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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cjas</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Cuban J. Agric. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2079-3480</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Ediciones ICA</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">00008</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Animal Science</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Effect of taro tubers (<italic>Colocasia esculenta</italic> (L.) Schott) silage on the productive performance of commercial pigs. Technical note</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Caicedo</surname>
						<given-names>W.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Vargas</surname>
						<given-names>J.C.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Uvidia</surname>
						<given-names>H.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Samaniego</surname>
						<given-names>E.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Valle</surname>
						<given-names>S.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"><sup>1</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<name>
						<surname>Flores</surname>
						<given-names>L.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"><sup>2</sup></xref>
				</contrib>
			</contrib-group>
			<aff id="aff1">
				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, km 2 ½ vía a Napo. Pastaza, Ecuador.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Universidad Estatal Amazónica</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Estatal Amazónica</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<city>Napo</city>
					<state>Pastaza</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="EC">Ecuador</country>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff2">
				<label>2</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Facultad de Ciencias Pecuarias, Panamericana Sur km 1 ½. Riobamba, Ecuador.</institution>
				<institution content-type="normalized">Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgname">Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo</institution>
				<institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Ciencias Pecuarias</institution>
				<addr-line>
					<state>Riobamba</state>
				</addr-line>
				<country country="EC">Ecuador</country>
			</aff>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Email: <email>orlando.caicedo@yahoo.es</email>
				</corresp>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>01</day>
				<month>06</month>
				<year>2018</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<season>Apr-Jun</season>
				<year>2018</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>52</volume>
			<issue>2</issue>
			<fpage>187</fpage>
			<lpage>193</lpage>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>14</day>
					<month>03</month>
					<year>2018</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>15</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2018</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<title>Abstract</title>
				<p>In order to evaluate the effect of taro tuber silage with natural yogurt on the productive performance of commercial pigs, a total of 60 castrated male pigs from the commercial hybrid Pietrain x Duroc x Landrace, of 70d of age, with initial average live weight of 25.45 ± 0.69 kg were used. The animals were distributed at a rate of 30 pigs in two treatments: T1 control diet (maize and soybean), T2 (substitution of 100 % of maize by taro tubers silage in the diet) according to a completely randomized design. The mean comparison was performed with the Fisher test(P≤0.05). There was no significant differences (P &gt;0.05) for live weight (kg) at 42d (T1: 60.94; T2: 60.96) and 84 days (T1: 101.47; T2: 101.63), food intake (kg d-1) at 42 (T1: 2.19; T2: 2.19) and 84 days (T1: 2.79; T2: 2.79), weight gain (kg pig-1 d-1) at 42 (T1: 0.84; T2: 0.85) and 84 days (T1: 0.96; T2: 0.97) and feed convertion (kg kg-1) at 42 (T1: 2.60; T2: 2.60) and 84 days (T1: 2.90; T2: 2.89). In the feeding of commercial fattening pigs, it is possible to completely replace the maize by taro tubers silage with natural yogurt without affecting the animals productive performance.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Key words:</title>
				<kwd>fattening pigs</kwd>
				<kwd>taro tubers yogurt</kwd>
				<kwd>productive indexes</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="0"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="18"/>
				<page-count count="7"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>The conventional pig feeding is supported by the use of conventional diets based on maize and soybean, whose cost approximately represents 70 %, so it is necessary to use new sources of food to reduce their production prices, without affecting the productive performance of pigs with high genetic potential (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Cabrera <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">García <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>).</p>
		<p>Ecuador has a great potential in terms of plant biodiversity, with high production of a wide range of crops, including taro (<italic>Colocasia esculenta</italic> (L.) Schott) tubers which can be use as pigs food. These tubers have an appreciable amount of nutrients, but in natural state they have a high content of secondary metabolites, which can be reduced by biotechnological techniques, as silage (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Guzmán <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Kasprowicz <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
