. After drying, in an industrial rotary dryer (Burmester brand) at 70°C for two hours, it was immediately grounded in a semi-industrial mill (TRAPS brand, TRF 300G model) with a 0.25 mm mesh. The meal was packed in hermetic bags and stored until it was used. The chemical composition of meal was: 93.10 % dry matter (DM); 4.83% crude protein (CP), 93.5 % organic matter (OM), 6.50% crude fiber (CF), 4.67 % ash and 18.53 kJ g DM-1 of gross energy (GE).</p>
		<p>The treatments consisted of three experimental diets (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>): T1 (control diet based on corn and soybean); T2 and T3 (inclusion of 20 and 40 % of taro meal in the diet, respectively). All diets were fitted with 14 % crude protein and 17.84 kJ g DM-1 gross energy (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Zanfi <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>) and formulated according to the suggestions of the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">NRC (2012)</xref>.</p>
		<p>
			<table-wrap id="t1">
				<label>Table 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Composition and contribution of experimental diets</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-52-02-181-gt1.jpg"/>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<fn id="TFN1">
						<label><sup>1</sup></label>
						<p>Each kg: contains: vitamin A, 4125 U.I.; vitamin D3, 900 U.I.; vitamin E, 24.8 UI; vitamin K3, 1.80 mg; vitamin B1, 0.60 mg; vitamin B2, 1.88 mg; pantothenic acid, 9 mg; nicotinic acid, 18 mg; fólic acid, 0.180 mg; vitamin B6, 1.20 mg; vitamin B12, 0.012 mg; biotin 0.060 mg; choline, 120mg; manganese, 64 mg; copper, 7.2 mg; iron, 48 mg; zinc, 66 mg; selenium, 0.22 mg; iodine, 0.60 mg.</p>
					</fn>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
		</p>
		<p>The experiment lasted 27 d, distributed in three periods. Each one had duration of 9 d, five of adaptation to the diets and four of feces collection. The feces were collected by the method of total collection in the early hours of the morning 8:00 am (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Ly <italic>et al.</italic>2013</xref>). At the beginning of the experiment, the animals were weighed to fit the food intake, at a rate of 0.10 kg (kg/DM) LW0.75 d-1. The food was supplied in two parts: 8:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. Throughout the experiment, the pigs had free access to water (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Ly <italic>et al.</italic> 2014a</xref>).</p>
		<p>From each animal, a representative sample of 100 g of fresh excreta/d was collected, which was stored in freezing at -20 °C. The calculation of fecal output of materials was performed according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Ly <italic>et al.</italic> (2009</xref>). In addition, the digestibility of the diet (100 - % digestibility) was taken into account.</p>
		<p>In the food samples and excreta the DM, CF, ashes and CP (N x 6.25) were determined, according to the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">AOAC (2005)</xref> procedures. It was considered that the OM content was the result of subtracting 100 percent of ash. The analyzes were carried out in the Laboratorio de Química, de la Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Ecuador. For each nutrient, the analyzes were performed in triplicate. Analysis of variance was performed and the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Duncan (1955</xref>) test was applied with the statistical program Infostat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Di Rienzo <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>).</p>
		<p>As the days passed, the food was totally intake, with no rejection sign. The apparent digestibility coefficients of DM, OM and CP in pigs (Largewhite x Duroc x Pietrain) fed with taro tuberous meal in the fattening stage were high (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table 2</xref>). There were no significant differences (P&gt; 0.05) for the use of DM: T1 (86.70 %); T2 (88.67 %); T3 (88.77 %), OM (T1: 90.79 %); T2 (91.80 %); T3 (89.90 %) and CP: T1 (92.46 %); T2 (91.96 %) and T3 (91.89 %).</p>
		<p>
			<table-wrap id="t2">
				<label>Table 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Coefficients of apparent rectal digestibility of DM, OM and CP in fattening pigs diets, fed with taro tubers meal</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-52-02-181-gt2.jpg"/>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<fn id="TFN2">
						<p>There are no significant differences P&gt; 0.05 according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Duncan (1995)</xref>
						</p>
					</fn>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
		</p>
