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<!DOCTYPE article
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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">
	<front>
		<journal-meta>
			<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">cjas</journal-id>
			<journal-title-group>
				<journal-title>Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science</journal-title>
				<abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Cuban J. Agric. Sci.</abbrev-journal-title>
			</journal-title-group>
			<issn pub-type="epub">2079-3480</issn>
			<publisher>
				<publisher-name>Ediciones ICA</publisher-name>
			</publisher>
		</journal-meta>
		<article-meta>
			<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1996/v58e20</article-id>
			<article-id pub-id-type="other">00020</article-id>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Pasture Science and other Crops</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Entomofauna associated with a silvopastoral system of <italic>Tithonia diversifolia</italic> cv. ICA Cuba oc-10, intended for bull fattening</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3514-2095</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Valenciaga</surname>
						<given-names>Nurys</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8521-948X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Iraola</surname>
						<given-names>J.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2641-1815</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Herrera</surname>
						<given-names>Magaly</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1690-1140</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ruiz</surname>
						<given-names>T. E.</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff1">
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ciencia Animal, C. Central km 47½, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto de Ciencia Animal</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Ciencia Animal</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<city>San José de las Lajas</city>
						<state>Mayabeque</state>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="CU">Cuba</country>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c1">
					<label>*</label> Email:<email>nvalenciaga1966@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn1">
					<p><bold>Conflict of interest:</bold> The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest among them.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="con" id="fn2">
					<p><bold>CRediT authorship contribution statement:</bold> Nurys Valenciaga: <bold>Research, Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing-original draft, Writing - review &amp; editing.</bold> J. Iraola: <bold>Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing-original draft.</bold> Magaly Herrera: <bold>Formal analysis, methodology, Software, Writing-original draft.</bold> T. E. Ruiz: <bold>Conceptualization, Investigation, Methodology, Writing-original draft.</bold></p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
				<day>01</day>
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
				<month>12</month>
				<year>2024</year>
			</pub-date>
			<volume>58</volume>
			<elocation-id>e20</elocation-id>
			<history>
				<date date-type="received">
					<day>15</day>
					<month>02</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
				<date date-type="accepted">
					<day>04</day>
					<month>05</month>
					<year>2024</year>
				</date>
			</history>
			<permissions>
				<license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
					<license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
				</license>
			</permissions>
			<abstract>
				<p>To evaluate the entomofauna associated with a silvopastoral system (SSP) of tithonia and improved and natural grasses, intended for bull fattening, an experiment was conducted for four years. A sample of 20 raids was taken during three climatic moments (January, May and September), with the use of the entomological net for each plant component. Results showed the superiority of Insecta class. An amount of 14 orders, 37 families and 76 morphospecies were collected. Out of them, 38 phytophages, 13 visitors, 22 bioregulators, 2 hematophages and 1 omnivore. The most common phytophages were the leafhoppers: <italic>Empoasca</italic> sp., <italic>Hortensia similis</italic>, <italic>Draeculacephala cubana</italic> and a complex of chrysomelids of <italic>Epitrix</italic>, <italic>Diabrotica</italic>, <italic>Colaspis</italic>, <italic>Diachus</italic>, <italic>Typophorus</italic>, <italic>Cryptocephalus</italic>, <italic>Oedionychus</italic> and <italic>Anysostena</italic> genera, which provoke their damage with greater emphasis on base grass and on the control area. However, they only reached the category of frequent. The rest were included in the category of infrequent (&lt;10). September was the most representative month of the associated entomofauna. It is concluded that the study of the entomofauna in the evaluated areas confirms the function of the tree component in the agroecosystem. Regarding the SSP with tithonia and base grass, it is demonstrated that the system manages to maintain phytophagous, visitor and bioregulatory species in biological balance, without causing economic damage to the associated plant components. Therefore, it is recommended to maintain phytosanitary surveillance in these areas, by promoting increasingly diverse systems, in order to contribute to the comprehensive management of the agroecosystem.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
				<title>Keywords:</title>
				<kwd>bioregulators</kwd>
				<kwd>grazing</kwd>
				<kwd>Mexican sunflower</kwd>
				<kwd>pest insects</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
			<counts>
				<fig-count count="2"/>
				<table-count count="6"/>
				<equation-count count="8"/>
				<ref-count count="59"/>
				<page-count count="0"/>
			</counts>
		</article-meta>
	</front>
	<body>
		<sec sec-type="intro">
			<title>Introduction</title>
			<p><italic>Tithonia diversifolia</italic> (Hemsl.) A. Gray., commonly known as <italic>Mexican sunflower</italic>, is a shrub species of the <italic>Asteraceae</italic> family with forage potential, which use in animal feeding is becoming increasingly important. Its agronomic performance (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Londoño <italic>et al.</italic> 2019</xref>), nutritional quality and value (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Vargas <italic>et al.</italic> 2022</xref>), rapid growth and low demand for inputs and management for its cultivation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Ríos 2002</xref>), together with its adaptability to multiple climates and soils, make it a strategic plant for the assembly of silvopastoral systems (SSP) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Murgueitio <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Murgueitio 2023</xref>). </p>
			<p>Comprehensive research, conducted at the Institute of Animal Science of Cuba, led by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Ruiz <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref>, confirm the benefits and attributes of this shrub for its use in animal production. As a result of these studies, <italic>T. diversifolia</italic> materials collected in Cuba are available, and can be used in grazing systems (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Alonso <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Ruiz <italic>et al</italic>. 2023a</xref>). In this research, technological elements were defined for the use of this species in silvopastoral systems. Recently, it has been shown that its sowing by gamic seed can be sustained, with positive economic effects (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Báez <italic>et al</italic>. 2022</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Padilla <italic>et al.</italic> 2023</xref>).</p>
			<p>Despite there being few reports of damage or herbivory in this species, to achieve a deeper knowledge about phytosanitary, the objective of this study was to evaluate the entomofauna, associated with a silvopastoral system of <italic>T. diversifolia</italic> cv. ICA CUBA Oc-10, intended for bull fattening.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
			<title>Materials and Methods</title>
			<sec>
				<title>Location</title>
				<p>The research was carried out for four years at the Institute of Animal Science (ICA), located at 22º 53' North, 82º 02' West, and 92 m a.s.l., in San José de las Lajas municipality, Mayabeque province, Republic of Cuba. The evaluation covered from 2019 to 2023. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Experimental area</title>
				<p>A total of 10 ha was used, which were composed of a mixture of improved grasses (<italic>Cynodon nlemfuensis</italic>) and natural grasses (<italic>Paspalum notatum</italic>, <italic>Sporobolus indicus</italic>, <italic>Dichantium</italic> sp.). The study area was divided into two systems, 5 ha each. One of them was composed of grasses (control area) and the other, of a silvopastoral system (SSP) of grasses-tithonia associated in 100 % of the area, which was intended for the fattening of male Siboney cattle from Cuba. </p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Tithonia SSP establishment methodology</title>
				<p>The sowing of <italic>T. diversifolia</italic> was carried out on a brown carbonated soil (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Hernández <italic>et al.</italic> 2019</xref>), according to the concepts and methodologies developed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Ruiz and Febles (1999)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Ruiz <italic>et al.</italic> (2006)</xref>. Previous soil preparation was carried out in strips in grassland areas. The tithonia strips were oriented from East to West and sowing was performed by cuttings, pastures and botanical seed. For this, the registered variety ICACUBA Oc-10 was used, proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Ruiz <italic>et al.</italic> (2010)</xref> for its implementation in grazing.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Experimental procedure</title>
				<p>For studies of the associated entomofauna, the baseline was initially drawn in both areas before sowing tithonia. Two samples of 20 raids were taken in an area representative of the area to be sown, and two equal samples in the control area, composed by grasses. Subsequently, with the promotion of the SSP, stratified sampling was implemented in five blocks. In the center of each block, the representative sampling area was defined, according to the methodology proposed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">CIBA-GEIGY (1981)</xref>. Sampling was carried out at three climatic times of the year (January, May and September). In each block, a sample of 20 raids was taken with the use of the entomological network for each plant component (tithonia and base grass) for a total of 10 samples (five in tithonia and five in the base grass). In the control area, established only with grasses, five samples were taken. All were individualized in plastic bags, with their respective identifications, and were transferred to the Pest Management Laboratory of the Pasture Department of the ICA for their processing and taxonomic identification. A stereoscopic microscope, entomological collections and related dichotomous keys were used for this purpose. Phytophagous insects, visiting organisms and the associated beneficial fauna (bioregulators) were identified in each study area, considering the assignment of functional groups, according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Metcalf and Flint (1965)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Triplehorn and Johnson (2005)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Mancina and Cruz (2017)</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">World Spider Catalog (2020)</xref>. The level of damage caused by insect-pests in each plant component was also evaluated, in accordance with what was described by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Calderón (1982)</xref>.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Climatic conditions of the study area</title>
				<p>Average annual temperature was 24.86 °C. The accumulated rainfall in 2019 was 1,254.7 mm, with 71 days of rain. In 2020, there was an accumulated of 1,599.4 mm in 118 days. In January, May and September, it was 6.9 mm with 4 d of rain, 351.8 mm with 13 d and 240.7 mm with 15 d, respectively. The accumulated rainfall in 2021 was 1,497.9 mm with 88 days of rain. January had 34 mm in just 1 day, May only 40.1 mm with 7 days and September 218.7 mm with 15 days. In 2022, the accumulated rainfall was 1,903.7 mm within 100 days. In January, May and September, 24.9 mm, 253.8 mm and 258.1 mm were registered in 4 d, 14 d and 18 d, respectively. In 2023, it was 1,171.6 mm in 95 days of rain: January with 4.6 mm in 2 days, May with 182.5 mm in 13 days and September with 159.8 mm in 12 days of rain. This last year appeared to have more rain. However, the accumulated rainfall was much lower than the historical mean (40 years), with 258.4 mm less. On the contrary, in 2022, it rained 473.7 mm more than the historical mean.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec>
				<title>Data processing and analysis</title>
				<p>An Excel database was created with all the collected information. The ecological indicators were determined: number of individuals (N), species richness (S), uniformity (E), Margalef index (DMg), Simpson index (Dsp), Shannon index (H'), Shannon variance, Berger-Parker index (d) and alpha (log distribution) for the baseline, according to the Diversity program, according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Henderson and Seaby (1998)</xref>. Then, the associated arthropodfauna was grouped in each experimental area according to the plant component and the richness and abundance of species, according to the sampling moment in the year. In the first year, proportion comparison analysis (chi-square) was carried out for each plant component evaluated, according to the ComparPro version 1 statistical package (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Font <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>). For the abundance of species, the procedure was performed according to the sampling moment and the test of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Duncan (1955)</xref> for P&lt;0.05 was applied to differentiate means in the necessary cases. </p>
