Introduction
⌅Dairy production is a key activity for food security in Cuba. However, as an intensive agricultural system, it entails a significant demand for natural resources and a constant generation of wastes, which poses important environmental challenges (Ritter et al. 2020Ritter, C., Mills, K.E., Weary, D.M. & von Keyserlingk, M.A.G. 2020. Perspectives of western Canadian dairy farmers on the future of farming. Journal of Dairy Science, 103(11): 10273-10282, ISSN: 1525-3198. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2020-18430 . ). Globally, there is a growing trend towards establishing mandatory sustainability parameters in livestock. However, in Latin America and the Caribbean, productive, environmental, and human capacity gaps persist, hindering this transition (Mahecha-Ledesma et al. 2022Mahecha-Ledesma, L., Angulo-Arizala, J. & Argüello-Rangel, J. (2022). Sistemas silvopastoriles: estrategia para la articulación de la ganadería bovina a desafíos del siglo XXI. En H. Rodríguez Espinosa (Ed.). Innovación en la investigación agropecuaria. Fondo Editorial Biogénesis. Universidad de Antioquia, Colombia. pp. 103-143, ISBN: 978-628-7519-65-7. ).
Environmental management stands as the main tool to guide the transformation processes towards resilient and environmentally responsible agricultural systems. According to Rodríguez-Sánchez (2021)Rodríguez-Sánchez, D. (2021). Evaluación de la gestión ambiental de la Empresa Cubana de Lubricantes, Santiago de Cuba. Anuario Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, 12: 208-231, ISSN: 2218-3639. http://anuarioeco.uo.edu.cu/index.php/aeco/oai . , this management should be analyzed with a multidimensional approach to evaluate how economic activity influences on the conservation of the natural and social environment where goods and services are produced.
According to Gutiérrez Peña et al. (2019)Gutiérrez - Peña, R., Mena, Y., Batalla, I. & Mancilla-Leytón, J.M. (2019). A system of indicator for the sustainability assessment of extensive Dairy farms in Andalusia, Spain. Sustainability, 11(17): 4680, ISSN: 2071-1050. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11174680 . , the implementation of the indicators revealed that farms with better environmental management also tended to be more profitable in the long term. This provides a framework of specific indicators to operationalize the environmental management variable. Each of the selected indicators can be adapted to systematically characterize and compare the study units.
While studies such as those by Valentí et al. (2023)Valenti, B., Trestini, S. & Lujan, H. (2023). Análisis de la huella de carbón e hídrica en sistemas de producción lechera: variabilidad y puntos críticos de mitigación. Journal of Cleaner Production, 405: 136998, ISSN: 1879-1786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136998 . have addressed dairy environmental management, there is a lack of comprehensive characterizations that combine qualitative and quantitative indicators in production units with a research mandate such as those of the Instituto de Ciencia Animal (ICA), where technology transfer is a key component.
The ICA develops researchers focused on animal nutrition and sustainable agroecological systems. However, there is no environmental and systematic characterization of their own milk production units. This lack of internal diagnosis limits effective environmental management, the application of its own researchers in the territory it occupies, and alignment with the national strategies of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (CITMA).
The objective of this study was to characterize the environmental management in three dairy production units from ICA, in order to identify specific problems and evaluate existing capacities. The results will provide a main baseline for decision-making and the implementation of more sustainable practices in the Cuban institutional dairy sector.
Materials and Methods
⌅The study was conducted in three dairy units from ICA (“Vaquería B”, “Genético III” and “Genético IV”). The Institute is located on the Havana-Matanzas plain, between 22° 53’ north latitude and 82° 02’ west longitude, at an altitude of 80 m o. s. l. It belongs to San José de las Lajas municipality, Mayabeque province, Cuba. The area has a stationary, humid tropical climate, with average total rainfall in the rainy and dry season was 1320 mm, a maximum temperature above 27 ºC and a minimum temperature of 15 ºC (Herrera et al. 2018Herrera, R.S., García, M. & Cruz, A.M. (2018). Estudio de algunos indicadores del clima en el Instituto de Ciencia Animal en el período 1967- 2013 y su relación con los pastos. Cuban Journal of Agricultural. Science, 52(4): 411-421, ISSN: 2079-3480. http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttex&pid=S2079-34802018000400411&Ing=es&tlng=es . ).