		<p>The silage is obtained through of controlled anaerobic fermentation. Studies developed in Cuba and Ecuador have shown that this product can be supplied to pigs after 7d, moment in which the fermentation conditions and the content of secondary metabolites are not significant from the nutritional point of view to obtain an optimal performance in the productive indexes of pigs and reduce the feeding cost in pigs production (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Caicedo <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>).</p>
		<p>The above mention was considered to study new compositions of agroindustrial by-products (taro tubers with natural yogurt) used for the obtaining of silage foods for pigs feeding. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of taro tubers silage with natural yogurt on the productive performance of commercial pigs.</p>
		<p>The research was developed in accordance with the guidelines for animal welfare of Republic of Ecuador and the experimental protocol, according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Yin <italic>et al.</italic> (2004</xref>). The study was performed in the Granja Agropecuaria Caicedo (Pastaza, Ecuador). The food was obtained by ensiling chopped taro tubers (60 %), water for human consumption (38 %), natural yogurt (1 %) and mineral premixture for pigs (1 %). The mixture was placed in plastic tanks of 250 L capacity, covered, under shade and left to fermented for 8d before being used. The chemical composition of the silage was: 27.80 % DM, 8.58 % CP, 95.16 % OM, 2.85 % CF, 4.84 % of ashes and DE pigs 3335 kcal kg DM-1.</p>
		<p>A total of 60 castrated male pigs, from the Pietrain x Duroc x Landrace commercial cross, of 70 d of age, with initial average live weight of 25.45 ± 0.69 kg were used. The animals were randomly housed in individual metal pens, 0.50 m x 1.60 m (0.8 m2) for 89 d (five of adaptation to diets and 84 in experimentation). Thirty pigs were used per treatment, each pen constituted an experimental unit. The pen was provided with a hopper feeder, located in a stable with walls of 1.6 m high and concrete floor. The water was <italic>ad libitum</italic> in nipple drinkers. The average room temperature was 24 °C.</p>
		<p>A feeding scale was used according to the nutritional requirements of the animals (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Rostagno <italic>et al.</italic>2011</xref>), those who received the food in the first hours of the morning in a single meal (8:00 a.m.). The treatments that intake silage first received the dry food and an hour later the silage was offered, so that they would dispose of it freely (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Lezcano <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>).</p>
		<p>The treatments consisted of two experimental diets: T1 (control diet) based on maize and soybean; T2 (substitution of 100 % of maize by silage) of 8 d of elaboration. All diets were formulated according to the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">NRC (2012)</xref> recommendations (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>).</p>
		<p>
			<table-wrap id="t1">
				<label>Table 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Composition and nutritional contribution of diets for pigs in the growing stage</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-52-02-187-gt1.jpg"/>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<fn id="TFN1">
						<label><sup>1</sup></label>
						<p>Each kg contains: vitamin A, 4125 U.I.; vitamin D3,900 U.I.; vitamin E, 24,8 UI; vitamin K3, 1.80 mg; vitamin B1, 60 mg; vitamin B2, 1,88 mg; pantothenic acid, 9 mg; nicotinicacid, 18 mg; folic acid, 0.180 mg; vitamin B6, 1.20 mg; vitamin B12, 0.012 mg; biotin 0.060 mg; choline, 120 mg; manganes, 64 mg; copper, 7.2 mg; iron, 48 mg; zinc, 66 mg; selenium, 0.22 mg; iodine, 0.60 mg.</p>
					</fn>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
		</p>
		<p>
			<table-wrap id="t2">
				<label>Table 2</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Composition and nutritional contribution of diets for pigs in the fattening stage</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-52-02-187-gt2.jpg"/>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<fn id="TFN2">
						<label><sup>1</sup></label>
						<p>Each kg contains: vitamin A, 4125 U.I.; vitamin D3,900 U.I.; vitamin E, 24,8 UI; vitamin K3, 1.80 mg; vitamin B1, 60 mg; vitamin B2, 1,88 mg; pantothenic acid, 9 mg; nicotinicacid, 18 mg; folic acid, 0.180 mg; vitamin B6, 1.20 mg; vitamin B12, 0.012 mg; biotin 0.060 mg; choline, 120 mg; manganes, 64 mg; copper, 7.2 mg; iron, 48 mg; zinc, 66 mg; selenium, 0.22 mg; iodine, 0.60 mg..</p>
					</fn>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
		</p>
