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	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cjas</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Cuban J. Agric. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2079-3480</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Ediciones ICA</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1996/v59e02</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00004</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Animal Science</subject>
				</subj-group>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="category-toc-heading">
					<subject>Short Communication</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Pancreatic trypsin enzymatic activity in broilers which intake royal palm nut meal</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1585-2858</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Martínez-Pérez</surname>
						<given-names>Madeleidy</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6469-4289</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vives Hernández</surname>
						<given-names>Yesenia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0562-1052</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Alberto Vázquez</surname>
						<given-names>Maryen</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6606-9148</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Hernández Lemus</surname>
						<given-names>Susan K.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ciencia Animal, C. Central, km 47½, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto de Ciencia Animal</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Ciencia Animal</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<city>San José de las Lajas</city>
						<state>Mayabeque</state>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="CU">Cuba</country>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label>Email:<email>madeleidymartinez@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn1">
					<p><bold>Conflict of interest:</bold> The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest between them.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="con" id="fn2">
					<p><bold>CRediT Authorship Contribution Statement</bold>: Madeleidy Martínez-Pérez: <bold>Conceptualization, Investigation, Visualization, Writing - original draft.</bold> Yesenia Vives Hernández: <bold>Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing - original draft.</bold> Maryen Alberto Vázquez: <bold>Methodology, Resources</bold>. Susan Kelly Hernández Lemus: <bold>Investigation</bold></p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>01</day>
				<month>01</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>01</month>
				<year>2025</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>59</volume>
			<elocation-id>e02</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>02</day>
					<month>07</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>15</day>
					<month>12</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<p>To study the pancreatic trypsin enzymatic activity in broilers which intake royal palm nut meal, a total of 40 animals (HE<sub>21</sub>) distributed in a completely random design were used. Four treatments were designed: control and inclusion of 5, 10 and 15 % royal palm nut meal. The animals were weighed and sacrificed at 42 days and the pancreas were extracted, they were weighed and expressed relative to live weight and the trypsin enzymatic activity was determined, which increased with the inclusion of 5 and 10 % compared to the control and 15 % (5744.50 and 5131.50 vs 2415.67 and 1540.67 mg of released tyrosine. min<sup>-1</sup>. mg<sup>-1</sup> of protein, respectively). It is concluded that the inclusion of royal palm nut meal up to 10 % in broilers diets increase the pancreatic trypsin enzymatic activity to digest proteins in the gastrointestinal tract.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Key words:</title>
				<kwd>birds</kwd>
				<kwd>digestive enzyme</kwd>
				<kwd>royal palm fruit</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="2"/>
				<equation-count count="0"/>
				<ref-count count="12"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<p>One of the central organs of the gastrointestinal tract is the pancreas. It plays an active role in regulating the digestive system by secreting enzymes that hydrolyze proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates from food (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Kuzmina <italic>et al.</italic> 2024</xref>). Regarding poultry farming, researchers has been reported in the scientific literature that shows the adaptation of the digestive glands of animals to the chemical composition of foods (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Vertiprakhov <italic>et al.</italic> 2023</xref>).</p>
