The climate is defined as the atmospheric conditions during a long period (normally decades or even more), which has been changeable during the Earth history, as part of its own evolution. However, it is completely accepted that to this natural variability it has been added the human activities influenced in the climate changes with undesirable effects (Rodas-Trejo et al. 2017Rodas-Trejo, J., Medina-Sansón, L., Chang-Gutiérrez, D., Ocampo-González, P., Martín-Muñoz, E.M. & Carrillo-López, M.R. 2017. "Impactos y adaptaciones ante los efectos del cambio climático: un caso de estudio en una comunidad ganadera en Chiapas, México". REDVET Revista Electrónica de Veterinaria, 18(10): 1-14, ISSN: 1695-7504. and Mamédio et al. 2020Mamédio, D., Soares-de Andrade, C.M., Ferreira-Sampaio, A. & Santana-Laoures, D.R. 2020. "Efecto del manejo del suelo y espaciamiento de siembra en el establecimiento de la mezcla de pasto-estrella-púrpura (Cynodon nlemfuensis cv. BRS Lua) y maní forrajero (Arachis pintoi cv. Belmonte) en área degradada de Brachiaria brizantha". Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Pecuarias, 11(1): 241-254, ISSN: 2428-6698, DOI: https://doi.org/10.22319/rmcp.v11i1.5004.).
The climate change is a global process and it is show as the most important challenge of our time, which includes complex interactions between climatologic, economic, environmental and social process. One of the most vulnerable sectors to the effects, are the human groups dedicated to the primary sector (agriculture, fishing and livestock), mainly the ones located in developing countries because they depend in higher proportion on their production to survive (Fabrice et al. 2015Fabrice, C.E.S., Soares-Filho, C.V., Pinto, M.F., Perri, S.H.V., Cecato, U. & Mateus, G.P. 2015. "Recuperação de pastagens de Brachiaria decumbens degradada com introdução de Stylosanthes e adubação fosfatada". Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 16(4): 758-771, ISSN: 1519-9940, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-99402015000400001. and Reategui et al. 2019Reategui, K., Aguirre, N., Oliva, R. & Aguirre, E. 2019. "Presión de pastoreo sobre la disponibilidad de forraje Brachiaria decumbens". Scientia Agropecuaria, 10(2): 249-258, ISSN: 2306-6741, DOI: https://doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2019.02.10.).
The grasses production is not away to this reality, because joined to this effects, the soils dedicated to its production have some limitations (stony, compactation, low fertility) this situation joined to that the production, chemical composition and digestibility of forages is influenced by several factors, between them are: the photoperiod, room temperature, plant age and water availability in the soil; aspects that limits the use and availability in the period of high lack of food for cattle, where severe nutritional restrictions are created to this forages. This determined an animal poor response, because the nutritional content of these grasses represents an important limiting in the ruminants production systems (Martín et al. 2018 Martín, R., Dell´Amico, J.M. & Cañizares, P.J. 2018. "Response to cayman grass (Brachiaria hybrid cv. CIAT BRO2/1752) to water deficit". Cultivos Tropicales, 39(1): 113-118, ISSN: 1819-4087. ).
With frequency the studies related with the effects of the climate conditions, has been carried out most of them covering global or regional view expressing tendentious scenes, without taking into account the zonal or local impact, which is necessary to know the adaptability, productive and quality capacity of Brachiaria varieties introduced. Hence, the objective of this research was to evaluate the performance of the yield and bromatological composition of three varieties from Brachiaria genus in El Empalme and Guayas areas in Ecuador.
Location. This research was carried out in Orlando Varela farms, located in the kilometer one of the El Empalme-Balzar road, left side, Democracia sector, El Empalme and El Mamey canton, located in El Ají sector, Guayas parish, Guayas province, Ecuador. They are located between the geographic coordinates 01° 06' of South latitude and 79° 29 of West longitude at 73 m o.s.l. and 01 ° 00´ of South latitude and 79° 30 of West longitude at 75 m.o.s.l. The research was developed in the period between July-September (dry season) of 2015.