				<p>In the second year of sampling, relative frequency (Fr) and relative abundance (Ar) of the associated arthropodfauna were determined, with emphasis on the insect fauna. In addition, the percentage of intensity (% intensity) and of distribution (% distribution) were determined when moderate insect lesions were found. Next, the corresponding formulas and scales are issued according to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">INISAV (2006)</xref>:</p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula id="e1">
						<mml:math>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mi>F</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>r</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:mfrac>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>F</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mi>F</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfrac>
								<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
								<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
								<mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
							</mml:mrow>
						</mml:math>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<def-list id="d1">
					<title>where: </title>
					<def-item>
						<term>Fr:</term>
						<def>
							<p>relative frequency</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>Fi:</term>
						<def>
							<p>times in which each insect appeared per month</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>Ft:</term>
						<def>
							<p>number of times it was evaluated</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
				</def-list>
				<p>Scale</p>
				<p>
					<list list-type="simple">
						<list-item>
							<p>Very frequent ≥ 30</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Frequent ≥ 10 ≤ 29</p>
						</list-item>
						<list-item>
							<p>Little frequent &lt; 10</p>
						</list-item>
					</list>
				</p>
				<p>
					<disp-formula id="e2">
						<mml:math>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>r</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:mfrac>
									<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>N</mml:mi>
								</mml:mfrac>
								<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
								<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
								<mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
							</mml:mrow>
						</mml:math>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<def-list id="d2">
					<title>where:</title>
					<def-item>
						<term>Ar:</term>
						<def>
							<p>relative abundance</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>n:</term>
						<def>
							<p>number of individuals of one species per month </p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>N:</term>
						<def>
							<p>total number of all the collected individuals from the different species found</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
				</def-list>
				<p>
					<disp-formula id="e3">
						<mml:math>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mi>%</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
								<mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>s</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>y</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:mfrac>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mo>∑</mml:mo>
										<mml:mfenced>
											<mml:mrow>
												<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
												<mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
												<mml:mi>v</mml:mi>
											</mml:mrow>
										</mml:mfenced>
										<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
										<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
										<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
										<mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
									</mml:mrow>
									<mml:mrow>
										<mml:mtext>i x N</mml:mtext>
									</mml:mrow>
								</mml:mfrac>
							</mml:mrow>
						</mml:math>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<def-list id="d3">
					<title>where:</title>
					<def-item>
						<term>n:</term>
						<def>
							<p># of studied leaves</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>N:</term>
						<def>
							<p>total # of studied leaves </p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>i:</term>
						<def>
							<p>highest value of the scale </p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>v:</term>
						<def>
							<p>value of the scale (1 to 4)</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
				</def-list>
				<p>
					<disp-formula id="e4">
						<mml:math>
							<mml:mrow>
								<mml:mi>%</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
								<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>s</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>r</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>b</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>u</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>o</mml:mi>
								<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
								<mml:mfrac>
									<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>b</mml:mi>
								</mml:mfrac>
								<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
								<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
								<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
								<mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
							</mml:mrow>
						</mml:math>
					</disp-formula>
				</p>
				<def-list id="d4">
					<title>where:</title>
					<def-item>
						<term>a:</term>
						<def>
							<p>number of affected leaves </p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
					<def-item>
						<term>b:</term>
						<def>
							<p>number of sampled leaves</p>
						</def>
					</def-item>
				</def-list>
			</sec>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
			<title>Results and Discussion</title>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Table 1</xref> shows the ecological indicators recorded in the baseline carried out before the promotion of the SSP. Homogeneity is demonstrated in both areas, as there is no evidence of dominant species (0.3217 and 0.2692). As can be seen, there was similarity in the range of abundance (136 and 153), as well as in uniformity (0.7197 and 0.8411) for the area to be sown and the control area, respectively. This is demonstrated by the Diversity program (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Henderson and Seaby 1998</xref>), when graphing the range of abundance of the collected species (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figure 1</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t1">
					<label>Table 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Ecological indicators of the experimental area (sowing and control areas). Baseline</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Diversity index</th>
								<th align="center">Sowing area</th>
								<th align="center">Control</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Number of individuals (N)</td>
								<td align="center">136</td>
								<td align="center">153</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Species richness (S)</td>
								<td align="center">14</td>
								<td align="center">23</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Uniformity (E)</td>
								<td align="center">0.7197</td>
								<td align="center">0.8411</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Margalef index (DMg)</td>
								<td align="center">2.7398</td>
								<td align="center">4.3566</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Simpson index (Dsp)</td>
								<td align="center">6.9439</td>
								<td align="center">9.4159</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Shannon index (H’) </td>
								<td align="center">2.2566</td>
								<td align="center">2.6374</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Shannon variance </td>
								<td align="center">0.0075</td>
								<td align="center">0.0068</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Berger-Parker index (d)</td>
								<td align="center">0.3217</td>
								<td align="center">0.2692</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left">Alpha (log distribution)</td>
								<td align="center">4.1761</td>
								<td align="center">7.4441</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>
				<fig id="f1">
					<label>Figure 1</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Range of abundance of the collected species in both studied areas </title>
					</caption>
					<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-58-e20-gf1.svg"/>
				</fig>
			</p>
			<p>The taxonomic identification of the arthropodfauna associated with the SSP with tithonia and base grass, as well as in the control area, only with grasses (<italic>C. nlemfuensis</italic> + natural grasses) showed that Insecta class has superiority with respect to the rest (Malacostroca, Gastropoda and Arachnida). This result is evident, knowing that insects can indeed be found in almost all environments on the planet and are considered as the most diverse group of animals on Earth, with approximately one million described species. More than all other groups of animals combined, it is estimated that there could be up to 10 million species of insects not yet described (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Barrera and López 2016</xref>). During the experimental period, 14 orders, 37 families and 76 morphospecies were collected (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">table 2</xref>). In total, 38 morphospecies with phytophagous habits, 13 visitors, 22 bioregulatory morphospecies, 2 hematophagous and 1 omnivorous were associated.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t2">
					<label>Table 2</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Arthropodfauna associated to the studied area during all the experimental period</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="center">CLASS</th>
								<th align="center">ORDER</th>
								<th align="center">FAMILY</th>
								<th align="center">SCIENTIFIC NAME</th>
								<th align="center">COMMON NAME</th>
								<th align="center">FUNCTIONAL GROUP</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" rowspan="55">Insecta</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="14">Hemiptera</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="5">Cicadellidae</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>Empoasca</italic> sp. δ ϕ £ </td>
								<td align="center">Leafhopper</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"><italic>Hortensia similis</italic> (Walk.) δ ϕ £ </td>
								<td align="center">Leafhopper</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"><italic>Draeculacephala cubana</italic> (M y B.) ϕ £ </td>
								<td align="center">Leafhopper</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"><italic>Chlorotettix minimus</italic> Baker δ ϕ £ </td>
								<td align="center">Leafhopper </td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"><italic>Thamnotettix</italic> sp. δ ϕ £ </td>
								<td align="center">Leafhopper </td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">2 unidentified morphospecies £ </td>
								<td align="center">Leafhoppers</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Flatidae</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>Ormenaria rufifascia</italic> (Walker) £ </td>
								<td align="center"> Palm flatid planthopper </td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">Cixiidae</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>Bothriocera</italic> sp. δ ϕ £ </td>
								<td align="center">Cixiid</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"><italic>Oliarus</italic> sp. δ ϕ £ </td>
								<td align="center">Cixiid</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Membracidae</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>Stictocephala rotundata</italic> Stål. ϕ £ </td>
								<td align="center">treehopper</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Rhyparochromidae</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>Paromius longulus</italic> (Dallas) ϕ £ </td>
								<td align="center">Long grey seed bug</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">Pentatomidae</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>Mormidea pictiventris</italic> (Stål) ϕ £ </td>
								<td align="center">Stink bug</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"><italic>Nezara viridula</italic> L. ϕ £ </td>
								<td align="center">Green stink bug</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">1 unidentified morphospecie ϕ £ </td>
								<td align="center">Stink bug</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" rowspan="6">Diptera</td>
								<td align="center">Dolichopodidae</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>Condylostylus</italic> sp. δ ϕ £ </td>
								<td align="center">Fly</td>
								<td align="center">B</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Chamaemyiidae</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>Leucopis</italic> sp. δ ϕ £ </td>
								<td align="center">Fly</td>
								<td align="center">V</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Otitidae</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>Euxesta stigmatias</italic> (Loew.) δ ϕ £ </td>
								<td align="center">Cornsilk fly</td>
								<td align="center">V</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Syrphidae</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>Toxomerus</italic> sp. δ ϕ £ </td>