		<p>In studies performed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Martínez-Pérez <italic>et al.</italic> (2021)</xref>, where royal palm nut meal was included in the broilers diet, it was shown that the protein fraction of this fruit is considered relatively low (8.77 %) and that the levels of ether extract are high (16.06 %). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Vertiprakhov <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref>, when analyzing different sources of vegetable oils in laying hens, observed that the exocrine function of the pancreas is modified depending on the source under study. The objective of this study was to study the pancreatic trypsin enzymatic activity in broilers which intake royal palm nut meal.</p>
		<p>A total of 40 HE<sub>21</sub> hybrid male broilers with an average initial live weight of 141±5 g were used. They were housed in metal cages from 8 to 42 days of age. The experimental diets consisted of: control (corn-soybean cake) and the inclusion of 5, 10 and 15 % of royal palm nut meal, so that they remained isoproteic and isoenergetic. The formulation was made for the start, growth and finishes stages, reported by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Vives <italic>et al</italic>. (2020)</xref>. Throughout the experiment, broilers had free access to water and food.</p>
		<p>At 42 d, the broilers were weighed and slaughtered, exactly two hours and thirty minutes after food ingestion. Traditional procedures were used: desensitization by stunning with electric shock before the exsanguination method by jugular puncture. Subsequently, the abdominal cavity was opened and the pancreases were removed. They were weighed on a technical scale (SARTORIUS, Germany) and expressed relative to live weight (g.kg<sup>-1</sup> of LW). Then, they were immersed in 4 mL.g<sup>-1</sup> of physiological saline solution, between 0 and 4 ºC, for transfert to the laboratory. The organs of three animals per treatment, which constituted a sample, were manually homogenized and centrifuged at 1500 r.p.m for 10 min at 4 ºC in a Thermoscientific IEC CL31R (China) refrigerated centrifuge. The pellet was discarded and the supernatant was stored in small aliquots at -80 °C until further analysis.</p>
		<p>Protein concentration was determined by the <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Bradford (1976)</xref> method on a UV-vis spectrophotometer (Rigol Ultra-3400 series, China). Concentrations were calculated by interpolating absorbance values ​​of samples in the standard curve of bovine serum albumin (BSA) (0.01-5 mg/mL). This was normalized for all homogenates under study at 3 mg/mL, for which the corresponding dilutions were made in each case. All analyses were performed in triplicate.</p>
		<p>Trypsin activity was determined in pancreatic homogenate, according to the technique described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">León <italic>et al.</italic> (2007)</xref>. The same (0.3 mg of protein) was incubated for 15 min at 41 °C with 200 μL of the 1 % casein substrate in 100 mM pH 7.4 sodium phosphate buffer. The reaction was stopped with the addition of 1 mL of 5 % w/v trichloroacetic acid and the mixture was filtered through Whatman 42 paper. 250 μL of the filtrate was reacted with 1,250 μL of 200 mM Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> and 250 μL of the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, diluted 1:5 in distilled water. After incubation for 20 min at 41 °C, the absorbance was measured at a wavelength of 625 nm. The values ​​were compared with those of a standard curve prepared from a tyrosine solution (1 mg/mL). The specific activity of trypsin was expressed as mg of tyrosine released.min<sup>-1</sup>.mg<sup>-1</sup> of protein.</p>
		<p>A completely randomized design was used, with four treatments. For the final and relative live weights of the pancreas, a total of 10 replicates from one animal were used and for the pancreatic trypsin enzymatic activity, three replicates, which corresponded to a sample of three pancreases each. Differences between means were determined according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Duncan (1955)</xref> for p&lt;0.05 where necessary. The statistical package Infostat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Di Rienzo <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>) was used.</p>
		<p>There were not differences in the final live weights and relative weights of the pancreas among the four treatments (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">table 1</xref>). Similar performance was recorded by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Vives <italic>et al.</italic> (2021)</xref>, when studying the accessory gland in broilers. These authors also suggested that, although macroscopically no morphometric changes were observed, there was an increase in its specific functions due to the presence of royal palm nut meal in the ration, which favors the digestion process.</p>