Agrometeorological conditions. The climate is classified as humid subtropical (García 2004García, E. 2004. Modificaciones al sistema de clasificación climática de Köppen. 5th Ed. Ed. Instituto de Geografía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, p.98, ISBN: 970-32-1010-4.), for Guayas the average rainfalls was 2436.9 mm/year (117.2mm during the experimental period); the average temperature was 23.87°C; relative humidity 79 %. For El Empalme were 2229.60 mm/year (245.6mm during the experimental period), 25.80 °C; relative humidity 86 %, respectively. The soil in both areas is Inceptisol (Soil Survey Staff 2003Soil Survey Staff. 2003. Keys to Soil Taxonomy. 9th Ed. Ed. United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Washington D.C, p.332, ISBN: 92-5-105007-4) and its chemical composition is in table 1.
Treatment and experimental design: A random block design with factorial arrangement (3x2) was used: three varieties (Brachiaria decumbens, B. brizantha and Brachiaria decumbens x Brachiaria ruziziensis cv. Mulato I) and two areas (Guayas and El Empalme) and five replications.
Procedure: The experimental plots (5x5 = 25m2) of Brachiaria decumbens, Brachiaria brizantha and Brachiaria decumbens x Brachiaria ruziziensis cv. Mulato I were sowing in February 2015, at 50 cm between rows and 20 cm between plants. The plants had an establishment period until July, where the uniformity cut was made. From there, samplings at 42 days of regrowth were made, eliminating 50 cm of border effect and cutting all the material from the harvestable area at 10 cm above soil level. The biomass production, yield of total dry matter, leaves and stems, number of leaves and stems (by bunch); length and width of leaves, and the leaf/stem ratio were evaluated (Herrera 2006Herrera, R.S. 2006. Fisiología, calidad y muestreos. In: Fisiología producción de biomasa y sistemas silvopastoriles en pastos tropicales. Abono orgánico y biogás. Ed. EDICA, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba, p.1-108.). Then two kilograms (two samples) were taken for each of the treatments and replications for further analysis in the laboratory.
Only irrigation was used to facilitate germination and establishment, and no fertilization or chemical treatment was used to eliminate weeds. At the beginning of the experiment the population of the varieties in the plots was 95 %.
Determination of chemical composition: The samples after collected were dried in a forced air oven at 65 ºC, later were milled at a 1 mm particle size and stored in amber bottles until their analysis in the laboratory in which were determined: DM, CP, ash, OM, P, Ca in accordance with AOAC (2016)AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists). 2016. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 20th Ed. George W. Latimer Jr (ed). Ed. AOAC International, Rockville MD, USA, ISBN: 9780935584875.; NDF, ADF, ADL, cellulose (Cel), hemicellulose (Hcel) and cellular content (CC) according to Goering and Van Soest (1970)Goering, H.K. & Van Soest, P.J. 1970. Forage fiber analyses: Apparatus, reagent, procedures and some applications. In: Agriculture Handbook No. 379. Ed. U.S.D.A. Agricultural Research Service, Department of Agriculture, United States of America, p. 20.; the dry matter digestibility was quantified by Aumont et al. (1995)Aumont, G., Caudron, I., Saminadin, G. & Xandé, A. 1995. "Sources of variation in nutritive values of tropical forages from the Caribbean". Animal Feed Science and Technology, 51(1-2):1-13, ISSN: 0377-8401, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(94)00688-6. and the metabolizable energy and net lactation energy were established according to Cáceres and González (2000)Cáceres, O. & González, E. 2000. "Metodología para la determinación del valor nutritivo de los forrajes tropicales". Pastos y Forrajes, 23(1): 87-92, ISSN:0864-0394.. All analyzes were performed in duplicate and by replication.