								<td align="center">Syrphid fly</td>
								<td align="center">B</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Culicidae</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>Culex pipiens</italic> L. £ </td>
								<td align="center">mosquito</td>
								<td align="center">H</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">5 unidentified morphospecies δ ϕ £ </td>
								<td align="center">dipteran</td>
								<td align="center">V</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" rowspan="4">Lepidoptera</td>
								<td align="center">Crambidae</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>Omiodes</italic> (<italic>Hedylepta</italic>) <italic>indicata</italic> (Fab.) δ</td>
								<td align="center">Bean-leaf webworm moth</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">4 unidentified morphospecies δ</td>
								<td align="center">Butterflies</td>
								<td align="center">V</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">Noctuidae</td>
								<td align="center">3 unidentified morphospecies δ</td>
								<td align="center">Moths</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">1 unidentified morphospecie ϕ £ </td>
								<td align="center">Lepidopteran larvae</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" rowspan="15">Coleoptera</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="9">Chrysomelidae</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>Diabrotica</italic> sp. δ ϕ £ </td>
								<td align="center">Cucurbit beetle</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"><italic>Colaspis brunnea</italic> (Fab.) ϕ £ </td>
								<td align="center">Leaf beetle</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"><italic>Deloyala guttata</italic> (Oliver) δ ϕ £ </td>
								<td align="center">Mottled tortoise beetle</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"><italic>Oedionychus pictus</italic> (Fab.) ϕ £ </td>
								<td align="center">beetle</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"><italic>Diachus auratus</italic> (Fab.) δ ϕ £ </td>
								<td align="center">Bronze leaf beetle</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"><italic>Epitrix</italic> sp. δ ϕ £ </td>
								<td align="center">Flea beetle</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"><italic>Typophorus nigritus</italic> F. δ ϕ </td>
								<td align="center">Sweetpotato leaf beetle</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"><italic>Cryptocephalus viridipennis</italic> Suffrian δ ϕ</td>
								<td align="center">Leaf beetle</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"><italic>Anisostena cyanoptera</italic> Suffrian δ ϕ</td>
								<td align="center">Leaf beetle</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Curculionidae</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>Centrinaspis</italic> sp. ϕ</td>
								<td align="center">Leaf beetle</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">Coccinellidae</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>Brachiacantha bistripustulata</italic> Fab. δ ϕ</td>
								<td align="center">Ladybug</td>
								<td align="center">B</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"><italic>Chilocorus cacti</italic> Lδ ϕ</td>
								<td align="center">Ladybug</td>
								<td align="center">B</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"><italic>Cycloneda sanguinea limbifer</italic> Casey δ ϕ</td>
								<td align="center">Ladybug</td>
								<td align="center">B</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Lycidae</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>Thonalmus suavis</italic> Duval ϕ</td>
								<td align="center">Net-winged beetle</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">1 unidentified morphospecie ϕ</td>
								<td align="center">Little black beetle</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" rowspan="9">Hymenoptera</td>
								<td align="center">Apididae</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>Apis mellifera</italic> L. δ</td>
								<td align="center">Bees</td>
								<td align="center">V</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">Ichneumonidae</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>Ophion</italic> sp. δ ϕ £</td>
								<td align="center">Ichneumonid wasp</td>
								<td align="center">B</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"><italic>Coccygomimus rufoniger</italic> (Cresson) δ</td>
								<td align="center">Wasp</td>
								<td align="center">B</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">Chalcididae</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>Brachymeria robusta</italic> Alayo y Hernández δ</td>
								<td align="center">Chalcid wasp</td>
								<td align="center">B</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"><italic>Conura</italic> (<italic>Spilochalcis</italic>) <italic>femorata</italic> Fab. δ</td>
								<td align="center">Chalcid wasp</td>
								<td align="center">B</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">2 unidentified morphospecies δ</td>
								<td align="center">Chalcid wasp</td>
								<td align="center">B</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">Formicidae</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>Wasmannia auropunctata</italic> (L.) δ ϕ £ </td>
								<td align="center">Little fire ants</td>
								<td align="center">B</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"><italic>Paratrechina longicornis</italic> Latreille δ ϕ £ </td>
								<td align="center">Crazy ant</td>
								<td align="center">V</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Vespidae</td>
								<td align="center">2 unidentified morphospecies δ</td>
								<td align="center">Wasps</td>
								<td align="center">B</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" rowspan="3">Orthoptera</td>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">Tettigonidae</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>Conocephalus cuspidatus</italic> (Scud.) ϕ £ </td>
								<td align="center">Long-horned grasshopper</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center"><italic>Conocephalus</italic> sp. ϕ £ </td>
								<td align="center">Conehead</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">1 unidentified morphospecie ϕ £ </td>
								<td align="center">Grasshopper</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Neuroptera</td>
								<td align="center">Chrysopidae</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>Chrysopa</italic> sp. δ </td>
								<td align="center">Green lacewing</td>
								<td align="center">B</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Dermaptera</td>
								<td align="center">Forficulidae</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>Doru taeniatum</italic> (Dohr.) δ</td>
								<td align="center">Earwig</td>
								<td align="center">B</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Thysanoptera</td>
								<td align="center">Thripidae</td>
								<td align="center">1 unidentified morphospecie ϕ £</td>
								<td align="center">Trip</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Blattodea</td>
								<td align="center">Blattidae</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>Periplaneta americana</italic> L. ϕ £</td>
								<td align="center">Cockroach</td>
								<td align="center">O</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Malacostraca</td>
								<td align="center">Isopoda</td>
								<td align="center">Armadillidae</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>Armadillidium vulgare</italic> (Latreille) ϕ £</td>
								<td align="center">Common pill woodlouse</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Gastropoda</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">1 unidentified morphospecie δ ϕ £</td>
								<td align="center">Snail</td>
								<td align="center">F</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center" rowspan="2">Arachnida</td>
								<td align="center">Araneae</td>
								<td align="center">-</td>
								<td align="center">6 unidentified morphospecies δ ϕ £</td>
								<td align="center">Spiders</td>
								<td align="center">B</td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Ixodida</td>
								<td align="center">Ixodidae</td>
								<td align="center"><italic>Rhipicephalus</italic> (<italic>Boophilus</italic>) <italic>microplus</italic> Canestrini δ ϕ £</td>
								<td align="center">Ticks</td>
								<td align="center">H</td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN1">
							<p>V- visitors F- phytophagous B- bioregulators H-hematophagous O- omnivores <bold>δ</bold> SSP-tithonia <bold>ϕ</bold> SSP-pasto <bold>£</bold> control (grasses)</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>With the exception of visiting organisms, mainly associated with the flowering season, attracted by the tithonia flowers, such as bees (<italic>Apis mellifera</italic>), butterflies and dragonflies, the rest frequent the plant component of the areas (SSP with tithonia, SSP base grass and control grass), in greater or lesser proportion, at some time of the year. </p>
			<p>Among the most recurring phytophages, a complex group of leafhoppers (<italic>Empoasca</italic> sp., <italic>Hortensia similis</italic>, <italic>Draeculacephala cubana</italic>) and another of chrysomelids of <italic>Epitrix</italic>, <italic>Diabrotica</italic>, <italic>Colaspis</italic>, <italic>Diachus</italic>, <italic>Typophorus</italic>, <italic>Cryptocephalus</italic>, <italic>Oedionychus</italic> and <italic>Anysostena</italic> genera were found, which, although were observed in tithonia, exert their damage with greater emphasis on base grass and grasses (control area). It was confirmed that only the bean-leaf webworm moth (<italic>Omiodes indicata</italic>) prefers tithonia, where it develops its entire biological cycle. However, <italic>T. diversifolia</italic> is still a plant that pests consume little, with a low damage percentage, inferior to 20 %. This result coincides with what was reported in studies by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Ruiz <italic>et al.</italic> (2017)</xref> under Cuban conditions. This performance could be associated with the presence of secondary metabolites in the plant (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Scull <italic>et al.</italic> 2022</xref>).</p>
			<p>
				<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">González-Sierra <italic>et al.</italic> (2019)</xref>, when carrying out the qualitative and quantitative determination of said metabolites in ethanolic extracts of roots, stems and leaves of <italic>T. diversifolia</italic> under the conditions of Cuba, reported a wide variety of bioactive substances like phenols, flavonoids, coumarins, quinones and terpenoids, with higher contents in roots and with great antioxidant activity.</p>
			<p>In a similar study by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Sabaris <italic>et al.</italic> (2023)</xref> multiple bioactive substances were found present in leaves, stems and flowers, which are used by the plant as a defense mechanism after the action of herbivores. Hence, they are capable of manifesting repellent, phagodeterrent or insecticidal action against certain pest-insects (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Bagnarello <italic>et al</italic>. 2009</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Castaño-Quintana <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Rodríguez <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Jiménez <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Devi <italic>et al</italic>. 2022</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Kerebba <italic>et al.</italic> 2022</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Miranda <italic>et al.</italic> 2022</xref>). Its molluscicide action has even been recently verified from foliar extracts of the plant (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Ballada and Baonan 2023</xref>). </p>
			<p>Other studies report that the plant has allelopathic action (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Tongma <italic>et al.</italic> 2001</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Rodríguez-Cala and González-Oliva 2017</xref>), nematocidal (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Ferreira <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Neto <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>), as well as anthelmintic action (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Duarte <italic>et al.</italic> 2020</xref>) and antiparasitic (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Lezcano-Más <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>). This ability of the plant to maintain a low incidence of pest-causing organisms and, consequently, low damage levels, constitutes a novel result, obtained and verified in the present study, which enhances the interest in its use, which makes it even more attractive to encourage its use in animal feeding. </p>
			<p>The control area, with only grasses, always obtained the highest abundances at the time of sampling with respect to the rest of the evaluated plant components (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">table 3</xref>). Studies by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alonso-Amaro <italic>et al</italic>. (2021)</xref> in leucaena-guinea silvopastoral systems also obtained higher values ​​of insect diversity, numerous and similar in the sampled areas, although not representative for the herbaceous stratum.</p>
			<p>
				<table-wrap id="t3">
					<label>Table 3</label>
					<caption>
						<title>Performance of the arthopodfauna in each plant component, regarding richness and abundance of species, according to the sampling moment of the year</title>
					</caption>
					<table>
						<colgroup>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
							<col/>
						</colgroup>
						<thead>
							<tr>
								<th align="left">Plant component</th>
								<th align="center">Sampling moment</th>
								<th align="center">Orders</th>
								<th align="center">Species richness</th>
								<th align="center">Abundance</th>