		<p>The apparent digestibility coefficients of the DM, OM and CP in fattening pig diets, which included high levels of taro rejection tubers meal, were high. This could be due to the process of chopping, drying and milling that the tubers received. For the proper use of products and byproducts of vegetable origin, different processes must be carried out, such as fermentation, cooking and drying, to optimize the use of these foods (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">López <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>).</p>
		<p>The application of these techniques allows reducing or eliminating the content of secondary metabolites of tubers and, consequently, improvements in the use of nutrients for pigs are obtained (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Caicedo <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>). On the other hand, when these foods are supplied in a natural state, they have high content of secondary metabolites, which can cause a severe irritation in the membranes of the intestinal mucosa, inhibition of digestion and absorption of proteins, which consequently affects the normal growth of animals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Martens <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>).</p>
		<p>
			<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Ly and Delgado (2005</xref>) confirm the above, when evaluating the rectal digestibility of DM and OM in pigs fed with dry taro tubers and in their natural state. These authors reported higher apparent digestibility coefficients for DM (66.90 %) and OM (76 %) in dry tubers, with respect to natural state tubers DM (31.50 %) and OM (38.30 %), respectively. Likewise, in another study on apparent rectal digestibility in pigs fed cassava root in natural state, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Ly <italic>et al.</italic> (2010)</xref> obtained utilization coefficients of DM 66 % and OM of 68.7 %, figures lower than those referred in this study.</p>
		<p>
			<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Ly <italic>et al.</italic> (2014b)</xref> state that from the point of view of the rectal digestibility of nutrients in roots and tubers, utilization coefficients higher than 85 % are obtained, when they undergo some thermal processing, when compared with tubers in their natural state, which was evident in this study. This state is equivalent to what is obtained with the productive performance traits of pigs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Caicedo 2015</xref>).</p>
		<p>
			<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Torres <italic>et al.</italic> (2013</xref>) point out that taro tubers have a very small starch, about 5 μm, and have lateral branches (amylopectin). This favors the fluidity of water through the internal spaces of the polymers of the starch and benefits its solubility. When the starch granules hydrate, they cause an increase in their size and change their semicrystalline structure to amorphous, a process known as gelatinization. This change in structure provides higher starch digestibility due to the action of amylases, generated in the salivary and pancreatic glands of pigs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Lapis <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>).</p>
		<p>The rectal digestibility of the DM, OM and CP showed high utilization rates, when including 20 and 40 % of taro tuberous meal in the diet, which guarantees a food with adequate nutritional characteristics for fattening pigs.</p>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Acknowledgments</title>
			<p>Thanks to the technical staff and the workers from the Programa de Porcinos, as well as the Laboratorio de Química de la Universidad Estatal Amazónica, for the support for the development of this research.</p>
		</ack>
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					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2527/jas.2013-6507</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B23">
				<mixed-citation>Zhang, F. &amp; Adeola, O. 2017. Techniques for evaluating digestibility of energy, amino acids, phosphorus, and calcium in feed ingredients for pigs. Animal Nutrition, 3:344-352</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Zhang</surname>
							<given-names>F.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Adeola</surname>
							<given-names>O</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2017</year>
					<article-title>Techniques for evaluating digestibility of energy, amino acids, phosphorus, and calcium in feed ingredients for pigs</article-title>
					<source>Animal Nutrition</source>
					<volume>3</volume>
					<fpage>344</fpage>
					<lpage>352</lpage>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="es">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Ciencia Animal</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Digestibilidad aparente de nutrientes en cerdos de ceba (Largewhite x Duroc x Pietrain), alimentados con harina de taro (<italic>Colocasia esculenta</italic> (L.) Schott). Nota técnica</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Caicedo</surname>
						<given-names>W.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Sanchez</surname>