Statistical analysis and calculations. Analysis of variance was performed according to the experimental design and mean values were compared using Duncan (1955)Duncan, D.B. 1955. "Multiple range and multiple F test". Biometrics, 11(1): 1-42, ISSN: 0006-341X, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478. multiple range test. For the normal distribution of the data the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (Massey 1951Massey, F.J. 1951. "The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for goodness of fit". Journal of the American Statistical Association, 4(543): 68-78, ISSN: 1537-274X, DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2280095.) test was used and for the variances the Bartlett (1937)Bartlett, M. 1937. "Properties of sufficiency and statistical tests". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Serie A, 160(2): 268-282, ISSN: 1471-2946, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1937.0109. test.
The productive indicators (table 2) showed interactions (P<0.001) variety x area. The yields of total dry matter, leaves, stem and biomass were higher for El Empalme area and Mulato I variety with 1.32, 0.79, 0.53 and 5.08 t/ha, respectively.
abcdeValues with different letters differ at P<0.05 (Duncan 1955Duncan, D.B. 1955. "Multiple range and multiple F test". Biometrics, 11(1): 1-42, ISSN: 0006-341X, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478.)
1SE, standard error of the interaction variety x area
There was interaction (P<0.001) variety x area for the morphological performance (table 3). The best values of height and number of leaves were for Mulato 1 variety (0.82 m and 718 leaves, respectively), the length and width of leaves with 0.36 and 0.085 m for Brizantha, respectively; while for Decumbens was the numbers of stems with 225, all the previous in El Empalme.
abcdeValues with different letters differ at P<0.05 (Duncan 1955Duncan, D.B. 1955. "Multiple range and multiple F test". Biometrics, 11(1): 1-42, ISSN: 0006-341X, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478.)
1SE, standard error of the interaction variety x area
For the protein content and hemicelluloses (table 4) there was interaction (P<0.001) variety x area. The cv Mulato I showed the highest CP value (13.08 %), while the hemicellulose (17.79 %) was for Decumbens in Guayas area.
abcdeValues with different letters differ at P<0.05 (Duncan 1955Duncan, D.B. 1955. "Multiple range and multiple F test". Biometrics, 11(1): 1-42, ISSN: 0006-341X, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478.)
1SE, standard error of the interaction variety x area
For the fibrous contents and cell content there was not interaction variety x area (table 5).There were significant differences between the varieties for NDF, CEL and CC and the highest values were obtained in cv. Decumbens for NDF 38.21 %) and CEL (17.26 %), while Mulato 1 had the lower CC value (61.79 %).On the other hand, for Guayas area, there were only significant differences for ADF and ADL values being this ones the highest (20.12 and 3.47 %, respectively).
abValues with different letters differ at P<0.05 (Duncan 1955Duncan, D.B. 1955. "Multiple range and multiple F test". Biometrics, 11(1): 1-42, ISSN: 0006-341X, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478.)
SE±, standard error of the mean
For ash, minerals and organic matter there was significant interaction variety x area (tabla 6).The highest ash value (14.89 %) was obtained in Guayas area in cv. Decumbens and in this area the highest calcium value (0.72 %) was recorded in Brizantha variety, while the highest P values were for Decumbens and Mulato 1varieties in this same area. However, Mulato 1 in El Empalme area showed the highest organic matter percentage (89.31 %).
abcValues with different letters differ at P<0.05 (Duncan 1955Duncan, D.B. 1955. "Multiple range and multiple F test". Biometrics, 11(1): 1-42, ISSN: 0006-341X, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478.)
1SE, standard error of the interaction variety x area
For the relations leaf/stem and NDF/N there was interaction variety x area with the highest results for el Empalme with 2.02 and 25.63 in Mulato 1 and Decumbens varieties, respectively (table 7).
abcValues with different letters differ at P<0.05 (Duncan 1955Duncan, D.B. 1955. "Multiple range and multiple F test". Biometrics, 11(1): 1-42, ISSN: 0006-341X, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478.)