								<th align="center">Percentage</th>
							</tr>
						</thead>
						<tbody>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="5"><bold>SSP tithonia</bold></td>
								<td align="center">January</td>
								<td align="center">6</td>
								<td align="center">15</td>
								<td align="center">221</td>
								<td align="center">52.49<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">May</td>
								<td align="center">7</td>
								<td align="center">15</td>
								<td align="center">86</td>
								<td align="center">20.42<sup>c</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">September</td>
								<td align="center">7</td>
								<td align="center">16</td>
								<td align="center">114</td>
								<td align="center">27.07<sup>b</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">SE and Signif.</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="4">±2.29 P&lt;0.001 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Total</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"><bold>421</bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold>100</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="5"><bold>SSP base grass</bold></td>
								<td align="center">January</td>
								<td align="center">9</td>
								<td align="center">24</td>
								<td align="center">237</td>
								<td align="center">29.81<sup>b</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">May</td>
								<td align="center">8</td>
								<td align="center">38</td>
								<td align="center">196</td>
								<td align="center">24.65<sup>c</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">September</td>
								<td align="center">8</td>
								<td align="center">28</td>
								<td align="center">362</td>
								<td align="center">45.53<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">SE and Signif.</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="4">±1.67 P&lt;0.001 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Total</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"><bold>795</bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold>100</bold></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="left" rowspan="5"><bold>Control (grass)</bold></td>
								<td align="center">January</td>
								<td align="center">8</td>
								<td align="center">24</td>
								<td align="center">274</td>
								<td align="center">20.01<sup>b</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">May</td>
								<td align="center">9</td>
								<td align="center">29</td>
								<td align="center">215</td>
								<td align="center">15.70<sup>c</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">September</td>
								<td align="center">8</td>
								<td align="center">34</td>
								<td align="center">880<sup>◆</sup></td>
								<td align="center">64.28<sup>a</sup></td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">SE and Signif.</td>
								<td align="center" colspan="4">±1.27 P&lt;0.001 </td>
							</tr>
							<tr>
								<td align="center">Total</td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"> </td>
								<td align="center"><bold>1,369</bold></td>
								<td align="center"><bold>100</bold></td>
							</tr>
						</tbody>
					</table>
					<table-wrap-foot>
						<fn id="TFN2">
							<p>a,b,c- Common letters in each plant component are not significantly different (p&lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Duncan 1955</xref>)</p>
							<p>♦- 530 species of Hortensia similis leafhopper in 880 total individuals</p>
						</fn>
					</table-wrap-foot>
				</table-wrap>
			</p>
			<p>May was also the month with the lowest proportion of insects, collecting the lowest abundances with significant differences with the rest. This could be due to the fact that it was the month when the dry period intensified (40.1 mm) and, logically, the plant species were also suffering from the lack of water in the soil. Therefore, the plants are less turgid and less desirable by the phytophagous organisms that feed on them. This performance has been evident in multiple studies, where climatic factors determine the appearance of organisms associated with plants (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Baltazar 2016</xref> and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Doria-Bolaños <italic>et al</italic>. 2021</xref>), and even more so if it is known, according to research by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Herrera <italic>et al</italic>. (2018)</xref>, the evident effect of climate change in the study area. Insects, due to their very short life cycles (days, weeks), compared to other animals or plants, can have effects on their development, movement, reproduction and performance in front of these extreme climatic episodes, such as heat waves or temperature variations (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Nolasco <italic>et al.</italic> 2021</xref>). In this way, younger leaves are consumed more by herbivores, since they represent a more nutritious resource and, presumably, are not so defended by chemical substances, especially by compounds that reduce their digestibility and, therefore, herbivores prefer them to old leaves with greater resistance due to the accumulation of structural compounds (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Rusman <italic>et al</italic>. 2020</xref>). However, recent research carried out in Yucatán, Mexico, by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Ruiz-Santiago <italic>et al</italic>. (2023)</xref> evaluated the influence of plant and leaf age on foliar characteristics and its relationship with defoliation caused by herbivorous insects in three forage species (<italic>Tithonia diversifolia</italic>, <italic>Morus alba</italic> and <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic>). Results showed that there is more defoliation in old and intermediate leaves compared to young leaves in <italic>T. diversifolia</italic>. In relation to age, defoliation was significant in plants with 60 d. Studies by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ambrósio <italic>et al.</italic> (2008)</xref> attribute the relationship between herbivory and the antifeedant activity manifested by <italic>Tithonia diversifolia</italic> to the presence of trichomes on its leaves with a high load of secondary metabolites, which prevents its action by exerting antimicrobial defense.</p>
			<p>A strong attack of leafhoppers occurred in this control area in September, in which the climatic conditions were favorable for its appearance with dominance of <italic>Hortensia similis</italic>. Out of the 880 total collected insects, 530 corresponded to this specimen alone, associated with the prairie grasses present in said area (star grass and natural grasses). However, these high population levels of phytophagous insects, with a biting-sucking habit, were not frequent over time, and it is possible that the presence of the beneficial fauna associated with SSPs has also prevented populations from increasing and economic damages. </p>
			<p>Studies by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Ramírez-Barajas <italic>et al.</italic> (2019)</xref> highlighted the role of trees and shrubs in creating these refuge sites, microclimates and suitable habitats so that a greater number of organisms, such as insects, can coexist. However, many other groups of living beings can also coexist in functional biodiversity: birds, reptiles, mammals, amphibians and mollusks, which, together with the presence of cattle, which constitute the main animal component in the SSP, actively participate in the agroforestry dynamics. That is why these systems are granted greater connectivity with natural ecosystems with respect to conventional ones with single-crop pastures, which in turn suggests ideas for the integration between livestock production and biodiversity conservation (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Harvey <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>). Something similar occurs with agroecosystems composed of polycultures (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">García-González <italic>et al.</italic> 2022</xref>), which host greater diversity of insects with higher proportions of beneficial fauna. Studies by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Ruiz <italic>et al.</italic> (2023b)</xref> highlighted the importance of the tree component in the benefits provided by the silvopastoral system.</p>
			<p>The insects collected in the experimental area during the evaluated period, which reached the category of frequent, according to the used scale (≥ 10 ≤ 29), were from the orders Hemiptera (<italic>Empoasca</italic> sp., <italic>Hortensia similis</italic> and <italic>Draeculacephala cubana</italic>), Diptera (two unidentified morphospecies), Orthoptera (<italic>Caulopsis cuspidatus</italic>) and the order Hymenoptera (<italic>Paratrechina longicornis</italic> and <italic>Wasmannia auropunctata</italic>). The order Araneae (two unidentified morphospecies) also stood out from the class Arachnida. The rest of the collected specimens were in the low frequent range (&lt; 10). None reached the category of very frequent. Even in this period, the leaf pecker (<italic>Omiodes indicata</italic>) could be seen, which, although it has been recorded with a preference for protein crops (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Valenciaga <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>), population levels in this study were minimal. Therefore, the lesions found did not exceed slight damage, so their intensity and distribution were not determined, as there was no economic damage to the crop. </p>
			<p>In the silvopastoral system, <italic>Tithonia diversifolia</italic> remains as plant tolerant to the attack of harmful organisms. In this period, practically no presence or incidence of the chrysomelid complex was observed. Only <italic>Colaspis brunnea</italic> and <italic>Deloyola guttata</italic> were little frequent, both collected in the base pasture. In January, the cattle tick <italic>Rhipicephalus</italic> (<italic>Boophilus</italic>) <italic>microplus</italic> appeared, although with low frequency, and mainly associated with grass, in the base pasture of the SSP as in the control area. <italic>R. microplus</italic> is known to be a single-host tick, which spends all of its life stages on the same animal, sucking blood. The female of this organism in its adult phase falls to the ground where it lays eggs. Therefore, the eggs are said to hatch in the environment and the newly hatched larvae crawl across grass or other plants to find a host (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">CFSPH 2007</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Alonso-Díaz and Fernández-Salas 2022</xref>). This justifies finding tick larvae or first instars in the collected samples. Added to this is that there are currently deficiencies in the implementation of the Gavac vaccine in Cuba, which, together with a comprehensive control program that accompanied it, keeps this organism regulated at non-harmful levels. Results on the demonstrated tolerance coincided with studies by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Medina <italic>et al</italic>. (2009)</xref>, who determined a low appearance value of tithonia pests and diseases under nursery conditions. These authors stated that the plant resistance is excellent, which they attribute to the insecticidal or anti-food action exerted by the secondary metabolites that make up said plant.</p>
		</sec>
		<sec sec-type="conclusions">
			<title>Conclusions</title>
			<p>The study of the entomofauna in the evaluated areas confirms the importance of the tree component in the agroecosystem, in this case the SSP with tithonia and base grass, by confirming that the system manages to maintain a biological balance of phytophagous, visitor and bioregulatory species over time, without causing economic damage to the associated plant components. Therefore, it is recommended to maintain phytosanitary surveillance in these areas by promoting increasingly diverse and resilient systems. in order to contribute to the comprehensive management of the agroecosystem.</p>
		</sec>
	</body>
	<back>
		<ack>
			<title>Acknowledgments</title>
			<p>Thanks to the national project PN131LH001.49 “Beef production in silvopastoral systems of <italic>Tithonia diversifolia</italic> complemented with sugar cane and VITAFERT”, financed by the Food and its Agroindustry Program of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Cuba for the financial support provided for the execution of this research. </p>
			<p>In addition, the work of technicians Humberto Díaz, Jorge Luis Hernández and Ciro A. Mora is also appreciated.</p>
		</ack>
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					<source>Evaluación fitosanitaria de 24 materiales de <italic>Tithonia diversifolia</italic> (Hemsl.) Gray recolectados en la región oriental de Cuba</source><italic>Memoria del</italic><conf-name>VI Congreso PAT</conf-name>
					<conf-date>2018</conf-date>
					<conf-loc>La Habana</conf-loc>
					<isbn>9789-959-7171-80-5</isbn>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B58">
				<mixed-citation>Vargas, V.T., Pérez, P., López, S. &amp; Castillo, E. 2022. Producción y calidad nutritiva de <italic>Tithonia diversifolia</italic> (Hemsl) A. Gray en tres épocas del año y su efecto en la preferencia por ovinos Pelibuey. <italic>Revista mexicana de Ciencias Pecuarias,</italic> 13(1): 240-257, ISSN: 2448-6698. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.22319/rmcp.v13i1.5906">https://doi.org/10.22319/rmcp.v13i1.5906</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="journal">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<name>
							<surname>Vargas</surname>
							<given-names>V.T.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Pérez</surname>
							<given-names>P.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>López</surname>
							<given-names>S.</given-names>
						</name>
						<name>
							<surname>Castillo</surname>
							<given-names>E.</given-names>
						</name>
					</person-group>