		<p>
			<table-wrap id="t1">
				<label>Table 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Final live weights and relative weights of the pancreas of broilers, which intake royal palm nut meal in the ration</title>
				</caption>
				<table>
					<colgroup>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
						<col/>
					</colgroup>
					<thead>
						<tr>
							<th align="center" rowspan="2">Weights</th>
							<th align="center" colspan="4">Inclusion of royal palm nut meal , % </th>
							<th align="center" rowspan="2">SE±</th>
							<th align="center" rowspan="2">p-value </th>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<th align="center">Control</th>
							<th align="center">5</th>
							<th align="center">10</th>
							<th align="center">15</th>
						</tr>
					</thead>
					<tbody>
						<tr>
							<td align="left">Final live (kg)</td>
							<td align="center">2.24</td>
							<td align="center">2.36</td>
							<td align="center">2.34</td>
							<td align="center">2.15</td>
							<td align="center">0.15</td>
							<td align="center">0.7506</td>
						</tr>
						<tr>
							<td align="left">Pancreas (g.kg<sup>-1</sup> LW)</td>
							<td align="center">2.93</td>
							<td align="center">2.58</td>
							<td align="center">2.50</td>
							<td align="center">2.45</td>
							<td align="center">0.21</td>
							<td align="center">0.3910</td>
						</tr>
					</tbody>
				</table>
			</table-wrap>
		</p>
		<p>The treatments with the inclusion of 5 and 10 % of royal palm nut meal did not differ from each other, and showed higher enzymatic activity of pancreatic trypsin compared to the rest (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figure 1</xref>). The increase represents a physiological benefit for the animal, since according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Vertiprakhov <italic>et al.</italic> (2023)</xref> this enzyme breaks protein bonds through hydrolysis to form smaller peptides or amino acids that are more easily digestible and bioavailable. In this way, the digestion of these biomolecules increases, which perform essential biological functions in the body: structural, enzymatic, hormonal, regulatory, homeostatic, among others.</p>
		<p>
			<fig id="f1">
				<label>Figure 1</label>
				<caption>
					<title>Pancreatic trypsin enzymatic activity in broilers which intake different levels of royal palm nut meal in the diet. SE±0.8758, p=0.0014.</title>
				</caption>
				<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-59-e02-gf1.svg"/>
				<attrib><sup>a,b</sup> Values with different letters show significant differences (p&lt;0.05)</attrib>
			</fig>
		</p>
		<p>The 15 % reduction in enzymatic activity compared to the other treatments that include royal palm nut meal can be related to the high correlation showed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Martínez-Pérez <italic>et al.</italic> (2021)</xref> between the fat and fiber contents (86 %) provided by royal palm nut with this level in the diet. According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Liu <italic>et al.</italic> (2017)</xref> lipids have a greater impact on food intake than starch and protein, and the concentrations of the latter are diluted by the inclusion of additional lipids in the ether extract of isoenergetic diets. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Vertiprakhov <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref> stated that at high physiological concentrations of fat, a selective increase in lipase is observed with an overall decrease in the rest of the enzymatic secretion. This result is consistent with that expressed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Vives <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref>, who observed higher enzymatic activity of pancreatic lipase for 15 % inclusion of royal palm nut meal in the ration of broilers.</p>
		<p>Inhibitory effects on exocrine pancreatic secretion by nutrients, bile salts, some gastrointestinal hormones and trypsin inhibitors have been described (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Kuzmina <italic>et al.</italic> 2024</xref>). According to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Singh and Kim (2021)</xref>, fiber increases the excretion of bile salts, which are responsible for the emulsification of lipids so that their digestion can occur. Therefore, this performance could also be associated with inhibitory effects by the fibrous fraction of royal palm nut. It could be that 15 % of royal palm nut meal in the diet increased the concentrations of trypsin inhibitors, which would reduce trypsin activity. This hypothesis needs to be confirmed with further studies.</p>