These units were selected using non-probabilistic purposive sampling, based on the following inclusion criteria:
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Institutional representativeness: units that combine production and research activities
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Productive diversity: different scales and management systems existing in ICA
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Accessibility: availability for data collection and direct observation
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Strategic relevance: importance in the institute's research and production programs
The research type is descriptive. Theoretical methods (analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive) and empirical methods (surveys, direct observation) were used. Two questionnaires were designed: one for the workers of the units (9 people) (total of workers directly involved in production) and another for managers and experts according to the link of their position or experience with milk production and environmental management (19 individuals) (6.05 % of the total workers and 100 % of the managers and experts). The total sample of 28 participants is considered adequate for a mixed-methods qualitative case study, allowing for information saturation and triangulation of perspectives.
Instrument characteristic
⌅First questionnaire: Structured, with closed and open questions, consisting of 52 questions. It was carried out in person with the support of the researcher through meetings with working groups. The dimensions explored included job profile, resource use, environmental perception, gender, waste, regulations, and training. The research study of González et al. (2017)González, D., Alvarado, C. & Marín, C. (2017). Diseño y validación de una encuesta para la caracterización de unidades de producción caprina. Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, 58(2): 68-74, ISSN: 0258-6576. http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=373154833005 . was used as a reference.
Second questionnaire: Structured with closed and open questions, consisting of 12 questions, in order to evaluate the level of knowledge and experience, perception on the institutional strategy and training and improvement priorities on the environmental management of the dairy units from Instituto de Ciencia Animal. The Training Manual for Comprehensive Environmental Assessments and Examples of Good Practices in Comprehensive Environmental Assessments in Latin America and the Caribbean (PNUMA 2010PNUMA. (2010). Manual de capacitación GEO para la realización de evaluaciones ambientales integrales y la elaboración de informes. Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Medio Ambiente. http://www.pnuma.org . ) was used as a basis. In addition, studies by Acosta Gutiérrez et al. (2018)Acosta Gutiérrez, Z.G., Pereda Mouso, J. & Plasencia Fraga, J.M. (2018). Integración de herramientas de gestión ambiental para reducir la vulnerabilidad en áreas ganaderas. Revista de Producción Animal, 30(3): 1-5, ISSN: 2224-7920. http://scielo.sld.cu/php?script=sci_arttex&pid=S222479202018000300001&Ing=es&tlng=es . and Mateo Rodríguez et al. (2024)Mateo Rodríguez, J.A., Francke, A. & García Rodríguez, A. (2024). Diseño de un instrumento para evaluar la percepción ambiental y de desarrollo sostenible en centros universitarios en Cuba. Revista Cub@: Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo, 24: e04, ISSN: 1683-8904. https://cu-id.com/1961/v24e04 . were used as references. The Google Forms platform was applied.
Statistical analysis: The Excel program and the statistical program ComparPro version 1 were used (Font et al. 2007Font H., Noda, A. Torres, V., Herrera M., Lizazo D., Sarduy, L. & Rodríguez, L. (2007). ComparPro versión 1. Dpto. Biomatemática, Instituto de Ciencia Animal, Cuba.). The following tests were applied (comparison of proportions (Chi square) and Duncan (1955)Duncan, D.B. (1955). Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11(1): 1- 42, ISSN: 1541-0420. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478 . test (p<0.05)) to establish relations and differences where necessary.
Results and Discussion
⌅Profile of surveyed: The average number of workers is 3 per unit, for a total of 9 people. The workers have a secondary and pre-university level of education. Of those surveyed, 72 % are male and the rest are female. There is gender inequality, where the role of women is perceived as limited to milking by 100 % of the workers. This result is consistent with what was reported by Benítez et al. (2021)Benítez-Fernández, B., Crespo-Morales, A., Casanova, C., Méndez-Bordón, A., Hernández-Beltrán, Y. Ortiz-Pérez, R., Acosta-Roca, R. & Romero-Sarduy, M.I. (2021). Impactos de la estrategia de género en el sector agropecuario, a través del Proyecto de Innovación Agropecuaria Local (PIAL). Revista Cultivos Tropicales, 42(1): e04, ISSN: 1819- 4087. http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttex&pid=S025859362021000100004&ing=es&tlng=es . regarding the masculinization of the Cuban agricultural sector. These challenges show the relevance of moving towards a gender-sensitive approach to development, focused on power relations, that questions traditional roles and promote equitable participation, which in turn incorporates new perspectives and skills into the management of units.