		<p>The animals were individually weighed every 14 d on a Cardinal scale of 200 kg capacity. The productive performance variables under study were in correspondence with <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Lezcano <italic>et al.</italic> (2014</xref>): daily food intake (DFI), daily weight gain (DWG), feed conversion (FC) and final weight (FW). The pigs were dewormed with Fenbendazole at a rate of 10 g 100 kg LW-1 after being selected for the experiment. Analysis of variance was performed according to a completely randomized design. The <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Fisher (1954</xref>) test P≤0.05 was applied to test the means. The analyses were performed using the statistical program Infostat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Di Rienzo <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>).</p>
		<p>There were no significant differences (P&gt; 0.05) at 42 or 84 d for the initial weight, live weight, food intake and weight gain. Neither was in feed conversion in commercial pigs, fed with taro silage (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">table 3</xref>).</p>
		<p>In this study no significant effect was registered for the productive performance indicators in pigs (Pietrain x Duroc x Landrace) in growth and fattening, fed with taro silage with natural yogurt in total replacement of maize in the diet. Globally, the maize (<italic>Zea mays</italic>) is the main energy source to formulate balanced rations for monogastric animals, among which are pigs (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Nunes 2012</xref>).</p>
		<p>However, studies with roots and tubers show that this raw matter can be totally or partially substituted to reduce costs in pig production, which guarantees an energy food that contributes to reduce imports (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Almaguel <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Lezcano <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>). The use of silage in pig fattening has been studied in growing pigs from 20 kg of live weight, with satisfactory results in the productive performance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Almaguel <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Lezcano <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>).</p>
		<p>For the appropriate use of crop by-products of vegetable origin in pigs feeding processing techniques must be applied, such as cooking, drying and fermentation, which allow to reduce the content of antinutritional factors and increase the nutrient digestibility of these foods (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Caicedo <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>), with the purpose of obtaining an adequate productive performance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Sánchez <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>).</p>
		<p>
			<table-wrap id="t3">
				<label>Table 3</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Productive performance of pigs fed with taro tubers silage with natural yogurt</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-52-02-187-gt3.jpg"/>
				<table-wrap-foot>
					<fn id="TFN3">
						<p>There was no significant differences P&lt;0.05 according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Fisher (1954</xref>)</p>
					</fn>
				</table-wrap-foot>
			</table-wrap>
		</p>
		<p>In the feeding of commercial fattening pigs it is feasible to completely replace the maize by taro tubers silage with natural yogurt, without affecting the productive performance of the animals.</p>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Acknowledgments</title>
			<p>The authors of this study wish to express their gratitude to the technical staff and the workers of Granja Agropecuaria Caicedo for their support in this research.</p>
		</ack>
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		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Ciencia Animal</subject>
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				<article-title>Efecto del ensilaje de tubérculos de taro (<italic>Colocasia esculenta</italic> (L.) Schott) en el comportamiento productivo de cerdos comerciales. Nota técnica</article-title>
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				<label>1</label>
				<institution content-type="original">Universidad Estatal Amazónica, Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, km 2 ½ vía a Napo. Pastaza, Ecuador.</institution>
			</aff>
			<aff id="aff4">
				<label>2</label>
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					<label>*</label>Email: <email>orlando.caicedo@yahoo.es</email>
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			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<title>Resumen</title>
				<p>Para evaluar el efecto del ensilaje de tubérculos de taro con yogurt natural en el comportamiento productivo de cerdos comerciales, se utilizaron 60 cerdos machos castrados del híbrido comercial Pietrain x Duroc x Landrace, de 70 d de edad, con peso vivo promedio inicial de 25.45 ± 0.69 kg. Los animales se distribuyeron a razón de 30 cerdos en dos tratamientos: T1) dieta control (maíz y soya), T2 (sustitución del 100 % del maíz por ensilado de tubérculos de taro en la dieta), según diseño completamente aleatorizado. La comparación de medias se realizó con la prueba de Fisher (P≤0.05). No hubo diferencias significativas (P &gt;0.05) para el peso vivo (kg) a los 42 (T1: 60.94; T2: 60.96) y 84 días (T1: 101.47; T2: 101.63), consumo de alimento (kg d-1) a los 42 (T1: 2.19; T2: 2.19) y 84 días (T1: 2.79; T2: 2.79), ganancia de peso (kg cerdo-1 d-1) a los 42 (T1: 0.84; T2: 0.85) y 84 días (T1: 0.96; T2: 0.97) y conversión alimentaria (kg kg-1) a los 42 (T1: 2.60; T2: 2.60) y 84 días (T1: 2.90; T2: 2.89). En la alimentación de cerdos comerciales de ceba es factible sustituir totalmente el maíz por ensilaje de tubérculos de taro con yogurt natural, sin afectar el comportamiento productivo de los animales.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>cerdos de ceba</kwd>