1SE, standard error of the interaction variety x area
For the quality indicators (table 8) there was not significant interaction variety x area. There were only significant differences (P<0.03) for the variety effect on the ADF/N, DMD, OMD, ME and LNE which showed the highest values in the relation ADF/N for Decumbens varieties, while , for the rest of indicators ( DMD, OMD, ME and FNE) the highest records were for Brizantha and Mulato I. There was not effect of the area for these indicators.
abValues with different letters differ at P<0.05 (Duncan 1955Duncan, D.B. 1955. "Multiple range and multiple F test". Biometrics, 11(1): 1-42, ISSN: 0006-341X, DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478.)
SE±, standard error of the mean
Livestock at global level constitutes one of the main transmitters of greenhouse gases to atmosphere, causing for the tropical region increases of temperature from 1- 6 °C, which should increase the evaporation per surface unit and at the same time will produce alterations in the natural water balance of the plants where the grasses species are not the exception (Bravo-Alves and Santos-Diniz 2009Bravo-Alves, J.M. & Santos-Diniz, M. 2009. "Um estudo preliminar de possíveis efeitos de mudanças climáticas no nordeste do Brasil". RBGF- Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física, 2(2): 11-18, ISSN: 1984-2295, DOI: https://doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v2.2.p11-18.).These effects can be more negative in regions where the dry productions and the temperature increase can be accompanied of decrease or excess of rainfalls that should directly influence on the productive response of forages species (Faria et al. 2018Faria, B.M., Frota-Morenz, M.J., Campos-Paciullo, D.S., Ferraz-Lopes, F.C. & de Miranda-Gomide, C.A. 2018. "Growth and bromatological characteristics of Brachiaria decumbens and Brachiaria ruziziensis under shading and nitrogen". Revista Ciência Agronômica, 49(3): 529-536, ISSN: 1806-6690, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20180060.).
When evaluating two cut height (0.4 and 0.5 m) and four fertilization levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg/ha of N), in Brachiaria hybrid cv. Mulato II, with mean temperatures of 23.2 °C and rainfalls of 1759.9 mm Marques et al. (2017)Marques, D.L., Franca, A.F., Oliveira, L.G., Arnhold, E., Ferreira, R.N., Correa, D.S., Bastos, D.C. & Brunes, L.C. 2017. "Production and chemical composition of hybrid Brachiaria cv. Mulato II under a system of cuts and nitrogen fertilization". Bioscience Journal, 33(3): 685-696, ISSN: 1981-3163, DOI: https://doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v33n3-32956. notified positive response to the fertilization levels of biomass production and dry matter yield (6.61 and 1.14 t/ha, respectively).On the other hand, Faria et al. (2018)Faria, B.M., Frota-Morenz, M.J., Campos-Paciullo, D.S., Ferraz-Lopes, F.C. & de Miranda-Gomide, C.A. 2018. "Growth and bromatological characteristics of Brachiaria decumbens and Brachiaria ruziziensis under shading and nitrogen". Revista Ciência Agronômica, 49(3): 529-536, ISSN: 1806-6690, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20180060. in similar conditions to those previous described in B. decumbens and B. ruziziensis reported yields of 1.12 and 1.6 t/ha, respectively. Response that is due to that the nitrogenous fertilization exerts immediate effect and visible in the structural characteristics of forage and consequent on their productivity.
While, Ramírez et al. (2012)Ramírez, J.L., Herrera, R.S., Leonard, I., Verdecia, D. & Álvarez, Y. 2012. "Rendimiento y calidad de la Brachiaria decumbens en suelo fluvisol del Valle del Cauto, Cuba". REDVET Revista Electrónica de Veterinaria, 13(4): 1-11, ISSN: 1695-7504. when evaluating Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk in Valle del Cauto, in the Eastern region of Cuba, during the rainy seasons (24.3 °C and 130 mm of rains) and dry season (27.2 °C and 759 mm of rains), reported 6.06 and 1.83 t/ha of dry matter, respectively and a difference of 43 % in the number of leaves between a period and another. This performance was associated to the effect of the climate factors on the productive and morphological factors (tables 2 and 3). It is important to highlight that the differences between each season of the year in the content of leaves and stems are indicators that allow establishing the yield composition, because the higher leaf proportion in it shows high probability of increasing the photosynthetic process, higher probability of substance production for growth and better reserve accumulation for the regrowth.
