Introduction
⌅Industrial poultry farming is an efficient chain for obtaining high-quality, low-cost animal protein. However, raw matters for preparing diets are not always available in the required quantities in the tropical region. These productions are basically made from imported products that demand high costs (Gaviria et al. 2021Gaviria, Y.S, Figueroa, O.A. & Zapata, J.E. (2021). Efecto de la inclusión de ensilado químico de vísceras de tilapia roja (Oreochromis spp.) en dietas para pollos de engorde sobre los parámetros productivos y sanguíneos. Información Tecnológica, 32(3): 79-88, ISSN: 0718-0764. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-07642021000300079. ). For this reason, different strategies are currently being developed in which local resources that can constitute important sources of nutrients for bird rations are evaluated and used (Quishpe et al. 2023Quishpe, X., Silva, L., Chacón, E., Toro B. & Garzon, R. (2023). Empleo de la harina de Brassica oleracea en la alimentación de pollos de ceba. Revista Científica y Tecnológica UPSE, 10(2): 1-10, ISSN: 1390-7697. https://doi.org/10.26423/rctu.v10i2.723. ).
There are several results where alternative sources with different forms of presentation in birds feeding are studied (Brickett et al. 2007Brickett, K.E., Dahiya, J.P., Classen, H.L. & Gomis, S†. (2007). Influence of dietary nutrient density, feed form, and lighting on growth and meat yield of broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 86: 2172-2181, ISSN: 1525-3171. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/86.10.2172. and Fernández-García et al. 2025Fernández-García, F.G., Irigoyen, M.J., Rodríguez, C., Arroyo, J.M., Brambillasca, S., Repetto, J.L., & Cajarville, C. (2025). Reconstitución de granos de maíz y sorgo: Efectos sobre la digestibilidad aparente en pollos de engorde. Veterinaria (Montevideo), 61(Suplemento 1): 184, ISSN: 1688-8228. https://www.revistasmvu.com.uy/index.php/smvu/article/view/1465.). In the case of ensiled products, Gómez et al. (2014)Gómez G. M., Ortiz. M. A, Perea, C. & López, F.J. (2014). Evaluación del ensilaje de vísceras de tilapia roja (Oreochromis spp) en alimentación de pollos de engorde. Biotecnología en el Sector Agropecuario y Agroindustrial, 12(1): 106-114, ISSN: 1909-9959. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6117841. used fish by-product silage in broilers, in which they highlighted the similarity of the results between the treatments. However, Betancourt et al. (2017)Betancourt, J., Núñez, L.A. & Castaño, J.G. (2017). Suministro de ensilaje de Tithonia diversifolia sólo o mezclado con afrecho de yuca en la dieta de pollos de engorde. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 20(2): 203-213, ISSN: 1870-0462. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=93952506005. evaluated the silages of Tithonia diversifolia leaves and cassava bran in the broilers diet, alone and combined. The results described for the inclusion of these silages showed a decrease of the productivity in each of the indicators measured with respect to the control. They suggested taking into account the fiber content in alternative products and their percentage in the diet, when it refers to poultry feeding.
Researchers in Cuba developed a food product known as Cuban Ensiled Food (CEF). This technology consisted of generating a product from alternative sources already used in animal production, such as cassava root (Manihot esculenta Crantz) or sweet potato tuber (Ipomoea batatas), molasses B, Saccharomyces cream and vinasse from alcohol distillery (Lezcano et al. 2017Lezcano, P., Martínez, M., Vázquez, A. & Pérez, O. (2017). Main methods of processing and preserving alternative feeds in tropical areas. Cuban experience. Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 51(1): 1-10, ISSN: 2079-3480. https://www.cjascience.com/index.php/CJAS/article/view/679. ). When evaluating the performance of growing-fattening pigs, daily weight gains between 700 and 850 g/d were achieved, with a 66 % substitution of corn in the ration. García-López et al. (2021)García-López, R. Lezcano, P. & González, M.R. (2021). Cuban ensiled feed and response of dairy cows. Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 55(3): 285-290, ISSN: 2079-3480. https://www.cjascience.com/index.php/CJAS/article/view/1027. conducted studies with this product in the feeding of dairy cows. They also observed an improvement in milk quality, and considered this product as a feed option for cattle production.
Despite obtaining encouraging results in both species, studies in broilers are not yet being carried out. For this reason, and given the growing interest in incorporating alternative products in rations for broilers, the objective was to evaluate the CEF as a partial substitute for the diet and its effect on the main zootechnical indicators in performance and in the weight of edible portions.