Of the workers, 67 % have an average age between 35 and 65 years and 33 % are workers under 35 years of age (table 1, figure 1). Therefore, regarding the relation between education and age of the farmer, it can be observed that older farmer tend to have lower levels of education, and consequently, the process of adopting technology and sustainable practices becomes more complex; although some older farmers have experience, innovation does not come easily, as showed by Ojeda Carrasco et al. (2020)Ojeda Carrasco, J.J., Dolores Rueda Quiroz, L., Hernández García, A.L. & Espinosa Ayala, E. (2020). Caracterización del sistema de producción de leche en pequeña escala de la zona suroriente del Estado de México. Agricultura, Sociedad y Desarrollo, 17(2): 201-215, ISSN: 2594-0244. http://doi.org/10.22231/asyd.v17i2.1342 . , who highlight that younger farmers tend to have higher levels of education. Therefore, younger generations will have more years of schooling compared to their predecessors.
| Units | Sex | Education level | Age range | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M | F | Primary | Secondary | Pre-university | Under 35 years old | From 35 to 50 years old | From 51 to 65 years old | |
| Vaquería B | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 | |||
| Genético 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | |||
| Genético 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | ||
Figure 2 shows that 44.44 % of the workers have been engaged in cattle rearing for more than 20 years, while 55.56 % have been working in the unit for less than five years. Staff instability makes difficult the accumulation of specific experience and long-term commitment to the unit's environmental improvement. There is no family tradition; the economic factor plays a role, considering that the workers do not receive additional pay and are looking to improve their living standards. These data differ from those reported by Ojeda Carrasco et al. (2020)Ojeda Carrasco, J.J., Dolores Rueda Quiroz, L., Hernández García, A.L. & Espinosa Ayala, E. (2020). Caracterización del sistema de producción de leche en pequeña escala de la zona suroriente del Estado de México. Agricultura, Sociedad y Desarrollo, 17(2): 201-215, ISSN: 2594-0244. http://doi.org/10.22231/asyd.v17i2.1342 . , who believe that there will be transmissibility in the following generations.
In the case of managers and experts, 74 % are female and 26 % are male. An 84.21 % hold doctorates in science and 15.79 % hold master's degrees in science. Of the managers and experts, 42 % had less than 20 years of experience in environmental management, coinciding with the rise of this field starting in the 1990s. From its beginnings, the aim has been to conserve natural resources and contribute to ecologically sustainable development (figure 3).
Vidal and Asuaga (2021)Vidal A. & Asuaga C. (2021). Gestión ambiental en las organizaciones: una revisión de la literatura. Revista del Instituto Internacional de Costos, 18: 84-122, ISSN: 2718-8507. http://intercostos.org/ojs/index.php/riic/article/view/33. point out that environmental management is a strategy through which activities that affect the environment are organized, in order to achieve an adequate quality of life, by mitigating and promoting environmental problems.
It should be highlighted that there is no professional in the environmental field, which is evidenced by the lack of experience and the slow dynamism of activities.
Natural resources management: Extensive land use without organic fertilization practices was identified. The absence of conservation practices such as the incorporation of organic matter or systematic crop rotation in two of the three units constitutes a risk factor for their degradation in the medium term. This result aligns with the warnings of Gerber et al. (2013)Gerber, P.J., Steinfeld, H., Henderson, B., Mottet, A., Opio, C., Dijkman, J., Falcucci, A. & Tempio, G. (2013). Enfrentando el cambio climático a través de la ganadería - Una evaluación global de las emisiones y oportunidades de mitigación. FAO. https://www.fao.org/3/i3437s/i3437s.pdf . on how inadequate agronomic management in dairy systems can exert constant pressure that degrades the state of the soil resource, affecting its future productivity.
Regarding water resources, 33 % of workers reported poor water quality. The reliance on tanks and wells, coupled with the lack of consumption measurement, reflects a reactive rather than a proactive approach to water management. The perception of poor water quality from the aqueduct in a unit suggests vulnerabilities in the infrastructure. This situation is common in livestock systems with technological limitations, where water management is not usually prioritized until a crisis occurs (FAO 2019Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2019). Climate change and the global dairy cattle sector - The role of the dairy sector in a low-carbon future. https://www.fao.org/3/CA2929EN/ca2929en.pdf .).