Cruz-López et al. (2011)Cruz-López, P.I., Hernández-Garay, A., Enríquez-Quiroz, J.F., Mendoza-Pedroza, S.I., Quero-Carrillo, A.R. & Joaquín-Torres, B.M. 2011. "Agronomic performance of Brachiaria humidicola (Rendle) Schweickt genotypes in the Mexican humid tropics". Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana, 34(2): 123-131, ISSN: 0187-7380. and Tamele et al. (2017)Tamele, O.H., Lopes-de Sá, O.A.A., Bernardes, T.F., Lara, M.A.S. & Casagrande, D.R. 2017. "Optimal defoliation management of Brachiaria grass-forage peanut for balanced pasture establishment". Grass and Forage Science, 73(2): 522-531, ISSN: 1365-2494, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12332. when studing the interaction between the plant height- climatic season (summer: 350 mm and 23°C; winter: 30 mm and 18°C; autumn: 80 mm and 19°C; spring: 150 mm and 22 °C) reported negative linear relation between both factors, with higher growing of leaves in summer and winter as the plant height increased and affectation of leaves and stems growing in winter (R2-0.88 and-0.84).While, during the summer there were increases with the plant height for leaves and stems (R2 0.94 and 0.92).The Brachiaria grasses are characterized of having an increase in the stem and lengthening leaf rates and a decrease in the leaf growth rate, especially in the superior strata. The grasses notably vary in their tolerance to stress because of the lack of water. In some cases they suffer changes that can be to adapting or escape to the negative effects caused by the stress. The Brachiaria specie is characterized of producing a great amount of decumbent stems which produce bunches under optimal humidity conditions, situations because of during the summer increases of leaves and stems are produced (Reyes et al. 2019Reyes, J.J., Ibarra, Y., Enríquez, A.V. & Torres, V. 2019. "Performance of Brachiaria decumbens vc. Basilisk, subjected to two grazing intensities in the rainy season". Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 53(1): 21-28, ISSN: 2079-3480.).
The variation found in the performance of the CP and CC content (1.08 and 2.16 %), and the cell wall components (NDF, ADF, ADL, cellulose and hemicellulose) in 1.82, 2.03, 0.87, 1.15 and 0.33 %, respectively (tables 4 and 5) and their lower concentration in the high rainfalls area, it is influenced by the dilution effect of nutrients in the grasses from the areas with high rainfalls. This performance was reported by Ramírez et al. (2012)Ramírez, J.L., Herrera, R.S., Leonard, I., Verdecia, D. & Álvarez, Y. 2012. "Rendimiento y calidad de la Brachiaria decumbens en suelo fluvisol del Valle del Cauto, Cuba". REDVET Revista Electrónica de Veterinaria, 13(4): 1-11, ISSN: 1695-7504., Santos-Cruvinel et al. (2017)Santos-Cruvinel, W., de Pinho-Costa, K.A., Guerra-da Silva, A., da Costa-Severiano, E. & Gonçalves-Ribeiro, M. 2017. "Intercropping of sunflower with Brachiaria brizantha cultivars during two sowing seasons in the interim harves". Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 38(5): 3173-3191, ISSN: 1676-546X, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n5p3173., De Abreu-Faria et al. (2018)de Abreu-Faria, L., Silva-Karp, F.H., Pimentel-Righeto, P., Abdalla-Filho, A.L., Lucas, R.C., Canto-Machado, M., Santana-Natel, A., Graciano, T.C. & Abdalla, A.L. 2018. "Nutritional quality and organic matter degradability of Brachiaria spp. agronomically biofortified with selenium". Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 102(6):1464-1471, ISSN: 1439-0396, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.12971. and Martín et al. (2018) Martín, R., Dell´Amico, J.M. & Cañizares, P.J. 2018. "Response to cayman grass (Brachiaria hybrid cv. CIAT BRO2/1752) to water deficit". Cultivos Tropicales, 39(1): 113-118, ISSN: 1819-4087. in the cultivars B. decumbens (Basilisk), B. brizantha (Marandu, Piata, Xaraes) and the hybrid CIAT BRO2/1752 (Cayman) with variability between the rainy and dry seasons, respectively.