Materials and Methods
⌅The study was conducted at the experimental poultry unit of the Instituto de Ciencia Animal (ICA), Mayabeque, Cuba. For this purpose, a total of 600 unsexed broilers of the EB34 hybrid, with 14 days old, were used, distributed in three treatments, according to a completely random design, with 8 repetitions, of 25 chickens each. A three-phase feeding system was applied: starter (1 to 21 d), growing (22 to 35 d) and finishing (36 to 42 d), in which diets as meal were used and formulated according to Rostagno et al. (2017)Rostagno, H., Albino, L.T., Donzele, J.L., Gomes, P.C., de Oliveira, R.F., Lopes, D.C., Ferreira, A. & de Toledo, S.L. (2017). Tablas Brasileras para Aves y Cerdos. Composición de Alimentos y Exigencias Nutricionales. Ed. Horacio Rostagno. 3 era Edición. Vicosa, U.F.V. Brasil, 250 pp. Available at: https://eliasnutri.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/tablas-brasilec3b1as-aves-y-cerdos-cuarta-edicion-2017-11.pdf. recommendations (table 1).
| Raw matter, % | Starter (1-21 d) |
Growing (22-35 d) |
Finishing (36-42 d) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Corn meal | 46.48 | 54.16 | 59.22 |
| Soybean cake with 45 % CP | 43.86 | 35.61 | 31.28 |
| Sunflower oil | 5.39 | 5.74 | 5.02 |
| Monocalcium phosphate | 1.54 | 1.89 | 1.89 |
| Calcium carbonate | 1.32 | 1.19 | 1.21 |
| Common salt | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 |
| Vitamins and minerals1 premixture | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| DL-Methionine | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.13 |
| Calculated contribution, % | |||
| Metabolizable energy, MJkg DM-1 | 12.97 | 13.39 | 13.39 |
| Crude protein | 23 | 20 | 18.5 |
| P available | 0.40 | 0.45 | 0.45 |
| Calcium | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 |
| Methionine + Cystine | 0.90 | 0.85 | 0.80 |
| Lysine | 1.34 | 1.13 | 1.01 |
(1)Vitamin supplement: vitamin A, 10000 UI; vitamin D3, 2000 UI; vitamin E, 10 mg; vitamin K3, 2 mg; thiamine, 1 mg; riboflavin, 5 mg; pyridoxine, 2 mg; vitamin B12, 15.4 μg; nicotinic acid, 125 mg; pantothenate de Ca, 10 mg; folic acid, 0.25 mg; biotin, 0.02 mg (2) Mineral supplement: selenium, 0.1 mg; iron, 40 mg; copper, 12 mg; zinc, 120 mg; magnesium, 100 mg; iodine, 2.5 mg; cobalt, 0.75 mg
In each feeding stage, 10 and 20 % of the dry matter of the control diet (corn-soybean) CEF was replaced. The CEF was produced at the production plant from Héctor Molina sugar mill (Mayabeque, Cuba), according to the procedure described in the patent “Procedure for obtaining an ensiled food for animal production” (application number 2013-0122 and Grant Resolution number 4155/2016). Before its use, homogeneous sample analyses of the batch were carried out in triplicate, in the Central Laboratory Unit of Instituto de Ciencia Animal. The chemical and microbiological composition of this food is shown in table 2.
| Indicator | Value |
|---|---|
| Dry matter, % | 22.28 |
| Organic matter, % | 86.24 |
| Ashes, % | 13.76 |
| Gross fiber, % | 2.16 |
| Specific weight,% | 1.03 |
| Calcium, % | 1.30 |
| Phosphorus, % | 0.32 |
| Magnesium, % | 0.49 |
| Potassium, % | 4.10 |
| ºBrix | 18.10 |
| pH | 3.74 |
| Lactic acid bacteria, log CFU/mL | 9.08 |
| Yeats, log CFU/mL | 8.31 |
The performance indicators were measured in all broilers that completed each stage: weekly food intake, viability, and live weight. Subsequently, feed conversion ratio, weight gain, and mortality were calculated and monitored daily.
At 42 days, eight birds per treatment were slaughtered as representative samples, taking into account the average live weight of each one. For this purpose, the birds were slaughtered by the method of bleeding the jugular vein described by Sánchez (1990)Sánchez, A. (1990). Enfermedades de las aves. Editorial ENPES. La Habana. 285pp.. Subsequently, the abdominal cavity was divided and the accessory organs (liver and pancreas) and the digestive tract were removed for working with the carcass, without neck and without legs. The carcass was weighed and cuts were made to obtain the edible portions and abdominal fat, which were weighed with a SARTORIUS technical scale, with an accuracy of ± 0.1 g, to determine the weight of the carcass, breast, drumsticks + legs and abdominal fat.