Moderate drought conditions and irregular rainfalls have been identified, with differentiated climatic influence between units in the last five years. This performance is due to the location of the units; being far apart, they have different microclimates. Ponvert-Delisles Batista (2016)Ponvert-Delisles Batista, D.R. (2016). Algunas consideraciones sobre el comportamiento de la sequía agrícola en la agricultura de cuba y el uso de imágenes por satélites en su evaluación. Revista Cultivos Tropicales, 37(3): 22-41, ISSN: 1819-4087. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.4591.3843 . highlights that variations in climatic conditions have had a negative impact on agricultural activity. The rise in temperature has been accompanied by a reduction in total annual rainfalls of 10 to 20 %, with rainfall decreasing during the rainy season and increasing during the dry season. The different responses regarding the presence of flooding are due to differences in the relief and soil type where the units are located, because they have been subjected to constant changes in the last 30 years, so there is greater runoff in the first two, according to what was stated by Álvarez et al. (2012)Álvarez, F.G., Herrera, H.J., Alonso, G.B. & Barreras, A.S. (2012). Calidad de la leche cruda en unidades de producción familiar del sur de Ciudad de México. Archivos de Medicina Veterinaria, 44(3): 237-242, ISSN: 0301- 732X. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0301-732X2012000300005 . .
Another environmental problem affecting the units in recent years is the impact on biodiversity, which indicates invasive plants as the main cause. Because of this situation, measures should include the implementation of programs to recover the land that was not being used, which would allow for more area to be available for grazing and forage production. According to Acosta Gutiérrez et al. (2018)Acosta Gutiérrez, Z.G., Pereda Mouso, J. & Plasencia Fraga, J.M. (2018). Integración de herramientas de gestión ambiental para reducir la vulnerabilidad en áreas ganaderas. Revista de Producción Animal, 30(3): 1-5, ISSN: 2224-7920. http://scielo.sld.cu/php?script=sci_arttex&pid=S222479202018000300001&Ing=es&tlng=es . , the presence of invasive species affects the productivity and quality of grasslands, by occupying areas dedicated to this purpose, and also establishes competition for water, light and nutrients, issues necessary to ensure the efficiency and sustainability of livestock systems.
Regarding the status and use of energy, 100 % of the workers in the units responded that they have electricity in the unit and that they do not use renewable energy sources. Despite this, managers and experts recognized the potential of technologies associated with renewable energy sources to ensure the stable operation of dairy units (table 2).
| Renewable energy source technologies | Photovoltaic panels | Solar waters heaters | Windmills | Biodigesters | Not respond | SE and Signif. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy service | ||||||
| Electric fence | 84.21a | 5.26b | 0b | 5.26b | 5.26b | ±9.18, p=0.001 |
| Mechanized milking | 73.68a | 5.26b | 0b | 15.79b | 5.26b | ±9.18, p=0.001 |
| Water pumping | 36.84a | 5.26b | 52.63a | 0b | 5.26b | ±9.18, p=0.001 |
| Lighting | 57.89a | 15.79b | 0b | 26.32b | ±9.93, p=0.001 | |
| Water heating and cleaning | 5.26a | 89.47b | 0b | 5.26b | ±9.93, p=0.001 | |
| Grass and forage preparation | 52.63a | 0b | 21.05b | 5.26b | 21.05b | ±9.18, p=0.001 |
| Cooking food | 10.53b | 10.53b | 0b | 68.42a | 10.53b | ±9.18, p=0.001 |
| Refrigeration | 36.84a | 5.26b | 0b | 42.11a | 15.79ab | ±9.18, p=0.01 |
a, b Different letters in rows show significant differences at p<0.05 (Duncan 1955Duncan, D.B. (1955). Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11(1): 1- 42, ISSN: 1541-0420. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478 . ), SE: Standard Error
Of the variables that make up the model, solar panels are a technology that predominates for developing the different services mentioned. However, those surveyed did not consider the use of windmills in the study areas. Rosas Leutenegger and Villasana López (2022)Rosas Leutenegger, M. & Villasana López, P. (2022). Adopción de tecnologías en sistemas de producción agroalimentario: una revisión de literatura. RIVAR (Santiago), 9(26): 177-190, ISSN: 0719-4994. https://doi.org/10.35588/rivar.v9i26.5575 . describe that the adoption of technologies in production systems in the agri-food sector requires an understanding of the phenomenon with a view to improving the efficiency of the processes. The economic factor influences on the decision-making process for technology implementation, as proposed by Cerón-Muñoz et al. (2022)Cerón-Muñoz, M.F., Pérez, M.T., Yepes, J.J.T., Ledesma, L.M., Ángulo-Arizala, J., Guarín, J.F., Medina-Sierra, M., Houwers, W. & Wouters, B. (2022). Evaluación de la adopción de tecnologías en producción lechera. En: Innovación en la investigación agropecuaria. Fondo Editorial Biogénesis, 146-168, ISBN: 978-628-7519-65-9. http://revistas.udea.edu.co . . Consequently, collaboration between the organization, workers, and local government creates demonstration spaces to build trust in the use and operation of these technologies.