						<given-names>J.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Tapuy</surname>
						<given-names>A.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Vargas</surname>
						<given-names>J.C.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Samaniego</surname>
						<given-names>E.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Valle</surname>
						<given-names>S.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Moyano</surname>
						<given-names>J.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Pujupat</surname>
						<given-names>D.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<label>1</label>
					<institution content-type="original">Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, km 2 ½ vía a Napo. Pastaza, Ecuador</institution>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>*</label>Email: <email>orlando.caicedo@yahoo.es</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<p>Para determinar la digestibilidad aparente de nutrientes de la harina de tubérculos de taro (<italic>Colocasia esculenta</italic> (L.) Schott) en cerdos de ceba, se utilizaron tres cerdos machos castrados, producto del cruce comercial (Largewhite x Duroc x Pietrain), con peso vivo promedio de 68 ± 2 kg. Los animales se distribuyeron en tres tratamientos: T1 (dieta control a base de maíz y soya), T2 y T3 (inclusión de 20 y 40 % de harina de taro en la dieta respectivamente), según diseño cuadrado latino. La comparación de medias se realizó con la prueba de Duncan (P≤0.05). No hubo diferencia significativa (P &gt; 0.05) en los coeficientes de digestibilidad aparente de la materia seca (T1 86.70; T2 88.67; T3 88.77 %), materia orgánica (T1 90.79; 91.80; 89.90 %) y proteína bruta (T1 92.46; T2 91.96 %; T3 91.89 %). La digestibilidad rectal de la materia seca, materia orgánica y proteína bruta presentó altos índices de aprovechamiento, al incluir 20 y 40 % de harina de tubérculos de taro en la dieta, lo que garantiza un alimento de adecuadas características nutritivas para cerdos en ceba.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>alimentación porcina</kwd>
				<kwd>aprovechamiento de nutrientes</kwd>
				<kwd>secado</kwd>
				<kwd>tubérculos de taro</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>En la actualidad, el consumo de alimento y el acelerado crecimiento de la población han provocado el aumento del costo de las materias primas utilizadas en la formulación de dietas balanceadas para animales monogástricos. Por esta situación, en lo que respecta al ganado porcino, los nutricionistas han tenido que buscar otras fuentes de alimento que disminuyan el costo de producción, pues este representa 70 % (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Méndez <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>). La utilización de fuentes alternativas en la alimentación porcina constituye una estrategia muy adecuada, ya que permite obtener sistemas de producción viables que contribuyan a la conservación del ambiente, y que no compitan directamente con la alimentación del hombre (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Lezcano <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p>En la República de Ecuador, se encuentra disponible una gran cantidad de alimentos alternativos de origen vegetal, cuya utilización es factible para la alimentación porcina, entre los que se hallan los tubérculos de taro (<italic>Colocasia esculenta</italic> (L.) Schott). Los tubérculos de taro son reconocidos como una buena fuente de carbohidratos de menor costo con respecto a cereales como el maíz, sorgo o trigo, y otros tipos de raíces y tubérculos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Caicedo <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>). En la elaboración de harinas, para mantener su conservación, se pueden aplicar procesamientos térmicos como el secado, ya que estos alimentos por su disponibilidad, en gran volumen y con poco tiempo de preservación, no se usan en la alimentación porcina de manera adecuada (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Torres-Gallo <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>El valor nutritivo de una ración, alimento o nutriente, se puede expresar mediante su coeficiente de digestibilidad, que es la proporción del alimento que no se excreta, y que se asume como absorbida. El coeficiente de digestibilidad está íntimamente relacionado con el valor nutritivo de los alimentos. De hecho, la cantidad y el tipo de excreción de material fecal en cerdos dependen de varios factores, entre los que se pueden citar la edad, el ambiente, la raza y la naturaleza de la dieta. Por ello, resulta imprescindible estudiar el aprovechamiento de los nutrientes de las dietas para efectuar formulaciones balanceadas destinadas a la alimentación de los cerdos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Hossain <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>). Lo anterior sirve como base para determinar la digestibilidad aparente de nutrientes de la harina de tubérculos de taro (<italic>Colocasia esculenta</italic> (L.) Schott) en cerdos de ceba.</p>