The statistical study of the behavioral data was carried out through analysis of variance, according to a one-way model and the Di Rienzo et al. (2012)Di Rienzo, J.A., Casanoves, F., Balzarini, M.G., González, L., Tablada, M. & Robledo, C.W. (2012). INFOSTAT. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina. Available at: http://www.infostat.com.ar. program was used. For carcass yield, analysis of variance was performed according to a one way model with factorial arrangement, treatments (3) x sex (2). In both cases, Duncan (1955)Duncan, D.B. (1955). Multiple range and multiple F. tests. Biometrics, 11: 1-42, ISSN: 1541-0420. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478. test was applied where necessary. For none of the studied variables was the interaction significant; therefore, the main effects are shown.
Results and Discussion
⌅Table 3 summarizes the zootechnical performance indicators studied during the experiment. The results show that partially replacement of the control diet with silage in the broilers feeding does not alter productive efficiency. Only a decrease in food intake was recorded in the treatment where 20 % of the diet was replaced; however, there was not effect in the rest of the measured indicators. This result can be related to what Pérez et al. (2020)Pérez, M., Milián, G., Bocourt, R. & Caicedo, W. (2020). Efecto de una levadura hidrolizada sobre el comportamiento y estado inmunológico de pollos de ceba. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 32, Article #145, ISSN: 0121-3784. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd32/9/orlan32145.html. stated, when mentioning that the additives present in food can stabilize the microbiological system in the digestive tract, improve the digestibility of nutrients and promote a higher absorption rate, which promotes body gain and reduces the amount of food/kg of weight gain.
| Indicators | Treatments | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 10 % silage | 20 % silage | SE± Sign | Power of the test | |
| Food intake (g), 14-42 d | 3323.0b | 3296.0b | 3087.50a | 65.36 P=0.0368 |
0.5476 |
| Live weight at 14 d, g | 430.88 | 435.00 | 429.63 | 8.75 P=0.9024 |
0.0624 |
| Live weight at 35 d, g | 1340.25 | 1371.38 | 1295.88 | 28.58 P=0.1962 |
0.3140 |
| Live weight at 42 d, g | 1932.00 | 1934.63 | 1908.00 | 24.47 P=0.7023 |
0.08796 |
| Conversion of 14-42 d | 2.21 | 2.20 | 2.09 | 0.04 P=0.0804 |
0.3959 |
| Weight gain of 14-42 d, g | 1501.13 | 1499.63 | 1478.38 | 22.22 P=0.7240 |
0.0852 |
a,b Different letters in the same row significantly differ (P< 0.05), according to Duncan (1955)Duncan, D.B. (1955). Multiple range and multiple F. tests. Biometrics, 11: 1-42, ISSN: 1541-0420. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478. , SE: Standard error
The similarity in the productive response between treatments is evident in the indicators of live weight, gain and conversion, which are related to the adequate supply of nutrients from the silage used. These effects coincide with the studies reported by Lezcano et al. (2016)Lezcano, P., Vázquez, A., Bolaños, A., Piloto, J. L., Martínez, M., & Rodríguez, Y. (2016). Silage of alternative feeds of Cuban origin, a technical, economical and environmental option for the production of pork meat. Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 49(1): 65-69, ISSN: 2079-3480. https://www.cjascience.com/index.php/CJAS/article/view/549., when it was partially and totally replaced cereals in the diet of growing pigs and obtained a similar performance.
The results were superior to those reported in other experimental studies with chickens and protein silages (Sarmiento-Franco et al. 2021Sarmiento-Franco, L., Santos-Ricalde, R. & Sandoval-Castro, C. (2021). Aportaciones de la FMVZ-UADY al conocimiento sobre la alimentación de cerdos, aves y conejos con recursos tropicales. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 24(2): 66, ISSN: 1870 - 0462. https://www.revista.ccba.uady.mx/ojs/index.php/TSA/article/view/3688/1608.). These authors mentioned that the indicators of productive performance constitute zootechnical indices, essential to know in a practical way the animal response to the supply of a certain food in the diet. They added that this food could be considered suitable for various species, given its chemical and microbiological composition. They also highlighted the product's stability, making it one of the best alternative options for the region.