		<p>It is concluded that the inclusion of up to 10 % of royal palm nut meal in the diet of broilers increases the activity of the pancreatic trypsin enzyme in the gastrointestinal tract.</p>
	</body>
	<back>
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	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="es">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Ciencia Animal</subject>
				</subj-group>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="category-toc-heading">
					<subject>Comunicación Corta</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Actividad enzimática tripsina pancreática en pollos de ceba que consumen harina de palmiche</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1585-2858</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Martínez-Pérez</surname>
						<given-names>Madeleidy</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6469-4289</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Vives Hernández</surname>
						<given-names>Yesenia</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0562-1052</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Alberto Vázquez</surname>
						<given-names>Maryen</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6606-9148</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Hernández Lemus</surname>
						<given-names>Susan K.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ciencia Animal, C. Central, km 47½, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto de Ciencia Animal</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Ciencia Animal</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<city>San José de las Lajas</city>
						<state>Mayabeque</state>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="CU">Cuba</country>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>*</label>Email: <email>madeleidymartinez@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn3">
					<p><bold>Conflicto de intereses:</bold> Los autores declaran que no existe conflicto de intereses entre ellos.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="con" id="fn4">
					<p><bold>Declaración de contribución de autoría CRediT:</bold> Madeleidy Martínez-Pérez: <bold>Conceptualización, Investigación, Visualización, Redacción- borrador original.</bold> Yesenia Vives Hernández: <bold>Investigación, Análisis formal, Redacción- borrador original.</bold> Maryen Alberto Vázquez: <bold>Metodología, Recursos</bold>. Susan Kelly Hernández Lemus: <bold>Investigación</bold></p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<p>Para estudiar la actividad enzimática de la tripsina pancreática en pollos de ceba que consumen harina de palmiche, se utilizaron 40 animales (HE<sub>21</sub>), distribuidos en un diseño completamente aleatorizado. Se diseñaron cuatro tratamientos: control e inclusión de 5, 10 y 15 % de harina de palmiche. Los animales se sacrificaron a los 42 días y se extrajeron los páncreas, se pesaron y expresaron como relativos al peso vivo y se determinó la actividad enzimática de la tripsina, que aumentó con la inclusión de 5 y 10 % respecto al control y 15 % (5744.50 y 5131.50 vs 2415.67 y 1540.67 mg de tirosina liberada. min<sup>-1</sup>. mg<sup>-1</sup> de proteína, respectivamente). Se concluye que la inclusión de hasta 10 % de harina de palmiche en la dieta de pollos de ceba aumenta la actividad de la enzima tripsina pancreática para digerir las proteínas en el tracto gastrointestinal.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>aves</kwd>
				<kwd>enzima digestiva</kwd>
				<kwd>fruto de la palma real</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<p>Uno de los órganos centrales del tracto gastrointestinal es el páncreas. Este desempeña una función activa en la regulación del sistema digestivo, ya que secreta enzimas que hidrolizan a proteínas, lípidos y carbohidratos provenientes del alimento (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Kuzmina <italic>et al.</italic> 2024</xref>). Con respecto a la cría de aves de corral, en la literatura científica se informan investigaciones que permiten demostrar la adaptación de las glándulas digestivas de los animales a la composición química de los alimentos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Vertiprakhov <italic>et al.</italic> 2023</xref>). </p>
			<p>En estudios realizados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Martínez-Pérez <italic>et al.</italic> (2021)</xref>, donde se incluyó harina de palmiche en la alimentación de pollos de ceba, se demostró que la fracción proteica de este fruto se considera relativamente baja (8.77 %) y que los niveles de extracto etéreo son elevados (16.06 %). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Vertiprakhov <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref>, al analizar diferentes fuentes de aceites vegetales en gallinas ponedoras, observaron que la función exocrina del páncreas se modifica según la fuente en estudio. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la actividad enzimática de tripsina pancreática en pollos de ceba que consumen harina de palmiche.</p>