					<year>2022</year>
					<article-title>Producción y calidad nutritiva de Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl) A. Gray en tres épocas del año y su efecto en la preferencia por ovinos Pelibuey</article-title>
					<source>Revista mexicana de Ciencias Pecuarias</source>
					<volume>13</volume>
					<issue>1</issue>
					<fpage>240</fpage>
					<lpage>257</lpage>
					<issn>2448-6698</issn>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.22319/rmcp.v13i1.5906</pub-id>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
			<ref id="B59">
				<mixed-citation>World Spider Catalog 2020. World Spider Catalog. Version 21.5. Natural History Museum Bern. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.24436/2">https://doi.org/10.24436/2</ext-link>. Available at: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://wsc.nmbe.ch">http://wsc.nmbe.ch</ext-link>. </mixed-citation>
				<element-citation publication-type="book">
					<person-group person-group-type="author">
						<collab>World Spider Catalog</collab>
					</person-group>
					<year>2020</year>
					<source>World Spider Catalog. Version 21.5.</source>
					<publisher-name>Natural History Museum Bern</publisher-name>
					<pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24436/2</pub-id>
					<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://wsc.nmbe.ch">http://wsc.nmbe.ch</ext-link>
				</element-citation>
			</ref>
		</ref-list>
	</back>
	<sub-article article-type="translation" id="s1" xml:lang="es">
		<front-stub>
			<article-categories>
				<subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
					<subject>Ciencia de los Pastos y otros Cultivos</subject>
				</subj-group>
			</article-categories>
			<title-group>
				<article-title>Entomofauna asociada a un sistema silvopastoril de <italic>Tithonia diversifolia</italic> vc. ICA Cuba oc-10, destinado a la ceba de toros</article-title>
			</title-group>
			<contrib-group>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3514-2095</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Valenciaga</surname>
						<given-names>Nurys</given-names>
					</name>
					<xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2">*</xref>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8521-948X</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Iraola</surname>
						<given-names>J.</given-names>
					</name>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2641-1815</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Herrera</surname>
						<given-names>Magaly</given-names>
					</name>
				</contrib>
				<contrib contrib-type="author">
					<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1690-1140</contrib-id>
					<name>
						<surname>Ruiz</surname>
						<given-names>T. E.</given-names>
					</name>
				</contrib>
				<aff id="aff2">
					<institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ciencia Animal, C. Central km 47½, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba</institution>
					<institution content-type="normalized">Instituto de Ciencia Animal</institution>
					<institution content-type="orgname">Instituto de Ciencia Animal</institution>
					<addr-line>
						<city>San José de las Lajas</city>
						<state>Mayabeque</state>
					</addr-line>
					<country country="CU">Cuba</country>
				</aff>
			</contrib-group>
			<author-notes>
				<corresp id="c2">
					<label>*</label> Email:<email>nvalenciaga1966@gmail.com</email>
				</corresp>
				<fn fn-type="conflict" id="fn3">
					<p><bold>Conflicto de intereses:</bold> Los autores declaran que no existe conflicto de intereses entre ellos.</p>
				</fn>
				<fn fn-type="con" id="fn4">
					<p><bold>Declaración de contribución de autoría CRediT:</bold> Nurys Valenciaga: <bold>Investigación, Metodología, Análisis formal, Redacción - borrador original, Redacción - revisión y edición.</bold> J. Iraola: <bold>Conceptualización, Investigación, Metodología, Redacción - borrador original</bold>. Magaly Herrera: <bold>Análisis formal, Metodología, Software, Redacción - borrador original.</bold> T. E. Ruiz: <bold>Conceptualización, Investigación, Metodología, Redacción - borrador original</bold></p>
				</fn>
			</author-notes>
			<abstract>
				<p>Para evaluar la entomofauna asociada a un sistema silvopastoril (SSP) de tithonia y gramíneas mejoradas y naturales destinado a la ceba de toros, se condujo un experimento durante cuatro años. En tres momentos climáticos (enero, mayo y septiembre) se tomó, una muestra de 20 redadas, con la utilización de la red entomológica, por cada componente vegetal. Los resultados evidenciaron la superioridad de la clase Insecta. Se colectaron, 14 órdenes, 37 familias y 76 morfo-especies. De ellas 38 fitófagos, 13 visitadores, 22 biorreguladores, 2 hematófagos y 1 omnívoro. Los fitófagos de mayor ocurrencia fueron los saltahojas: <italic>Empoasca</italic> sp., <italic>Hortensia similis</italic>, <italic>Draeculacephala cubana</italic> y un complejo de crisomélidos de los géneros <italic>Epitrix</italic>, <italic>Diabrotica</italic>, <italic>Colaspis</italic>, <italic>Deloyala, Diachus</italic>, <italic>Typophorus</italic>, <italic>Cryptocephalus</italic>, <italic>Oedionychus</italic> y <italic>Anysostena</italic>, que ejercen sus daños con mayor énfasis en el pasto base y en el área testigo. Sin embargo, sólo alcanzaron la categoría de frecuente. El resto estuvieron en el entorno de poco frecuente (&lt;10). Septiembre fue el mes más representativo de la entomofauna asociada. Se concluye que el estudio de la entomofauna en las áreas evaluadas ratifica la función del componente arbóreo en el agroecosistema. En lo que respecta al SSP con tithonia y pasto base, se constata que el sistema logra mantener en equilibrio biológico especies fitófagas, visitadoras y biorreguladoras, sin provocar daños económicos en los componentes vegetales asociados. Por tanto, se recomienda mantener la vigilancia fitosanitaria en dichas áreas, al promover sistemas cada vez más diversos, en aras de contribuir al manejo integral del agroecosistema.</p>
			</abstract>
			<kwd-group xml:lang="es">
				<title>Palabras clave:</title>
				<kwd>biorreguladores</kwd>
				<kwd>botón de oro</kwd>
				<kwd>insectos-plaga</kwd>
				<kwd>pastoreo</kwd>
			</kwd-group>
		</front-stub>
		<body>
			<sec sec-type="intro">
				<title>Introducción</title>
				<p><italic>Tithonia diversifolia</italic> (Hemsl.) A. Gray. conocida comúnmente como botón de oro, es una especie arbustiva de la familia Asteraceae con potencial forrajero, cuyo uso en la alimentación animal adquiere cada vez mayor importancia. Su desempeño agronómico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">Londoño <italic>et al.</italic> 2019</xref>), valor y calidad nutricional (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">Vargas <italic>et al.</italic> 2022</xref>), rápido crecimiento y baja demanda de insumos y manejo para su cultivo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">Ríos 2002</xref>), unido a la adaptabilidad a múltiples climas y suelos, la convierten en una planta estratégica en el ensamblaje de sistemas silvopastoriles (SSP) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">Murgueitio <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">Murgueitio 2023</xref>). </p>
				<p>Investigaciones integrales conducidas, en el Instituto de Ciencia Animal de Cuba, lideradas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">Ruiz <italic>et al.</italic> (2016)</xref>, ratifican las bondades y atributos de este arbusto en función de la producción animal. Como resultado de estas investigaciones, se dispone de materiales de <italic>T. diversifolia</italic> colectados en Cuba que pueden ser utilizados en sistemas de pastoreo (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Alonso <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">Ruiz <italic>et al.</italic> 2023a</xref>). En estos trabajos se definieron elementos tecnológicos para el uso de esta especie en sistemas silvopastoriles. Recientemente, se demuestra que su siembra por semilla gámica se puede sustentar con efectos económicos positivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Báez <italic>et al.</italic> 2022</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">Padilla <italic>et al</italic>. 2023</xref>).</p>
				<p>A pesar de ser escasos los informes de daños o herbivorías en esta especie, para lograr un conocimiento más profundo acerca de la fitosanidad, el objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la entomofauna, asociada a un silvopastoreo de <italic>T. diversifolia</italic> vc. ICA CUBA Oc-10, destinado a la ceba de toros.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="materials|methods">
				<title>Materiales y Métodos</title>
				<sec>
					<title>Localización</title>
					<p>La investigación se realizó durante cuatro años en el Instituto de Ciencia Animal (ICA), localizado a los 22º 53' de latitud norte, a los 82º 02' de longitud oeste y a 92 m.s.n.m., en el municipio San José de las Lajas, provincia Mayabeque, República de Cuba. La evaluación comprendió del 2019 al 2023. </p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Área experimental</title>
					<p>Se utilizaron 10 ha, compuestas por una mezcla de gramíneas mejoradas (<italic>Cynodon nlemfuensis</italic>) y gramíneas naturales (<italic>Paspalum notatum, Sporobolus indicus, Dichantium</italic> sp.). El área de estudio se dividió en dos sistemas, de 5 ha cada uno. Uno de ellos estuvo compuesto por gramíneas (área testigo) y el otro, por un sistema silvopastoril (SSP) de gramíneas-tithonia asociada en 100 % del área, cuyo destino productivo fue la ceba de machos bovinos “Siboney de Cuba”.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Metodología de establecimiento de los SSP de tithonia</title>
					<p>La siembra de <italic>T. diversifolia</italic> se realizó, en un suelo pardo carbonatado (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Hernández <italic>et al.</italic> 2019</xref>), de acuerdo con los conceptos y metodologías desarrolladas por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">Ruiz y Febles (1999)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">Ruiz <italic>et al.</italic> (2006)</xref>. Se realizó previa preparación de suelos en franjas en áreas de pastizales. Las franjas de tithonia se orientaron de este a oeste y la siembra se realizó por esquejes, posturas y semilla botánica. Se utilizó para ello la variedad registrada ICACUBA Oc-10 propuesta por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">Ruiz <italic>et al.</italic> (2010)</xref> para su utilización en pastoreo.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Procedimiento experimental</title>
					<p>Para los estudios de la entomofauna asociada se trazó inicialmente la línea base en ambas áreas antes de la siembra de tithonia. Se tomaron dos muestras de 20 redadas en un área representativa del área a sembrar, y dos muestras iguales en el área testigo, conformada por las gramíneas. Posteriormente, ya con el fomento del SSP se implementó un muestreo estratificado en cinco bloques. En el centro de cada bloque se definió el área representativa de muestreo, según metodología propuesta por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">CIBA-GEIGY (1981)</xref>. Los muestreos se realizaron en tres momentos climáticos del año (enero, mayo y septiembre). En cada bloque se tomó una muestra de 20 redadas con la utilización de la red entomológica por cada componente vegetal (tithonia y pasto base) para un total de 10 muestras (cinco en la tithonia y cinco en el pasto base). En el área testigo, establecida solamente con gramíneas, se tomaron cinco muestras. Todas se individualizaron en bolsas plásticas, con sus respectivas identificaciones y se trasladaron al Laboratorio de Manejo de Plagas del Departamento de Pastos del ICA para su procesamiento e identificación taxonómica. Se utilizó para ello un microscopio estereoscópico, colecciones entomológicas y claves dicotómicas afines. Se identificaron los insectos fitófagos, organismos visitadores y la fauna benéfica asociada (biorreguladores) en cada área de estudio, atendiendo a la asignación de los grupos funcionales de acuerdo a <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">Metcalf y Flint (1965)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">Triplehorn y Johnson (2005)</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">Mancina y Cruz (2017)</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">World Spider Catalog (2020)</xref>. Se evaluó, además, el nivel de daño provocado por insectos-plaga en cada componente vegetal, de acuerdo con los descrito por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Calderón (1982)</xref>.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Condiciones climáticas del área de estudio</title>
					<p>La temperatura media anual fue de 24.86 °C. El acumulado de precipitaciones en el 2019 fue de 1254.7 mm con 71 d de lluvia. En el 2020 hubo un acumulado de 1599.4 mm con 118 d. En enero, mayo y septiembre fue 6.9 mm con 4 d, 351.8 mm con 13 d y 240.7 mm con 15 d, respectivamente. El acumulado de precipitaciones en el 2021 fue de 1497.9 mm con 88 d de lluvia. Enero tuvo 34 mm en sólo 1 d, mayo apenas 40.1 mm con 7 d y septiembre 218.7 mm con 15 d. En el 2022 el acumulado de precipitaciones fue de 1903.7 mm con 100 d. En enero, mayo y septiembre se registraron 24.9 mm en 4 d, 253.8 mm en 14 d y 258.1 mm en 18 d, respectivamente. En el 2023 fue de 1171.6 mm en 95 d de lluvia: enero con 4.6 mm con 2 d, mayo con 182.5 mm en 13 d y septiembre con 159.8 mm con 12 d de lluvia. Éste último año aparentó llover más. Sin embargo, el acumulado de precipitaciones fue muy inferior a la media histórica (40 años) con 258.4 mm menos. Por el contrario, el 2022 llovió 473.7 mm más con respecto a la media histórica.</p>
				</sec>
				<sec>
					<title>Análisis y procesamiento de datos</title>