Waste management: In two of the three units, solid wastes are burned, and the liquids go down the drain without previous treatment. It does not handle hazardous waste. This situation can affect animal health, with the consequent implications for the human environment. The dumping of waste water can cause contamination of surface and groundwater, given that these units are located on the Mayabeque River basin. Vélez-Castro et al. (2014)Vélez-Castro, M.T., Cano Arenas, R.L., Corrales-Julio, R. & García Vergara, M.C. (2014). Evaluación ambiental para la producción primaria de leche orgánica en hatos del municipio de Arjona, departamento de Bolívar, Colombia. Ambiente y Desarrollo, 18(35): 37-54, ISSN: 0121-7607. http://dx.doi.org/10.11144/Javeriana.AyD18-35.eapp . argue that this productive sector bears a great responsibility, not only in relation to the possible effects on the health of consumers and the environment in which it develops. A change of attitude is urgently needed regarding the management of the system and all its components, including its interrelation with the economic and social chain. Among the most relevant aspects, there is a regulation that demands change in the sector and the repayment of the economic benefits that have been received with respect to the accumulated social and environmental debt, which at this time is essential to face for the good of society.
Institutional environmental management: Table 3 shows the level of knowledge and experience of managers and experts in topics related to environmental management. The responses ranged from sufficient to acceptable, showing preparation in the topics, but the lack of experience highlights the limited connection to the development of researches in these areas, such as renewable energies, which helps to prioritize training. This coincides with reports by González-Mejías et al. (2018), who suggest that the gap between technical knowledge and practical application is common in dairy systems in developing countries, where the availability of resources limits effective implementation. Furthermore, there is evidence of greater experience in animal welfare, which confirms what Rueda et al. (2017)Rueda, B.L., Blake, R.W., Nicholson, C.F., Fox, D.G., Tedeschi, L.O., Pell, A.N., Fernandes, E.C.M., Valentim, J.F. & Carneiro, J.C. (2017). Production and economic responses to intensification of pasture-based dairy production systems. Journal of Dairy Science, 90(4): 1875-1885, ISSN: 1525-3198. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2006-324. stated, who indicated that training in environmental topics tends to focus on immediate productive aspects, leaving aside innovative technologies.
| TOPIC | Knowledge sufficient/acceptable |
Experience sufficient/acceptable |
|---|---|---|
| Wastes use | 68.43 % | 52.63 % |
| Water management | 63.15 % | 57.89 % |
| Renewable energy | 68.42 % | 36.84 % |
| Animal welfare | 84.21 % | 78.94 % |
| Agroecological practices | 89.48 % | 73.68 % |
Of the managers, 84 % are aware of the ICA's environmental strategy, but perceive low implementation, little link with local development and a lack of projects. Limited training, weak risk perception, and limited access to technological solutions are noted. The strategy does not clearly address value chains, circular economy, or women's empowerment. This represents a significant gap, according to the author. Closing this gap is not only fair, but also contributes to a competitive and resilient economic model. Additionally, having spaces for debate can promote innovative practices. Also, gender equality and the empowerment of women are established as one of the three universal values that guide the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Therefore, gender equality represents an integral component for achieving inclusive and sustainable development. In this sense, the circular economy can be considered an enabler and a tool for achieving several SDGs. When analyzing the institution's strategy's contribution in certain dimensions, the survey revealed significant differences in all cases, as shown in the following table (table 4).