			<p>Se utilizaron 40 pollos de ceba machos del híbrido HE<sub>21,</sub> con peso vivo inicial promedio de 141±5 g. Se alojaron en jaulas metálicas desde los 8 hasta los 42 d de edad. Las dietas experimentales consistieron en: control (maíz-torta de soya) y la inclusión de 5, 10 y 15 % de harina de palmiche, de manera que se mantuvieron isoproteicas e isoenergéticas. La formulación se realizó para las etapas de inicio, crecimiento y acabado y se informaron por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Vives <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref>. Durante todo el tiempo de experimentación, los pollos tuvieron libre acceso al agua y al alimento. </p>
			<p>A los 42 d, los pollos se pesaron y sacrificaron, exactamente dos horas y treinta minutos después de la ingestión del alimento. Se utilizaron procedimientos tradicionales: insensibilización por aturdimiento con choque eléctrico antes del método de desangrado por punción en la yugular. Posteriormente, se abrió la cavidad abdominal y se extrajeron los páncreas. Se pesaron en balanza técnica (SARTORIUS, Alemania) y se expresaron como relativos al peso vivo (g<sup>.</sup>kg<sup>-1</sup> de PV). Luego, se sumergieron en 4 mL.g<sup>-1</sup> de solución salina fisiológica, entre 0 y 4 ºC, para su traslado al laboratorio. Los órganos de tres animales por tratamiento, que constituyeron una muestra, se homogeneizaron manualmente y se centrifugaron a 1500 r.p.m. durante 10 min a 4 ºC en una centrífuga refrigerada marca Thermoscientific IEC CL31R (China). Se descartó el pélet y se almacenó el sobrenadante en pequeñas alícuotas a -80 °C hasta posteriores análisis.</p>
			<p>La concentración de proteínas se determinó mediante el método de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Bradford (1976)</xref> en un espectrofotómetro UV-vis (Rigol serie Ultra-3400, China). El cálculo de las concentraciones se realizó mediante la interpolación de los valores de absorbancia de las muestras en la curva patrón de seroalbúmina bovina (BSA) (0.01-5 mg/mL). Esta se normalizó para todos los homogenados en estudio a 3 mg/mL, para lo que se realizaron las diluciones correspondientes en cada caso. Todos los análisis se realizaron por triplicado.</p>
			<p>La actividad de la tripsina se determinó en el homogenizado de páncreas, según la técnica descrita por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">León <italic>et al.</italic> (2007)</xref>. El mismo (0.3 mg de proteína) se incubó durante 15 min a 41 °C con 200 μL del sustrato caseína al 1 % en tampón fosfato de sodio 100 mM pH 7.4. La reacción se detuvo con la adición de 1 mL de ácido tricloroacético al 5 % p/v y la mezcla se filtró mediante papel Whatman 42. Se hicieron reaccionar 250 μL del filtrado con 1 250 μL de Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> 200 mM y 250 μL del reactivo de Folin-Ciocalteu, diluido 1:5 en agua destilada. Después de la incubación, durante 20 min a 41 °C, se midió la absorbancia a longitud de onda de 625 nm. Los valores se compararon con los de una curva estándar, elaborada a partir de una solución de tirosina (1 mg/mL). La actividad específica de la tripsina se expresó como mg de tirosina liberada<sup>.</sup>min<sup>-1.</sup>mg<sup>-1</sup> de proteína.</p>
			<p>Se utilizó diseño completamente aleatorizado, con cuatro tratamientos. Para los pesos vivo final y relativo del páncreas, se utilizaron 10 repeticiones de un animal y para la actividad enzimática de la tripsina pancreática, tres repeticiones, que correspondieron a una muestra de tres páncreas cada una. Las diferencias entre las medias se determinaron según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Duncan (1955)</xref> para p&lt;0.05 en los casos necesarios. Se utilizó el paquete estadístico Infostat (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Di Rienzo <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref>).</p>
			<p>No se encontraron diferencias en los pesos vivo final y los relativos del páncreas entre los cuatro tratamientos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabla 1</xref>). Similar comportamiento registraron <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Vives <italic>et al.</italic> (2021)</xref>, al estudiar la glándula accesoria en pollos de ceba. Estos autores plantearon además, que aunque macroscópicamente no se observaron cambios morfométricos, hubo incremento de sus funciones específicas, ante la presencia de harina de palmiche en la ración, lo que favorece el proceso de digestión.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Tabla 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Pesos vivo final y relativos del páncreas de pollos de ceba, que consumen harina de palmiche en la ración</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center" rowspan="2">Pesos</th>