Marques et al. (2017)Marques, D.L., Franca, A.F., Oliveira, L.G., Arnhold, E., Ferreira, R.N., Correa, D.S., Bastos, D.C. & Brunes, L.C. 2017. "Production and chemical composition of hybrid Brachiaria cv. Mulato II under a system of cuts and nitrogen fertilization". Bioscience Journal, 33(3): 685-696, ISSN: 1981-3163, DOI: https://doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v33n3-32956. and Faria et al. (2018)Faria, B.M., Frota-Morenz, M.J., Campos-Paciullo, D.S., Ferraz-Lopes, F.C. & de Miranda-Gomide, C.A. 2018. "Growth and bromatological characteristics of Brachiaria decumbens and Brachiaria ruziziensis under shading and nitrogen". Revista Ciência Agronômica, 49(3): 529-536, ISSN: 1806-6690, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5935/1806-6690.20180060. reported linear relation directly proportional (CP) and inverse (NDF and ADF) with the nitrogenous fertilization with increases of 2 % of protein values (12- 14 %) and reduction of 20 and 6 pecentage units for NDF and ADF en Mulato II, B. decumbens and B. brizantha. While, De Almeida-Moreira et al. (2018)de Almeida-Moreira, E., Motta-de Souza, S., Lima-Ferreira, A., Ribeiro-Tomich, T., Gomes-Azevêdo, J.A., De Souza-Sobrinho, F., Gandolfi-Benites, F.R., Samarini-Machado, F., Magalhães-Campos, M. & Ribeiro-Pereira, L.G. 2018. "Nutritional diversity of Brachiaria ruziziensis clones". Ciência Rural, 48(02): 1-8, ISSN: 1678-4596, DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20160855. when evaluating 26 Brachiaria varieties under mesothermic climate conditions and red- yellowish soil, notified the best performance for the B. ruziziensis clones with variations of CP, NDF, ADF and ADL of 13.5-16.49; 50-60; 21-30 and 3.9-4.06 %, respectively. The B. ruziziensis clones showed high CP percentages and low in the cell wall with respect to the Decumbens variety used as control. It is concluded that, the best clones showed high values in nitrogenous components and low in structural carbohydrates and phenolic compounds which show the presence of great amount of leaves with respect to stems. The found differences can be use as guide to news crosses in the reproduction program that complement the agronomic indicators to the generation of superior genotypes.
For the ash, minerals and organic matter content (table 6) there was interaction variety x area for all indicators, with the highest results in the minerals and ashes for the area of lower rainfalls. Ramírez et al. (2014)Ramírez, J.L., Leonard, I., Verdecia, I., Pérez, Y., Arceo, Y. & Álvarez, Y. 2014. "Relación de dos minerales con la edad y los elementos del clima en un pasto tropical". REDVET Revista Electrónica de Veterinaria, 15(05): 1-8, ISSN:1695-7504. and De Lucena-Costa et al. (2020)de Lucena-Costa, N., Azevedo-Rodrigues, A.N., Avelar-Magalhães, J., Burlamaqui-Bendahan, A., Numes-Rodrigues, B.H. & De Seixas-Santos, F.J. 2020. "Forage yield, chemical composition and morphogenesis of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã under regrowth periods". Research, Society and Development, 9(1): 133911801, ISSN: 2525-3409, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i1.1499. when evaluating the existing relation between the climatic factors and minerals content in B. hybrid cv. Mulato I and B. brizantha cv. Piatá reported high correlations (superior to R2 0.77) between rains and average temperatures in the rainy and dry season for the calcium and phosphorous content. In addition, multiple linear regression equations with coefficients superior to R2 0.81 with better fit for the age, total rains and solar radiation were established. It was showed that the variability of these minerals elements is due, mainly, to that these minerals are in the younger and growing parts, especially in the shoots, young leaves and root ends. The variation showed in the minerals when the age increase is related to the dilution effect produced by the vegetative development and the water accumulation during the rainy season.