				<kwd>yogurt de tubérculos de taro</kwd>
				<kwd>índices productivos</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>La alimentación porcina convencional se sostiene con el uso de dietas convencionales basados en maíz y soya, cuyo costo representa aproximadamente 70 %, por lo que es necesario utilizar nuevas fuentes de alimento para abaratar los precios de su producción, sin afectar el desempeño productivo de los cerdos de alto potencial genético (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Cabrera <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">García <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>Ecuador tiene un gran potencial en cuanto a biodiversidad vegetal, con alta producción de una amplia gama de cultivos, entre los que se incluyen los tubérculos de taro (<italic>Colocasia esculenta</italic> (L.) Schott) que se pueden utilizar como alimento para cerdos. Estos tubérculos poseen una cantidad de nutrientes apreciable, pero en estado natural presentan un tenor de metabolitos secundarios alto, que pueden ser reducido mediante técnicas biotecnológicas, como el ensilaje (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Guzmán <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Kasprowicz <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>).</p>
			<p>El ensilaje se obtiene por medio de la fermentación anaeróbica controlada. Estudios desarrollados en Cuba y Ecuador han demostrado que este producto puede ser suministrado a los cerdos a partir de los 7 d, momento en que las condiciones de fermentación y el tenor de metabolitos secundarios es despreciable desde el punto de vista nutricional para obtener un desempeño óptimo en los índices productivos de los cerdos y reducir el costo de alimentación en la producción porcícola (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Caicedo <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>).</p>
			<p>Lo antes referido se consideró para el estudio de nuevas composiciones de subproductos agroindustriales (tubérculos de taro con yogurt natural), destinados a la obtención de alimentos ensilados para la alimentación de cerdos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el efecto del ensilaje de tubérculos de taro con yogurt natural en el comportamiento productivo de cerdos comerciales.</p>
			<p>La investigación se desarrolló de acuerdo con las líneas directivas para el bienestar animal de la República de Ecuador y el protocolo experimental, según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Yin <italic>et al.</italic> (2004</xref>). El trabajo se realizó en la granja Agropecuaria Caicedo (Pastaza, Ecuador). El alimento se obtuvo al ensilar tubérculos de taro picados (60%), agua para consumo humano (38 %), yogurt natural (1 %) y premezcla mineral para cerdos (1%). La mezcla se colocó en tanques plásticos de 250 L de capacidad, tapados, bajo sombra, y se le dejó fermentar durante 8 d antes de ser utilizada. La composición química del ensilado fue: 27.80 % de MS, 8.58 % de PB, 95.16 % de MO, 2.85 % de FB, 4.84 % de cenizas, y ED cerdos 3335 kcal kg MS-1.</p>
			<p>Se utilizaron un total de 60 cerdos machos castrados, del cruce comercial Pietrain x Duroc x Landrace, de 70 d de edad, con peso vivo promedio inicial de 25.45 ± 0.69 kg. Los animales se alojaron al azar en corraletas metálicas individuales, de 0.50 m x 1.60 m (0.8 m2) durante 89 d (cinco de adaptación a las dietas y 84 en experimentación). Se emplearon 30 cerdos por tratamiento, cada corraleta constituyó una unidad experimental. La corraleta estaba provista de un comedero tipo tolva, situado en un establo con paredes de 1.6 m de altura y piso de concreto. El agua estuvo disponible a voluntad en bebederos del tipo tetina. La temperatura ambiente promedio fue de 24 °C.</p>
			<p>Se empleó una escala de alimentación de acuerdo con las exigencias nutricionales de los animales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Rostagno <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref>), los que recibieron el alimento en las primeras horas de la mañana en una sola comida (8:00 a.m.). Los tratamientos que consumieron ensilaje recibieron primero el alimento seco, y una hora después se ofertó el ensilaje, de forma tal que dispusieran de él a libre voluntad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Lezcano <italic>et al.</italic> 2014</xref>).</p>
			<p>Los tratamientos consistieron en dos dietas experimentales: T1 (dieta control) basado en maíz y soya; T2 (sustitución del 100 % del maíz por ensilado) de 8 d de elaboración. Las dietas se formularon según las recomendaciones de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">NRC (2012)</xref> (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tablas 1</xref> y <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">2</xref>).</p>