								<th align="center" colspan="4">Inclusión de harina de palmiche, % </th>
								<th align="center" rowspan="2">EE±</th>
								<th align="center" rowspan="2">p-valor </th>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">Control</th>
								<th align="center">5</th>
								<th align="center">10</th>
								<th align="center">15</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Vivo final (kg)</td>
								<td align="center">2.24</td>
								<td align="center">2.36</td>
								<td align="center">2.34</td>
								<td align="center">2.15</td>
								<td align="center">0.15</td>
								<td align="center">0.7506</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Páncreas (g.kg<sup>-1</sup> de PV)</td>
								<td align="center">2.93</td>
								<td align="center">2.58</td>
								<td align="center">2.50</td>
								<td align="center">2.45</td>
								<td align="center">0.21</td>
								<td align="center">0.3910</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>Los tratamientos con la inclusión de 5 y 10 % de harina de palmiche no difirieron entre sí, y mostraron actividad enzimática mayor de la tripsina pancreática con respecto al resto (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 1</xref>). El incremento representa un beneficio fisiológico para el animal, ya que según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Vertiprakhov <italic>et al.</italic> (2023)</xref> esta enzima rompe los enlaces de las proteínas mediante hidrólisis para formar péptidos o aminoácidos de menor tamaño, más fácilmente digeribles y biodisponibles. De esta manera, aumenta la digestión de estas biomoléculas, que desempeñan funciones biológicas esenciales en el organismo: estructural, enzimática, hormonal, reguladora, homeostática, entre otras. </p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f2">
					<label>Figura 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Actividad enzimática de la tripsina pancreática en pollos de ceba que consumen diferentes niveles de harina de palmiche en la ración. EE±0.8758, p=0.0014.</title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-59-e02-gf2.svg"/>
					<attrib><sup>a,b</sup> Valores con distintas letras muestran diferencias significativas (p&lt;0.05)</attrib>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>La reducción de la actividad enzimática del 15 % respecto al resto de los tratamientos que incluyen la harina de palmiche se puede relacionar con la alta correlación que demostraron <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Martínez-Pérez <italic>et al.</italic> (2021)</xref> entre los contenidos de grasa y fibra (86 %) que aporta el palmiche con este nivel en la dieta. Según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Liu <italic>et al.</italic> (2017)</xref> los lípidos tienen mayor impacto en el consumo de alimento, que el almidón y las proteínas, y que las concentraciones de estas últimas, se diluyen mediante la inclusión de lípidos adicionales en el extracto etéreo de dietas isoenergéticas. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Vertiprakhov <italic>et al.</italic> (2020)</xref> plantearon que ante concentraciones fisiológicas elevadas de grasa, se observa un incremento selectivo de la lipasa con disminución global del resto de la secreción enzimática. Este resultado concuerda con lo expresado por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">Vives <italic>et al</italic>. (2020)</xref>, quienes observaron mayor actividad enzimática de la lipasa pancreática para 15 % de inclusión de harina de palmiche en la ración de pollos de ceba. </p>
			<p>Se han descrito efectos inhibidores de la secreción pancreática exocrina por parte de nutrientes, sales biliares, algunas hormonas gastrointestinales e inhibidores de tripsina (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Kuzmina <italic>et al.</italic> 2024</xref>). Según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Singh y Kim (2021)</xref>, la fibra aumenta la excreción de sales biliares, que son las encargadas de la emulsificación de los lípidos para que ocurra su digestión. Por lo tanto, este comportamiento también pudiera estar asociado a efectos inhibidores por parte de la fracción fibrosa del palmiche. Pudiera ser que con 15 % de harina de palmiche en la dieta aumentaran las concentraciones de inhibidores de tripsina, los que reducirían la actividad de la tripsina. Se necesita confirmar esta hipótesis con estudios posteriores. </p>
			<p>Se concluye que la inclusión de hasta 10 % de harina de palmiche en la dieta de pollos de ceba aumenta la actividad de la enzima tripsina pancreática en el tracto gastrointestinal.</p>
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	</sub-article>
</article>