| Topic | Contribute significantly | Contribute moderately | Contribute little | Does not contribute | I have no opinion | SE and Signif. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | 21.05ab | 36.84a | 31.58ab | 5.26b | 5.26b | ±9.18, p<0.05 |
| Energy | 21.05ab | 36.84a | 36.84a | 0b | 5.26b | ±9.18, p=0.01 |
| Stimulating the circular economy | 15.79ab | 26.32ab | 0b | 42.11a | 15.79ab | ±9.18, p<0.05 |
| Focus on gender equality and women's empowerment | 31.58 | 36.84 | 15.79 | 10.53 | 5.26 | ±9.18, p>0.05 |
a, b Different letters in rows show significant differences at p<0.05 (Duncan 1955Duncan, D.B. (1955). Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11(1): 1- 42, ISSN: 1541-0420. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478 . ), SE: Standard Error
The results reveal an environmental strategy perceived as moderately effective, but with weaknesses in its technological implementation and social integration, validating the research hypothesis that management limitations are more than technical. The perception of managers and experts suggests that a review of the operational mechanisms of the environmental strategy is required to achieve the desired impacts on dairy sustainability.
Training needs: Of the workers, 11 % have received environmental training. Roca Cedeño (2022)Roca Cedeño, J.A., Rengifo-Cobeña, F.A., Yépez-García, M. J. & Vergara-Moncayo, A. I. (2022). Diagnóstico de los sistemas de producción bovina de carne y leche en la parroquia Quiroga. Anuario Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, 13: 414-431, ISSN: 2218-3639. http://anuarioeco.uo.edu.cu/index.php/aeco/oai . mentions that all types of agricultural activities generate alterations to environmental assets. Therefore, training for farmers forms a fundamental pillar for the development of good practices, whether agricultural, environmental, social, or related to production. None of the workers from the units described the topics they would like to be trained in, which shows a lack of knowledge on the subject.
Managers and experts considered all the topics listed in table 5 to be of significant priority. The success of an organization increasingly depends on the knowledge, skills and abilities of its managers (Almaguer Álvarez 2017Almaguer Álvarez, A. 2017. Procedimiento para la capacitación ambiental de los cuadros y reservas del sistema empresarial cubano. Revista didáctica y educación. Edición especial, VIII(5): 167-182, ISSN: 2224-2643. http://revistas.ult.edu.cu/index.php/didascalia . ). Therefore, training must be carried out systematically, in a planned and permanent manner, due to the demands imposed by the constant changes in the national and international environment and to achieve the purposes of the state and government in the management of organizations.
| Topics | Levels | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Significantly priority | Moderately Priority | Low priority | Signif. | |
| Waste management | 84.21a | 10.53b | 5.26b | p=0.001 |
| Waste treatment (technical and operational processes) | 73.68a | 21.05b | 5.26b | p=0.001 |
| Rational use of soil | 78.95a | 21.05b | 0b | p=0.001 |
| Controlled grazing | 57.89a | 42.11a | 0b | p=0.001 |
| Water management | 73.68a | 21.05b | 5.26b | p=0.001 |
| Animal welfare | 68.42a | 26.32b | 5.26b | p=0.001 |
| Biodiversity conservation | 68.42a | 31.58b | 0c | p=0.001 |
| Agroecological practices | 68.42a | 31.58b | 0c | p=0.001 |
| Renewable energies (solar thermal, photovoltaic, wind) | 89.47a | 10.53b | 0b | p=0.001 |
| Renewable energies (Bioenergy) | 78.95a | 15.79b | 5.26b | p=0.001 |
| Reduction of GHG emissions | 73.68a | 21.05b | 5.26b | p=0.001 |
Standard Error: ±10.81, a,b,c Different letters in rows show significant differences at p<0.05 (Duncan 1955Duncan, D.B. (1955). Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11(1): 1- 42, ISSN: 1541-0420. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478 . )
Conclusions
⌅The study allowed to characterized the environmental management in three dairy units from ICA, identifying strengthens and weakness. A weak operational environmental culture predominates, with little application of regulations and low use of natural resources. The institutional environmental strategy requires greater implementation, a territorial focus, and a gender perspective. It is recommended to implement continuous training programs, main projects with renewable energies and the establishment of indicators for environmental monitoring in dairy units.