			<p>El estudio se llevó a cabo en el Programa de Porcinos de la Universidad Estatal Amazónica (UEA) de la República de Ecuador. La temperatura registrada durante el estudio fue de 26 ºC y la humedad relativa promedio, de 90 %. Se utilizaron como unidades experimentales tres cerdos machos castrados, producto del cruce comercial (Largewhite x Duroc x Pietrain), con peso vivo promedio de 68 ± 2 kg. Los animales se desparasitaron y se alojaron al azar en jaulas de metabolismo de 1.0 m x 1.6 m (1.6 m2), situadas en una nave con paredes y piso de concreto para facilitar la limpieza (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Zhang y Adeola 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>Para elaborar la harina, los tubérculos de taro se adquirieron en la parroquia rural “Teniente Hugo Ortiz”, de la comunidad Allishungo, y se trasladaron al área de estudio. Se preparó una solución con 3 % de hipoclorito de sodio en el agua para realizar el lavado de los tubérculos durante 10 min. Posteriormente, se enjuagaron y escurrieron. Luego, se realizó el troceado en forma de rodajas y el pre-secado al sol durante ocho horas. Después del secado, en secador rotativo industrial (marca Burmester) a 70 ºC durante dos horas, se molió inmediatamente en un molino semi-industrial (marca TRAPS, modelo TRF 300G) con una malla de 0.25 mm. La harina se empacó en fundas herméticas y se almacenó hasta que fuese utilizada. La composición química de la harina fue: 93.10 % de materia seca (MS); 4.83 % de proteína bruta (PB), 93.5 % de materia orgánica (MO), 6.50 % de fibra bruta (FB), 4.67 % de cenizas y 18.53 kJ g MS-1 de energía bruta (EB).</p>
			<p>Los tratamientos consistieron en tres dietas experimentales (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabla 1</xref>): T1 (dieta control basada en maíz y soya); T2 y T3 (inclusión de 20 y 40 % de harina de taro en la dieta, respectivamente). Todas las dietas se ajustaron con 14 % de proteína cruda y 17.84 kJ g MS-1 de energía bruta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Zanfi <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>) y se formularon de acuerdo con las sugerencias del <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">NRC (2012)</xref>.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Composition and contribution of experimental diets</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-52-02-181-gt3.jpg"/>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN3">
							<label><sup>1</sup></label>
							<p>Each kg: contains: vitamin A, 4125 U.I.; vitamin D3, 900 U.I.; vitamin E, 24.8 UI; vitamin K3, 1.80 mg; vitamin B1, 0.60 mg; vitamin B2, 1.88 mg; pantothenic acid, 9 mg; nicotinic acid, 18 mg; fólic acid, 0.180 mg; vitamin B6, 1.20 mg; vitamin B12, 0.012 mg; biotin 0.060 mg; choline, 120mg; manganese, 64 mg; copper, 7.2 mg; iron, 48 mg; zinc, 66 mg; selenium, 0.22 mg; iodine, 0.60 mg.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>El experimento duró 27 d, distribuidos en tres períodos. Cada uno tuvo una duración de 9 d, cinco de adaptación a las dietas y cuatro de recolección de heces. Las heces se recogieron por el método de colecta total en las primeras horas de la mañana 8:00 am (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Ly <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>). Al inicio del experimento, los animales se pesaron para ajustar el consumo de alimento, a razón de 0.10 kg (kg/MS) PV0.75 d-1. El alimento se suministró en dos partes: 8:00 a.m. y 3:00 p.m. Durante todo el experimento, los cerdos tuvieron libre acceso al agua de bebida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Ly <italic>et al.</italic> 2014a</xref>).</p>
			<p>De cada animal, se recolectó una muestra representativa de 100 g de excreta fresca/d, que se almacenó en congelación a -20 ºC. El cálculo de la salida fecal de materiales se realizó de acuerdo con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Ly <italic>et al.</italic> (2009</xref>). Se tuvo en cuenta además, la digestibilidad de la dieta (100 - % de digestibilidad).</p>
			<p>En las muestras del alimento y excretas se determinó MS, FB, cenizas y PB (N x 6.25), según los procedimientos del <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">AOAC (2005)</xref>. Se consideró que el contenido de MO fue el resultado de restar de 100 el por ciento de cenizas. Los análisis se realizaron en el Laboratorio de Química, de la Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Ecuador. Para cada nutriente, los análisis se hicieron por triplicado. Se realizó análisis de varianza y se aplicó la dócima de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Duncan (1955</xref>) con el programa estadístico Infostat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Di Rienzo <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>Al transcurrir los días, el alimento se consumió totalmente, sin síntoma de rechazo. Los coeficientes de digestibilidad aparente de MS, MO y PB en cerdos (Largewhite x Duroc x Pietrain) alimentados con harina de tubérculos de taro en la etapa de ceba fueron altos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabla 2</xref>). No hubo diferencias significativas (P &gt; 0.05) para el aprovechamiento de la MS: T1 (86.70 %); T2 (88.67 %); T3 (88.77 %), MO (T1: 90.79%); T2 (91.80 %); T3 (89.90 %) y PB: T1 (92.46 %); T2 (91.96 %) y T3 (91.89 %).