			<p>Los animales se pesaron individualmente cada 14 d en una báscula marca Cardinal de 200 kg de capacidad. Las variables de comportamiento productivo en estudio estuvieron en correspondencia con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Lezcano <italic>et al.</italic> (2014</xref>): consumo diario de alimento (CDA), ganancia diaria de peso (GDP), conversión alimentaria (CA) y peso final (PF). Los cerdos se desparasitaron con Fenbendazol, a razón de 10 g 100 kg PV-1 después de seleccionados para el experimento. Se realizó análisis de varianza, según diseño completamente aleatorizado. Se aplicó la dócima de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Fisher (1954</xref>) P≤0.05 para contrastar las medias. Los análisis se realizaron mediante el programa estadístico Infostat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Di Rienzo <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>No hubo diferencias significativas (P&gt;0.05) a los 42 ni a los 84 d para el peso inicial, peso vivo, consumo de alimento y ganancia de peso. Tampoco la hubo en la conversión alimentaria en cerdos comerciales, alimentados con ensilado de taro (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabla 3</xref>).</p>
			<p>En este estudio no se registró efecto significativo para los indicadores de comportamiento productivo en cerdos (Pietrain x Duroc x Landrace) en crecimiento y ceba, alimentados con ensilaje de taro con yogurt natural en reemplazo total de maíz en la dieta. A nivel mundial, el maíz (<italic>Zea mays</italic>) constituye la principal fuente energética para formular raciones balanceadas destinadas a animales monogástricos, entre los que se encuentran los cerdos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Nunes 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t4">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Composition and nutritional contribution of diets for pigs in the growing stage</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-52-02-187-gt4.jpg"/>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN4">
							<label><sup>1</sup></label>
							<p>Each kg contains: vitamin A, 4125 U.I.; vitamin D3,900 U.I.; vitamin E, 24,8 UI; vitamin K3, 1.80 mg; vitamin B1, 60 mg; vitamin B2, 1,88 mg; pantothenic acid, 9 mg; nicotinicacid, 18 mg; folic acid, 0.180 mg; vitamin B6, 1.20 mg; vitamin B12, 0.012 mg; biotin 0.060 mg; choline, 120 mg; manganes, 64 mg; copper, 7.2 mg; iron, 48 mg; zinc, 66 mg; selenium, 0.22 mg; iodine, 0.60 mg.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t5">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Composition and nutritional contribution of diets for pigs in the fattening stage</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-52-02-187-gt5.jpg"/>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN5">
							<label><sup>1</sup></label>
							<p>Each kg contains: vitamin A, 4125 U.I.; vitamin D3,900 U.I.; vitamin E, 24,8 UI; vitamin K3, 1.80 mg; vitamin B1, 60 mg; vitamin B2, 1,88 mg; pantothenic acid, 9 mg; nicotinicacid, 18 mg; folic acid, 0.180 mg; vitamin B6, 1.20 mg; vitamin B12, 0.012 mg; biotin 0.060 mg; choline, 120 mg; manganes, 64 mg; copper, 7.2 mg; iron, 48 mg; zinc, 66 mg; selenium, 0.22 mg; iodine, 0.60 mg.</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t6">
					<label>Table 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Productive performance of pigs fed with taro tubers silage with natural yogurt</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-52-02-187-gt3.jpg"/>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN6">
							<p>There was no significant differences P&lt;0.05 according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Fisher (1954</xref>)</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>No obstante, estudios con raíces y tubérculos manifiestan que se puede sustituir total o parcialmente esta materia prima para reducir los costos en la producción porcina, lo que garantiza un alimento energético que contribuye a reducir importaciones (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Almaguel <italic>et al.</italic> 2010</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Lezcano <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>). La utilización del ensilado en la ceba porcina ha sido objeto de estudio en cerdos de crecimiento, desde 20 kg de peso vivo, con resultados satisfactorios en el comportamiento productivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Almaguel <italic>et al.</italic> 2011</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Lezcano <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>).</p>
			<p>Para el uso adecuado de subproductos de cosecha de origen vegetal en la alimentación de cerdos se deben aplicar técnicas de procesamiento, como la cocción, secado y fermentación, que permitan reducir el contenido de factores antinutricionales y aumenten la digestibilidad de nutrientes de estos alimentos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Caicedo <italic>et al.</italic> 2017</xref>), con el propósito de obtener un comportamiento productivo adecuado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Sánchez <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>).</p>
			<p>En la alimentación de cerdos comerciales de ceba es factible sustituir totalmente el maíz por ensilaje de tubérculos de taro con yogurt natural, sin afectar el comportamiento productivo de los animales.</p>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>Agradecimientos</title>
				<p>Los autores de este trabajo desean expresar su agradecimiento al personal técnico y a los trabajadores de la Granja Agropecuaria Caicedo por el apoyo en esta investigación.</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
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