					<p>Se elaboró una base de datos en Excel con toda la información colectada. Se determinaron los indicadores ecológicos: número de individuos (N), riqueza de especies (S), uniformidad (E), índice de Margalef (DMg), índice de Simpson (Dsp), índice de Shannon (H’), varianza de Shannon, índice de Berger-Parker (d) y alfa (distribución logarítmica) para la línea base, de acuerdo al programa Diversity según <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Henderson y Seaby (1998)</xref>. Luego se agrupó la artropodofauna asociada en cada área experimental según componente vegetal y la riqueza y abundancia de especies, de acuerdo con el momento de muestreo en el año. En el primer año, se realizó análisis de comparación de proporciones (chi-cuadrado) de acuerdo con el paquete estadístico ComparPro versión 1 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Font <italic>et al.</italic> 2007</xref>). Para la abundancia de especies se procedió de acuerdo con el momento de muestreo y se aplicó la dócima de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Duncan (1955)</xref> para P&lt;0.05 para la diferenciación de las medias en los casos necesarios. </p>
					<p>Se determinó, en el segundo año de muestreo, la frecuencia relativa (Fr) y la abundancia relativa (Ar) de la artropodofauna asociada, con énfasis en la fauna de insectos. Además, se determinó el porcentaje de intensidad (% intensidad) y el de distribución (% distribución) cuando se encontraron lesiones moderadas por insectos. Seguidamente, se emiten las fórmulas y escalas correspondientes de acuerdo con <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">INISAV (2006)</xref>.</p>
					<p>
						<disp-formula id="e5">
							<mml:math>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>F</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>r</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
									<mml:mfrac>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>F</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mi>F</mml:mi>
											<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mfrac>
									<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
									<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
									<mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:math>
						</disp-formula>
					</p>
					<def-list id="d5">
						<title>donde:</title>
						<def-item>
							<term>Fr:</term>
							<def>
								<p>Frecuencia relativa</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>Fi:</term>
							<def>
								<p>Cantidad de veces que apareció cada insecto por mes</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>Ft:</term>
							<def>
								<p>Cantidad de veces que se evaluó</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
					</def-list>
					<p>Escala</p>
					<p>
						<list list-type="simple">
							<list-item>
								<p>Muy Frecuente ≥ 30</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>Frecuente ≥ 10 ≤ 29</p>
							</list-item>
							<list-item>
								<p>Poco Frecuente &lt; 10</p>
							</list-item>
						</list>
					</p>
					<p>
						<disp-formula id="e6">
							<mml:math>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>r</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
									<mml:mfrac>
										<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>N</mml:mi>
									</mml:mfrac>
									<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
									<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
									<mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:math>
						</disp-formula>
					</p>
					<def-list id="d6">
						<title>donde:</title>
						<def-item>
							<term>Ar:</term>
							<def>
								<p>Abundancia relativa</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>n:</term>
							<def>
								<p>Cantidad de individuos de una especie por mes</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>N:</term>
							<def>
								<p>Cantidad total de todos los individuos colectados de las diferentes especies encontradas</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
					</def-list>
					<p>
						<disp-formula id="e7">
							<mml:math>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>%</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
									<mml:mi>I</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>e</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>s</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>d</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
									<mml:mfrac>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mo>∑</mml:mo>
											<mml:mfenced>
												<mml:mrow>
													<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
													<mml:mo>.</mml:mo>
													<mml:mi>v</mml:mi>
												</mml:mrow>
											</mml:mfenced>
											<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
											<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
											<mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
										</mml:mrow>
										<mml:mrow>
											<mml:mtext>i x N</mml:mtext>
										</mml:mrow>
									</mml:mfrac>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:math>
						</disp-formula>
					</p>
					<def-list id="d7">
						<title>donde:</title>
						<def-item>
							<term>n:</term>
							<def>
								<p># de hojas investigadas</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>N:</term>
							<def>
								<p>total de hojas investigadas</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>i:</term>
							<def>
								<p>Valor más alto de la escala</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>v:</term>
							<def>
								<p>Valor de la escala (I a IV)</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
					</def-list>
					<p>
						<disp-formula id="e8">
							<mml:math>
								<mml:mrow>
									<mml:mi>%</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
									<mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>s</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>t</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>r</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>b</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>u</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>c</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>ó</mml:mi>
									<mml:mi>n</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
									<mml:mfrac>
										<mml:mi>a</mml:mi>
										<mml:mi>b</mml:mi>
									</mml:mfrac>
									<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
									<mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
									<mml:mo> </mml:mo>
									<mml:mn>100</mml:mn>
								</mml:mrow>
							</mml:math>
						</disp-formula>
					</p>
					<def-list id="d8">
						<title>donde:</title>
						<def-item>
							<term>a:</term>
							<def>
								<p>cantidad de hojas afectadas</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
						<def-item>
							<term>b:</term>
							<def>
								<p>cantidad de hojas muestreadas</p>
							</def>
						</def-item>
					</def-list>
				</sec>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="results|discussion">
				<title>Resultados y Discusión</title>
				<p>En la <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">tabla 1</xref> se muestran los indicadores ecológicos registrados en la línea base realizada antes del fomento del SSP. Se demuestra la homogeneidad, en ambas áreas, al no existir evidencias de especies dominantes (0.3217 y 0.2692), hay similitud en el rango de abundancia (136 y 153), así como en la uniformidad (0.7197 y 0.8411) para el área a sembrar y el área testigo, respectivamente. Así lo demuestra el programa Diversity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Henderson y Seaby 1998</xref>) al graficar el rango de abundancia de las especies colectadas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 1</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t4">
						<label>Tabla 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Indicadores ecológicos del área experimental (área a sembrar y testigo). Línea base</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Índice de Diversidad</th>
									<th align="center">Área a sembrar</th>
									<th align="center">Testigo</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Nº de Individuos (N)</td>
									<td align="center">136</td>
									<td align="center">153</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Riqueza de especies (S)</td>
									<td align="center">14</td>
									<td align="center">23</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Uniformidad (E)</td>
									<td align="center">0.7197</td>
									<td align="center">0.8411</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Índice de Margalef (DMg)</td>
									<td align="center">2.7398</td>
									<td align="center">4.3566</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Índice de Simpson (Dsp)</td>
									<td align="center">6.9439</td>
									<td align="center">9.4159</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Índice de Shannon (H’)</td>
									<td align="center">2.2566</td>
									<td align="center">2.6374</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Varianza de Shannon</td>
									<td align="center">0.0075</td>
									<td align="center">0.0068</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Índice de Berger-Parker (d)</td>
									<td align="center">0.3217</td>
									<td align="center">0.2692</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Alfa (distribución logarítmica)</td>
									<td align="center">4.1761</td>
									<td align="center">7.4441</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>
					<fig id="f2">
						<label>Figura 1</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Rango de abundancia de las especies colectadas en ambas áreas en estudio</title>
						</caption>
						<graphic xlink:href="2079-3480-cjas-58-e20-gf2.svg"/>
					</fig>
				</p>
				<p>La identificación taxonómica de la artropodofauna asociada al SSP con tithonia y pasto base, así como en el área testigo, con solo gramíneas (<italic>C. nlemfuensis</italic> + pastos naturales) evidenció que la clase Insecta posee superioridad con respecto al resto de las clases colectadas (Malacostroca, Gastropoda y Arachnida). Este resultado es evidente al conocer que efectivamente los insectos se pueden encontrar en casi todos los ambientes del planeta y se consideran el grupo de animales más diverso de la Tierra, con aproximadamente un millón de especies descritas. Más que todos los demás grupos de animales juntos, incluso se estima que podría haber hasta 10 millones de especies aún no descritas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Barrera y López 2016</xref>). Se colectaron, durante todo el período experimental 14 órdenes, 37 familias y 76 morfo-especies (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">tabla 2</xref>). En total se asociaron 38 morfo-especies con hábitos fitófagos, 13 visitadores, 22 morfo-especies biorreguladoras, 2 hematófagas y 1 omnívora.</p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t5">
						<label>Tabla 2</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Artropodofauna asociada al área en estudio durante todo el período experimental</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="center">CLASE</th>
									<th align="center">ORDEN</th>
									<th align="center">FAMILIA</th>
									<th align="center">NOMBRE CIENTÍFICO</th>
									<th align="center">NOMBRE COMÚN</th>
									<th align="center">GRUPO FUNC.</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="55">Insecta</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="14">Hemiptera</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="5">Cicadellidae</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>Empoasca</italic> sp. δ ϕ £ </td>
									<td align="center">saltahoja</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>Hortensia similis</italic> (Walk.) δ ϕ £ </td>
									<td align="center">saltahoja</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>Draeculacephala cubana</italic> (M y B.) ϕ £ </td>
									<td align="center">saltahoja de cabeza puntiaguda</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>Chlorotettix minimus</italic> Baker δ ϕ £ </td>
									<td align="center">cicadélido</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>Thamnotettix</italic> sp. δ ϕ £ </td>
									<td align="center">cicadélido</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">2 morfoespecies no identificadas £ </td>
									<td align="center">saltahojas</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Flatidae</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>Ormenaria rufifascia</italic> (Walker) £ </td>
									<td align="center">flátido</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="2">Cixiidae</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>Bothriocera</italic> sp. δ ϕ £ </td>
									<td align="center">cíxido</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>Oliarus</italic> sp. δ ϕ £ </td>
									<td align="center">cíxido</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Membracidae</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>Stictocephala rotundata</italic> Stål. ϕ £ </td>
									<td align="center">cornudito</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Rhyparochromidae</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>Paromius longulus</italic> (Dallas) ϕ £ </td>
									<td align="center">chinche</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="2"> Pentatomidae</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>Mormidea pictiventris</italic> (Stål) ϕ £ </td>
									<td align="center">Chinche hedionda</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>Nezara viridula</italic> L. ϕ £ </td>
									<td align="center">Chinche verde</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">1 morfoespecie no identificada ϕ £ </td>
									<td align="center">chinche</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="6">Diptera</td>
									<td align="center">Dolichopodidae</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>Condylostylus</italic> sp. δ ϕ £ </td>
									<td align="center">mosca verde</td>
									<td align="center">B</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Chamaemyiidae</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>Leucopis</italic> sp. δ ϕ £ </td>