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Coefficients of apparent rectal digestibility of DM, OM and CP in fattening pigs diets, fed with taro tubers meal</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-52-02-181-gt4.jpg"/>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<p>There are no significant differences P&gt; 0.05 according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Duncan (1995)</xref>
							</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Los coeficientes de digestibilidad aparente de la MS, MO y PB en dietas de cerdos en ceba, que incluían altos niveles de harina de tubérculos de rechazo de taro, fueron altos. Esto se pudo deber al proceso de picado, secado y molienda que recibieron los tubérculos. Para el uso adecuado de productos y subproductos de origen vegetal, se deben realizar diferentes procesos, como la fermentación, cocción y el secado, para optimizar el aprovechamiento de estos alimentos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">López <italic>et al.</italic> 2006</xref>).</p>
			<p>La aplicación de estas técnicas permite reducir o eliminar el contenido de metabolitos secundarios de los tubérculos y, consecuentemente, se obtienen mejoras en el aprovechamiento de los nutrientes para los cerdos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Caicedo <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>). Por otra parte, cuando estos alimentos se suministran en estado natural, poseen elevado tenor de metabolitos secundarios, que pueden causar una severa irritación en las membranas de la mucosa intestinal, inhibición de la digestión y absorción de las proteínas, lo que afecta, consecuentemente, el crecimiento normal de los animales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Martens <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Ly y Delgado (2005</xref>) confirman lo anterior, al evaluar la digestibilidad rectal de la MS y MO en cerdos alimentados con tubérculos de taro secos y en estado natural. Estos autores informaron coeficientes de digestibilidad aparente superiores para la MS (66.90 %) y MO (76 %) en tubérculos secos, con respecto a tubérculos en estado natural MS (31.50 %) y MO (38.30 %), respectivamente. Asimismo, en otro estudio sobre la digestibilidad rectal aparente en cerdos alimentados con raíz de yuca en estado natural, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Ly <italic>et al.</italic> (2010)</xref> obtuvieron coeficientes de aprovechamiento de MS de 66 % y de MO de 68.7 %, cifras inferiores a las referidas en este estudio.</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Ly <italic>et al.</italic> (2014b)</xref> manifiestan que desde el punto de vista de la digestibilidad rectal de nutrientes en raíces y tubérculos se obtienen coeficientes de aprovechamiento superiores a 85 %, cuando estos experimentan algún procesamiento térmico, si se comparan con tubérculos en estado natural, lo que se hizo evidente en esta investigación. Este estado es equivalente a lo que se obtiene con los rasgos de comportamiento productivo de los cerdos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Caicedo 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Torres <italic>et al.</italic> (2013</xref>) señalan que los tubérculos de taro tienen un almidón muy pequeño, de aproximadamente 5 µm, y presentan ramificaciones laterales (amilopectina). Esto favorece la fluidez del agua a través de los espacios internos de los polímeros del almidón y beneficia su solubilidad. Cuando los gránulos de almidón se hidratan, provocan incremento en su tamaño y cambian su estructura semicristalina a amorfa, proceso conocido como gelatinización. Este cambio de estructura provee mayor digestibilidad del almidón por la acción de las amilasas, generadas en las glándulas salivales y pancreáticas de los cerdos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Lapis <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>).</p>
			<p>La digestibilidad rectal de la MS, MO y PB presentó altos índices de aprovechamiento, al incluir 20 y 40 % de harina de tubérculos de taro en la dieta, lo que garantiza un alimento de adecuadas características nutritivas para cerdos en ceba.</p>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>Agradecimientos</title>
				<p>Se agradece al personal técnico y a los trabajadores del Programa de Porcinos, así como al Laboratorio de Química de la Universidad Estatal Amazónica, por el apoyo para el desarrollo de esta investigación.</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>