Similarly, the efficiency of CFE use by birds could be related to the nutrient contribution of each of the products used for its preparation, according to Lezcano et al. (2017)Lezcano, P., Martínez, M., Vázquez, A. & Pérez, O. (2017). Main methods of processing and preserving alternative feeds in tropical areas. Cuban experience. Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 51(1): 1-10, ISSN: 2079-3480. https://www.cjascience.com/index.php/CJAS/article/view/679. . These authors linked some of the benefits of this new food to the presence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts, acidic pH and oligosaccharides present in vinasse according to Hidalgo et al. (2017)Hidalgo, K., Bocourt, R., Mora, L. & Albelo. A. (2017). Physical-chemical and microbiological characterization of the concentrated vinasse from alcohol distillery. Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 51(4): 459-469, ISSN: 2079-3480. https://www.cjascience.com/index.php/CJAS/article/view/747/769. , which are able to selectively activate the growth of microorganisms in the GIT and therefore improve animal physiology. Similar results were obtained by Gaviria et al. (2021)Gaviria, Y.S, Figueroa, O.A. & Zapata, J.E. (2021). Efecto de la inclusión de ensilado químico de vísceras de tilapia roja (Oreochromis spp.) en dietas para pollos de engorde sobre los parámetros productivos y sanguíneos. Información Tecnológica, 32(3): 79-88, ISSN: 0718-0764. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-07642021000300079. when they replaced 25 % of the protein in the diet with fish silage. As a result, they obtained equivalences between the productive, health and hematological parameters between the different treatments. Martínez et al. (2017)Martínez, M., Vives, Y., Rodríguez, B. & Pérez, O. (2021). Calidad de la canal y la carne en pollos de ceba que consumen Roystonea regia. Revista MVZ Córdoba, 26(2): e1984, ISSN: 0122-0268. https://doi.org/10.21897/rmvz.1984. suggested that as products from the region are used, correctly processed and offered at adequate levels, they are able of producing excellent results both in the performance and in the edible portions of broilers.
According to Rodríguez Galvis (2012)Rodríguez Galvis, J.C. (2012). Respuesta morfométrica intestinal de pollos alimentados con diferentes niveles de Morera (Morus alba). Revista CITECSA, 3(4): 28-37, ISSN: 2027-6745. https://mvz.unipaz.edu.co/revistas/revcitecsa/article/view/26. , rapid weight gain in birds is directly influenced by the morphofunctional integrity of the digestive system. Hence the importance of evaluating the indicators that measure the effect of food intake and its relation with live weight gain (table 4). Weight records for abdominal fat showed that they were inversely proportional to the increase in the inclusion level. These showed values of 29.75, 23.56 and 22.69 g for the control, 10 % and 20 % of inclusion, respectively. In addition, values of P=0.4202, standard error of 15.79 and power of the test of 0.3872 were reported. It is important to highlight that with respect to the breast weight, values favored by the substitution of the diet were observed when 10 % of the CEF was included.
| Indicator, g | Effects | Means | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control | 10 % silage | 20 % silage | SE± and Sign | Power of the test | ||
| Live weight | Treatments | 1910.81 | 1909.44 | 1890.81 | 19.34 P=0.0903 |
0.2214 |
| Carcass | Treatments | 1201.63 | 1213.00 | 1167.81 | 14.72 P=0.0901 |
0.2226 |
| Sex | Females | Males | 12.02 P=0.4202 |
|||
| 1115.42 | 1272.88 | |||||
| D+T | Treatments | 397.13 | 402.88 | 388.56 | 7.74 P=0.4280 |
0.1085 |
| Sex | Females | Males | 12.02 P<0.0001 |
|||
| 368.54 | 423.83 | |||||
| Breast | Treatments | 328.56a | 358.19b | 326.50a | 6.27 P=0.0012 |
0.5394 |
| Sex | Females | Males | 5.12 P<0.0001 |
|||
| 319.21 | 356.29 | |||||
D + T (drumsticks + thigh)
a,b Different letters within the same row significantly differ (P<0.05) according to Duncan (1955)Duncan, D.B. (1955). Multiple range and multiple F. tests. Biometrics, 11: 1-42, ISSN: 1541-0420. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478. , SE: Standard error
The decrease in abdominal fat and the higher weight of the breast could be related to the substances present in the distillery vinasse contained in the silage, as proposed by Hidalgo et al. (2017)Hidalgo, K., Bocourt, R., Mora, L. & Albelo. A. (2017). Physical-chemical and microbiological characterization of the concentrated vinasse from alcohol distillery. Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 51(4): 459-469, ISSN: 2079-3480. https://www.cjascience.com/index.php/CJAS/article/view/747/769. . The mentioned authors used distillery vinasse as an additive in the broilers feeding and reported improvements in the studied indicators of meat yield. In this regard, Al-abdullatif et al. (2024)Al-abdullatif, A.A., Al-Garadi, M. A., Qaid, M. M., Matar, A. M., Alobre, M. M., Al-Badwi, M. A. & Hussein, E.O. (2024). Synergistic effects of RISCO-NUTRIFOUR probiotic mixtures as feed additives on growth performance and carcase characteristics of broiler chickens over 28 days. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 24(1): 33-42, ISSN: 1828-051X. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2024.2436955. mentioned that the nutrients in distillery wastes are highly digestible and assimilable by birds, highlighting, in addition, that they act directly on the composition of the muscles and, therefore, on the breast, as was found when using 10 % CEF.
Conclusions
⌅The obtained results suggest the possibility of replacing up to 20% of CEF in the rations of broilers, without affecting the viability of the animals, behavior and meat production. The use of agro-industrial products and by-products as silage in birds feeding is a relatively new field, so further researchers are recommended to complement the obtained information.