									<td align="center">díptero</td>
									<td align="center">V</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Otitidae</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>Euxesta stigmatias</italic> (Loew.) δ ϕ £ </td>
									<td align="center">mosca de la barba del maíz</td>
									<td align="center">V</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Syrphidae</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>Toxomerus</italic> sp. δ ϕ £ </td>
									<td align="center">mosca sírfida</td>
									<td align="center">B</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Culicidae</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>Culex pipiens</italic> L. £ </td>
									<td align="center">mosquito común</td>
									<td align="center">H</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">5 morfo-especies no identificadas δ ϕ £ </td>
									<td align="center">dípteros</td>
									<td align="center">V</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="4">Lepidoptera</td>
									<td align="center">Crambidae</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>Omiodes</italic> (<italic>Hedylepta</italic>) <italic>indicata</italic> (Fab.) δ</td>
									<td align="center">pegador de la hoja</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">4 morfo-especies no identificadas δ</td>
									<td align="center">mariposas diurnas</td>
									<td align="center">V</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="2">Noctuidae</td>
									<td align="center">3 morfo-especies no identificadas δ</td>
									<td align="center">mariposas nocturnas</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">1 morfo-especie no identificada ϕ £ </td>
									<td align="center">larva de lepidóptero</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="15">Coleoptera</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="9">Chrysomelidae</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>Diabrotica</italic> sp. δ ϕ £ </td>
									<td align="center">crisomélido</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>Colaspis brunnea</italic> (Fab.) ϕ £ </td>
									<td align="center">crisomélido</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>Deloyala guttata</italic> (Oliver) δ ϕ £ </td>
									<td align="center">crisomélido</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>Oedionychus pictus</italic> (Fab.) ϕ £ </td>
									<td align="center">crisomélido</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>Diachus auratus</italic> (Fab.) δ ϕ £ </td>
									<td align="center">crisomélido</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>Epitrix</italic> sp. δ ϕ £ </td>
									<td align="center">crisomélido</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>Typophorus nigritus</italic> F. δ ϕ </td>
									<td align="center">crisomélido del boniato</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>Cryptocephalus viridipennis</italic> Suffrian δ ϕ</td>
									<td align="center">crisomélido</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>Anisostena cyanoptera</italic> Suffrian δ ϕ</td>
									<td align="center">crisomélido</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Curculionidae</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>Centrinaspis</italic> sp. ϕ</td>
									<td align="center">picudito del maíz</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">Coccinellidae</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>Brachiacantha bistripustulata</italic> Fab. δ ϕ</td>
									<td align="center">cotorrita</td>
									<td align="center">B</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>Chilocorus cacti</italic> Lδ ϕ</td>
									<td align="center">cotorrita</td>
									<td align="center">B</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>Cycloneda sanguinea limbifer</italic> Casey δ ϕ</td>
									<td align="center">cotorrita</td>
									<td align="center">B</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Lycidae</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>Thonalmus suavis</italic> Duval ϕ</td>
									<td align="center">coleóptero</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">1 morfo-especies no identificada ϕ</td>
									<td align="center">coleóptero negro pequeño</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="9">Hymenoptera</td>
									<td align="center">Apididae</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>Apis mellifera</italic> L. δ</td>
									<td align="center">abeja</td>
									<td align="center">V</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="2">Ichneumonidae</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>Ophion</italic> sp. δ ϕ £</td>
									<td align="center">icneumónido</td>
									<td align="center">B</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>Coccygomimus rufoniger</italic> (Cresson) δ</td>
									<td align="center">icneumónido</td>
									<td align="center">B</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">Chalcididae</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>Brachymeria robusta</italic> Alayo y Hernández δ</td>
									<td align="center">cálcido</td>
									<td align="center">B</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>Conura</italic> (<italic>Spilochalcis</italic>) <italic>femorata</italic> Fab. δ</td>
									<td align="center">cálcido</td>
									<td align="center">B</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">2 morfo-especies no identificadas δ</td>
									<td align="center">cálcido</td>
									<td align="center">B</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="2">Formicidae</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>Wasmannia auropunctata</italic> (L.) δ ϕ £ </td>
									<td align="center">santanilla</td>
									<td align="center">B</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>Paratrechina longicornis</italic> Latreille δ ϕ £ </td>
									<td align="center">hormiga loca</td>
									<td align="center">V</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Vespidae</td>
									<td align="center">2 morfo-especies no identificadas δ</td>
									<td align="center">avispas</td>
									<td align="center">B</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center" rowspan="3">Orthoptera</td>
									<td align="center" rowspan="2">Tettigonidae</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>Conocephalus cuspidatus</italic> (Scud.) ϕ £ </td>
									<td align="center">esperanza chica</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center"><italic>Conocephalus</italic> sp. ϕ £ </td>
									<td align="center">esperanza verde</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">1 morfo-especie no identificada ϕ £ </td>
									<td align="center">esperancita</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Neuroptera</td>
									<td align="center">Chrysopidae</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>Chrysopa</italic> sp. δ </td>
									<td align="center">león de los áfidos</td>
									<td align="center">B</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Dermaptera</td>
									<td align="center">Forficulidae</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>Doru taeniatum</italic> (Dohr.) δ</td>
									<td align="center">tijereta</td>
									<td align="center">B</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Thysanoptera</td>
									<td align="center">Thripidae</td>
									<td align="center">1 morfo-especie no identificada ϕ £</td>
									<td align="center">trip</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Blattodea</td>
									<td align="center">Blattidae</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>Periplaneta americana</italic> L. ϕ £</td>
									<td align="center">cucaracha</td>
									<td align="center">O</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Malacostraca</td>
									<td align="center">Isopoda</td>
									<td align="center">Armadillidae</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>Armadillidium vulgare</italic> (Latreille) ϕ £</td>
									<td align="center">cochinilla de humedad</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left">Gastropoda</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">1 morfo-especie no identificada δ ϕ £</td>
									<td align="center">caracol</td>
									<td align="center">F</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="2">Arachnida</td>
									<td align="center">Araneae</td>
									<td align="center">-</td>
									<td align="center">6 morfo-especies no identificadas δ ϕ £</td>
									<td align="center">arañas</td>
									<td align="center">B</td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Ixodida</td>
									<td align="center">Ixodidae</td>
									<td align="center"><italic>Rhipicephalus</italic> (<italic>Boophilus</italic>) <italic>microplus</italic> Canestrini δ ϕ £</td>
									<td align="center">Garrapata del ganado vacuno</td>
									<td align="center">H</td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN3">
								<p>V- visitadores F- fitófagos B- biorreguladores H-hematófagos O- omnívoras <bold>δ</bold> SSP-tithonia <bold>ϕ</bold> SSP-pasto base <bold>£</bold> testigo (gramíneas)</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>Con excepción de los organismos visitadores, asociados fundamentalmente a la época de floración, atraídos por las flores de la tithonia, como las abejas (<italic>Apis mellifera</italic>), mariposas diurnas y libélulas, el resto frecuenta el componente vegetal de las áreas (SSP con tithonia, SSP pasto base y testigo con gramíneas) en mayor o menor proporción, en algún momento del año. </p>
				<p>Entre los fitófagos de mayor ocurrencia se encontró un grupo complejo de saltahojas (<italic>Empoasca</italic> sp., <italic>Hortensia similis</italic>, <italic>Draeculacephala cubana</italic>) y otro de crisomélidos de los géneros <italic>Epitrix</italic>, <italic>Diabrotica</italic>, <italic>Colaspis</italic>, <italic>Deloyala</italic>, <italic>Diachus</italic>, <italic>Typophorus</italic>, <italic>Cryptocephalus</italic>, <italic>Oedionychus</italic> y <italic>Anysostena</italic>, que, aunque se pueden observar en tithonia, ejercen sus daños con mayor énfasis en el pasto base y gramíneas (área testigo). Sólo el pegador de la hoja (<italic>Omiodes indicata</italic>) se comprobó que posee preferencia por tithonia donde desarrolla todo su ciclo biológico. Sin embargo, <italic>T. diversifolia</italic> se mantiene como planta que las plagas consumen poco, con bajo porcentaje de daños, inferior al 20 %. Este resultado coincide con lo informado en estudios de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">Ruiz <italic>et al.</italic> (2017)</xref> en condiciones de Cuba. Ese comportamiento se pudo asociar a la presencia de metabolitos secundarios en la planta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">Scull <italic>et al.</italic> 2022</xref>).</p>
				<p>
					<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">González-Sierra <italic>et al.</italic> (2019)</xref> al efectuar la determinación cualitativa y cuantitativa de dichos metabolitos en extractos etanólicos de raíces, tallos y hojas de <italic>T. diversifolia</italic> en condiciones de Cuba, refirieron gran variedad de sustancias bioactivas: fenoles, flavonoides, cumarinas, quinonas y terpenoides, con tenores superiores en raíces y con gran actividad antioxidante. </p>
				<p>En un estudio similar desarrollados por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">Sabaris <italic>et al.</italic> (2023)</xref> se encontraron múltiples sustancias bioactivas presentes en hojas, tallos y flores, que se utilizan por parte del vegetal como mecanismo de defensa tras la acción de los herbívoros. De aquí que sean capaces de manifestar acción repelente, fagodisuasiva o insecticida a determinados insectos-plaga (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Bagnarello <italic>et al.</italic> 2009</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Castaño-Quintana <italic>et al.</italic> 2013</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">Rodríguez <italic>et al.</italic> 2015</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Jiménez <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Devi <italic>et al.</italic> 2022</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Kerebba <italic>et al.</italic> 2022</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">Miranda <italic>et al.</italic> 2022</xref>), incluso, recientemente se ha comprobado su acción molusquicida a partir de extractos foliares de la planta (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Ballada y Baonan 2023</xref>). </p>
				<p>Otros trabajos informan que la planta posee acción alelopática (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B55">Tongma <italic>et al.</italic> 2001</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">Rodríguez-Cala y González-Oliva 2017</xref>), nematicida (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">Ferreira <italic>et al.</italic> 2012</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Alcântara Neto <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>), así como antihelmíntica (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Duarte <italic>et al.</italic> 2020</xref>) y antiparasitaria (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Lezcano-Más <italic>et al.</italic> 2016</xref>). Esta capacidad de la planta de mantener baja incidencia de organismos causantes de plagas y, por consiguiente, escasos niveles de daños, constituye un resultado novedoso obtenido y comprobado en este estudio, que realza el interés por el empleo de la misma, lo que la hace aún más atractiva para fomentar su uso en la alimentación animal. </p>
				<p>El área testigo, con sólo gramíneas, obtuvo siempre las mayores abundancias en el momento de muestreo, con respecto al resto de los componentes vegetales evaluados (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">tabla 3</xref>). Estudios de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Alonso-Amaro <italic>et al.</italic> (2021)</xref> en sistemas silvopastoriles de leucaena - guinea también obtuvieron con valores superiores diversidad de insectos, numerosa y similar en las áreas muestreadas, aunque no representativos, para el estrato herbáceo. </p>