On the other hand, Jiménez et al. (2010)Jiménez, O.M.M., Granados, L., Oliva, J., Quiroz, J. & Barrón, M. 2010. "Calidad nutritiva de Brachiaria humidicola con fertilización orgánica en suelos ácidos". Archivos de Zootecnia, 59(228): 561-570, ISSN: 0798-7269. for B. humidicola under warm and humid climate conditions with average temperatures of 26 °C, rainfalls of 2123 mm and acrisol humic soil reported values of 16.38, 0.015, 0.44 and 88.04 % of ash, calcium, phosphorous and organic matter, respectively. Avelar-Magalhães et al. (2015)Avelar-Magalhães, J., de Souza-Carneiro, M.S., Carvalho-Andrade, A., Sales-Pereira, E., Nunes-Rodrigues, B.H., de Lucena-Costa, N., dos Santos-Fogaça, F.H., de Carvalho-Castro, K.N. & Ramalho-Townsend, C. 2015. "Composição bromatológica do capim-Marandu sob efeito de irrigação e adubação nitrogenada". Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 36(2): 933-941, ISSN: 1676-546X, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2015v36n2p933. in B. brizantha cv. Marandú in humid tropical climate, laptosolic soil, average temperature of 28 °C and rains 1300 mm reported 16.46, 0.02, 0.52 and 88.21 % of ash, Ca, P and OM, respectively, while Mutimura et al. (2018)Mutimura, M., Ebong, C., Rao, I.M. & Nsahlai, I.V. 2018. "Effects of supplementation of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatá and Napier grass with Desmodium distortum on feed intake, digesta kinetics and milk production in crossberd dairy cows". Animal Nutrition, 4(2): 222-227, ISSN: 2405-6545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2018.01.006. showed in B. brizantha cv. Piatá in semiarid climate with averages temperatures of 29 °C and rainfalls of 600 mm, content of ash, calcium, phosphorous and organic matter of 16.56, 0.025, 0.60 and 88.41 %, respectively. Results which coincides with those reported by Ramírez et al. (2014)Ramírez, J.L., Leonard, I., Verdecia, I., Pérez, Y., Arceo, Y. & Álvarez, Y. 2014. "Relación de dos minerales con la edad y los elementos del clima en un pasto tropical". REDVET Revista Electrónica de Veterinaria, 15(05): 1-8, ISSN:1695-7504..
For the relations leaf/stem and NDF/N there were interaction between variety x area (table7) with the best performance for B. decumbens and Mulato I, results that coincides with those reported by Tamele et al. (2017)Tamele, O.H., Lopes-de Sá, O.A.A., Bernardes, T.F., Lara, M.A.S. & Casagrande, D.R. 2017. "Optimal defoliation management of Brachiaria grass-forage peanut for balanced pasture establishment". Grass and Forage Science, 73(2): 522-531, ISSN: 1365-2494, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12332. who found when studying the interaction cut height- climatic zone high development for leaves and stems in areas of high solar radiation, rainfalls, and average temperatures, concluding that the variability of these elements influence on the structural characteristics of forages. It is important to highlight that the proportions of leaves and stems are indicators that allow establishing a relation of the forage quality, because the high proportion of leaves in it show, higher amount of nutrients, palatability, digestibility and the animal intake more leaves than stems.
The digestibility values are in the values reported in the literature but, it is important to highlight that the varieties effects play an important role on the variability of these indicators. De Almeida-Moreira et al. (2018)de Almeida-Moreira, E., Motta-de Souza, S., Lima-Ferreira, A., Ribeiro-Tomich, T., Gomes-Azevêdo, J.A., De Souza-Sobrinho, F., Gandolfi-Benites, F.R., Samarini-Machado, F., Magalhães-Campos, M. & Ribeiro-Pereira, L.G. 2018. "Nutritional diversity of Brachiaria ruziziensis clones". Ciência Rural, 48(02): 1-8, ISSN: 1678-4596, DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20160855. when evaluating the varieties Brachiaria (B. ruziziensis, B. brizantha cv. Marandu and B. decumbens cv Basilisk as control), with cut frequency every 27 days and cut height 10cm, found significant differences for the DMD with the best results (66.69 %) for B. ruziziensis. Among the factors that have been identified as responsible of the variability of the tropical grasses digestibility, are the climate, the plant maturity, the soil type, the level and the fertilization type, the growth season and the variability of the fiber -nitrogen fractions. Due to the changes that these factors could caused in the morphologic structure of the plant (leaf and stems proportion), join to the intrinsic characteristics of each species (genetic improvement) and adaptability to the edaphoclimatic conditions could explain that there were not differences between the climatic zones.
The differences found between species for the dry matter and organic matter digestibility, could be related with the characteristics of each species, growth and development reached, causing changes in the cell wall, mainly of the primary wall, which reduces the intercellular space where are the nutrients (protein), and is in function of the relative proportion of each chemical component and their individual digestibility. On the other hand, it also influenced by the increase of the structural components, silica and the monomerics components of lignin (Avelar-Magalhães et al. 2015Avelar-Magalhães, J., de Souza-Carneiro, M.S., Carvalho-Andrade, A., Sales-Pereira, E., Nunes-Rodrigues, B.H., de Lucena-Costa, N., dos Santos-Fogaça, F.H., de Carvalho-Castro, K.N. & Ramalho-Townsend, C. 2015. "Composição bromatológica do capim-Marandu sob efeito de irrigação e adubação nitrogenada". Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 36(2): 933-941, ISSN: 1676-546X, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2015v36n2p933.).
Jiménez et al. (2010)Jiménez, O.M.M., Granados, L., Oliva, J., Quiroz, J. & Barrón, M. 2010. "Calidad nutritiva de Brachiaria humidicola con fertilización orgánica en suelos ácidos". Archivos de Zootecnia, 59(228): 561-570, ISSN: 0798-7269. when studing in the Sabana de Huimanguillo, Tabasco, México, Brachiaria humidicola under summer (rain) and winter (dry) conditions registered the highest DMD values in winter with percentages higher than 50%.These authors stated that the responsible factors of the differences between the seasons of the year are the variability of the climatic factors as room temperature and rainfalls mainly, because of their effect on the growth and structure of grass. On the other hand, Mutimura et al. (2018)Mutimura, M., Ebong, C., Rao, I.M. & Nsahlai, I.V. 2018. "Effects of supplementation of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatá and Napier grass with Desmodium distortum on feed intake, digesta kinetics and milk production in crossberd dairy cows". Animal Nutrition, 4(2): 222-227, ISSN: 2405-6545, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2018.01.006. notified for B. brizantha cv. Piatá contributions of 8.19 MJ and 8.1 kg of milk per day, concluding that the forages with high digestibility , adequate fiber- nitrogen relation favors the intake and production of milk. The energy contribution of forages depends on the plant maturity, due to chemical and biochemical transformations in their components as the decrease of soluble carbohydrates, digestible proteins and dry matter digestibility. In addition of the previous explained, it should added that the energy value of the forages depends on the organic matter digestibility, which is closely linked with the plant composition.
In this research was showed the effect of climate factors and the variety on the yield and some quality indicators where the best productive and morphologic performance in the higher rains area (El Empalme) were obtained, while for the content of proteins, minerals, ash, the relations leaf/stem and NDF/N was best for the low rainfalls area (Guayas). It is important to highlight, that there were not differences between the varieties for the cell wall components, ADF/N, digestibility and energy contribution, that’s why their adaptability and potentialities in different ecosystems is confirmed.