				<p>
					<table-wrap id="t6">
						<label>Tabla 3</label>
						<caption>
							<title>Comportamiento de la artropodofauna, en cada componente vegetal, en cuanto a riqueza y abundancia de especies, según momento de muestreo en el año</title>
						</caption>
						<table>
							<colgroup>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
								<col/>
							</colgroup>
							<thead>
								<tr>
									<th align="left">Componente vegetal</th>
									<th align="center">Momento de muestreo</th>
									<th align="center">Órdenes</th>
									<th align="center">Riqueza de especies</th>
									<th align="center">Abundancia</th>
									<th align="center"> %</th>
								</tr>
							</thead>
							<tbody>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="5"><bold>SSP tithonia</bold></td>
									<td align="center">Enero</td>
									<td align="center">6</td>
									<td align="center">15</td>
									<td align="center">221</td>
									<td align="center">52.49<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Mayo</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
									<td align="center">15</td>
									<td align="center">86</td>
									<td align="center">20.42<sup>c</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Septiembre</td>
									<td align="center">7</td>
									<td align="center">16</td>
									<td align="center">114</td>
									<td align="center">27.07<sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">EE y Signif.</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="4">±2.29 P&lt;0.001 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Total</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>421</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>100</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="5"><bold>SSP pasto base</bold></td>
									<td align="center">Enero</td>
									<td align="center">9</td>
									<td align="center">24</td>
									<td align="center">237</td>
									<td align="center">29.81<sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Mayo</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="center">38</td>
									<td align="center">196</td>
									<td align="center">24.65<sup>c</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Septiembre</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="center">28</td>
									<td align="center">362</td>
									<td align="center">45.53<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">EE y Signif.</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="4">±1.67 P&lt;0.001 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Total</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>795</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>100</bold></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="left" rowspan="5"><bold>testigo (gramíneas)</bold></td>
									<td align="center">Enero</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="center">24</td>
									<td align="center">274</td>
									<td align="center">20.01<sup>b</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Mayo</td>
									<td align="center">9</td>
									<td align="center">29</td>
									<td align="center">215</td>
									<td align="center">15.70<sup>c</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Septiembre</td>
									<td align="center">8</td>
									<td align="center">34</td>
									<td align="center">880<sup>◆</sup></td>
									<td align="center">64.28<sup>a</sup></td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">EE y Signif.</td>
									<td align="center" colspan="4">±1.27 P&lt;0.001 </td>
								</tr>
								<tr>
									<td align="center">Total</td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"> </td>
									<td align="center"><bold>1369</bold></td>
									<td align="center"><bold>100</bold></td>
								</tr>
							</tbody>
						</table>
						<table-wrap-foot>
							<fn id="TFN4">
								<p>a,b,c- Letras comunes dentro de cada componente vegetal, no son significativamente diferentes (p&lt;0.05) (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Duncan 1955</xref>)</p>
								<p>•- 530 especímenes del saltahoja Hortensia similis en 880 individuos totales</p>
							</fn>
						</table-wrap-foot>
					</table-wrap>
				</p>
				<p>También mayo fue el mes de menor proporción de insectos, al colectar las menores abundancias con diferencias significativas con el resto. Esto se pudo deber a que fue el mes de muestreo donde arreciaba el período seco (40.1 mm) y, lógicamente, las especies vegetales estaban sufriendo también la carencia de agua en el suelo. Por tanto, las plantas son menos turgentes y menos apetecida por los organismos fitófagos que se alimentan de ella. Este comportamiento ha sido evidente en múltiples estudios, donde los factores climáticos determinan la aparición de los organismos asociados a las plantas (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Baltazar 2016</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Doria-Bolaños <italic>et al.</italic> 2021</xref>), y más si se conoce, de acuerdo a investigaciones de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Herrera <italic>et al.</italic> (2018)</xref>, el efecto evidente del cambio climático en la zona de estudio. Los insectos, por sus ciclos de vida muy cortos (días, semanas) en comparación con otros animales o plantas, pueden tener efectos en su desarrollo, movimiento, reproducción y comportamiento ante estos episodios climáticos extremos, como las olas de calor o las variaciones de temperatura (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">Nolasco <italic>et al.</italic> 2021</xref>). </p>
				<p>De este modo, hojas más jóvenes se consumen más por los herbívoros, ya que representan un recurso más nutritivo y, presumiblemente, no están tan defendidas por sustancias químicas, especialmente por los compuestos que reducen su digestibilidad y, por tanto, los herbívoros las prefieren ante hojas viejas con mayor resistencia por la acumulación de compuestos estructurales (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">Rusman <italic>et al</italic>. 2020</xref>). Sin embargo, recientemente investigaciones en Yucatán, México por <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">Ruiz-Santiago <italic>et al.</italic> (2023)</xref> evaluaron la influencia de la edad de las plantas y de las hojas en las características foliares y su relación con la defoliación causada por insectos herbívoros en tres especies forrajeras (<italic>Tithonia diversifolia</italic>, <italic>Morus alba</italic> y <italic>Moringa oleifera</italic>). En sus resultados mostraron que en <italic>T. diversifolia</italic> ocurre una mayor defoliación en hojas viejas e intermedias en comparación con las hojas jóvenes. En relación con la edad, la defoliación fue significativa en plantas con 60 d. Por su parte, estudios de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ambrósio <italic>et al.</italic> (2008)</xref> atribuyen la relación entre la herbivoría y la actividad antialimentaria manifestada por <italic>Tithonia diversifolia</italic> ante la presencia de tricomas en sus hojas con alta carga de metabolitos secundarios, lo que impiden su acción al ejercer defensa antimicrobiana.</p>
				<p>Se manifestó en esta área testigo un ataque fuerte de saltahojas, en septiembre, cuyas condiciones climáticas fueron favorables para su aparición, con una dominancia de <italic>Hortensia similis</italic>. De 880 insectos totales colectados, 530 correspondieron a sólo este espécimen, asociados a los pastos pratenses presentes en dicha área (pasto estrella y pastos naturales). Sin embargo, estos altos niveles poblacionales de insectos fitófagos, de hábito picador-chupador, no fueron frecuentes en el tiempo, y es posible que la presencia de la fauna benéfica asociada a los SSP haya también impedido que se eleven las poblaciones y que se presenten daños económicos. </p>
				<p>Estudios de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">Ramírez-Barajas <italic>et al.</italic> (2019)</xref> resaltan la función de los árboles y arbustos en la creación de estos sitios de refugio, microclimas y hábitats adecuados para que pueda coexistir un mayor número de organismos, como los insectos. No obstante, en la biodiversidad funcional también pueden convivir otros muchos grupos de seres vivos tales como: aves, reptiles, mamíferos, anfibios y moluscos, que unidos a la presencia de los bovinos, que constituyen el principal componente animal en el SSP, participan activamente en la dinámica agroforestal. Es por ello que se les concede a estos sistemas mayor conectividad con los ecosistemas naturales, con respecto a los convencionales con pastos en monocultivo, lo que a su vez sugiere ideas para la integración entre la producción pecuaria y la conservación de la biodiversidad (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Harvey <italic>et al.</italic> 2004</xref>). Algo similar ocurre con los agroecosistemas compuestos por policultivos (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">García-González <italic>et al.</italic> 2022</xref>), que albergan mayor diversidad de insectos, con proporciones superiores de fauna beneficiosa. Estudios de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">Ruiz <italic>et al.</italic> (2023b)</xref> resaltan la importancia del componente arbóreo en los beneficios que aporta el sistema silvopastoril.</p>
				<p>Los insectos colectados, en el área experimental durante el período evaluado, que alcanzaron la categoría de frecuentes de acuerdo a la escala utilizada (≥ 10 ≤ 29) fueron del orden Hemiptera (<italic>Empoasca</italic> sp., <italic>Hortensia similis</italic> y <italic>Draeculacephala cubana</italic>); Diptera (dos morfoespecies no identificadas); Orthoptera (<italic>Conocephalus cuspidatus</italic>) y del orden Hymenoptera: <italic>Paratrechina longicornis</italic> y <italic>Wasmannia auropunctata</italic>. También se destacó de la clase Arachnida, el orden Araneae (dos morfoespecies no identificadas). El resto de los especímenes recolectados estuvo en el entorno de poco frecuente (&lt; 10). Ninguno alcanzó la categoría de muy frecuente. Incluso en este período se puso ver el pegador de la hoja (<italic>Omiodes indicata</italic>) que, aunque se ha registrado con preferencia por el cultivo proteico (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">Valenciaga <italic>et al.</italic> 2018</xref>), los niveles poblacionales en este estudio fueron ínfimos. Por ello, las lesiones detectadas no superaron el daño leve por lo que no se procedió a determinar la intensidad del daño y su distribución, al no existir perjuicios económicos en el cultivo. </p>
				<p>En el sistema silvopastoril <italic>Tithonia diversifolia</italic> se mantiene como planta tolerante al ataque de organismos nocivos. En este período no se observó prácticamente presencia e incidencia del complejo de crisomélidos. Sólo <italic>Colaspis brunnea</italic> y <italic>Deloyola guttata</italic> se presentaron con poca frecuencia colectándose ambos en el pasto base. Apareció, en el mes de enero, la garrapata del ganado vacuno <italic>Rhipicephalus</italic> (<italic>Boophilus</italic>) <italic>microplus</italic> (Acari: Ixodidae), aunque con poca frecuencia asociada principalmente a la gramínea tanto en el pasto base del SSP como en el área testigo. Se conoce que <italic>R. microplus</italic> es una garrapata de un sólo huésped; pasa todos sus estadios de vida en un animal, succionando la sangre. La hembra de este organismo en su fase adulta se tira al suelo donde oviposita. Por ello, se dice que los huevos hacen eclosión en el medio ambiente y las larvas, recién nacidas, se arrastran por el pasto u otras plantas para encontrar un huésped (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">CFSPH 2007</xref> y <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Alonso-Díaz y Fernández-Salas 2022</xref>). Esto justifica encontrar en las muestreas colectadas larvas o primeros instares de garrapata. A ello se suma que en la actualidad existen en Cuba carencias en la implementación de la vacuna Gavac, lo que unido a un programa integral de control que lo acompañaba, mantiene a este organismo regulado bajo niveles no dañinos. Los resultados sobre la tolerancia mostrada coincidieron con estudios de <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">Medina <italic>et al</italic>. (2009)</xref> quiénes determinaron un bajo valor de aparición de plagas y enfermedades de tithonia en condiciones de vivero. Estos autores manifestaron que es excelente la resistencia de la planta, lo cual lo atribuyen a la acción insecticida o antialimentaria que ejercen los metabolitos secundarios que componen dicho vegetal.</p>
			</sec>
			<sec sec-type="conclusions">
				<title>Conclusiones</title>
				<p>El estudio de la entomofauna en las áreas evaluadas ratifica la importancia del componente arbóreo dentro del agroecosistema, en este caso el SSP con tithonia y pasto base al constatar que el sistema logra, en el tiempo, mantener en equilibrio biológico especies fitófagas, visitadoras y biorreguladoras, sin provocar daños económicos en los componentes vegetales asociados. Por tanto, se recomienda mantener la vigilancia fitosanitaria en dichas áreas, mediante la promoción de sistemas cada vez más diversos y resilientes en aras de contribuir al manejo integral del agroecosistema.</p>
			</sec>
		</body>
		<back>
			<ack>
				<title>Agradecimientos</title>
				<p>Los autores agradecen al Proyecto PN131LH001.49: “Producción de carne de res en sistemas silvopastoriles de <italic>Tithonia diversifolia</italic> complementados con caña de azúcar y VITAFERT”, Proyecto nacional financiado por el Programa de Alimentos y su Agroindustria del Ministerio de la Agricultura de la República de Cuba por el apoyo económico brindado para la ejecución de este trabajo. Se agradece además la labor de los técnicos de la Ciencia: Humberto Díaz, Jorge Luis Hernández y Ciro A. Mora.</p>
			</ack>
		</back>
	</sub-article>
</article>