Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science Vol. 59, January-December 2025, ISSN: 2079-3480
Código QR
Cu-ID: https://cu-id.com/1996/v59e15
Animal Science

Effect of Curcuma longa rhizome meal on growth and health indices in broilers fed monosodium glutamate

 

iDO.J. Olarotimi1Animal Physiology and Reproduction Unit, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Adekunle Ajasin University, P.M.B. 001, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria*✉:olumuyiwa.olarotimi@aaua.edu.ng

iDO.D. Oloruntola2Animal Nutrition and Biochemistry Unit, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Adekunle Ajasin University, P.M.B. 001, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria

iDA.B. Falowo2Animal Nutrition and Biochemistry Unit, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Adekunle Ajasin University, P.M.B. 001, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria

iDF.A. Gbore1Animal Physiology and Reproduction Unit, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Adekunle Ajasin University, P.M.B. 001, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria

iDA.O. Adetunji3Department of Agriculture, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, AR, United States


1Animal Physiology and Reproduction Unit, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Adekunle Ajasin University, P.M.B. 001, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria

2Animal Nutrition and Biochemistry Unit, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Adekunle Ajasin University, P.M.B. 001, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria

3Department of Agriculture, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, AR, United States

 

*Email: olumuyiwa.olarotimi@aaua.edu.ng

Abstract

The impact of Curcuma longa rhizome meal (CLRM) in ameliorating the adverse effects of dietary monosodium glutamate (MSG) on the growth and health of broilers fed dietary MSG was assessed. Two-hundred-day-old broilers were randomly distributed into four experimental diets: Control diet (CON): Basal diet without any supplementation; MSG diet (MSG): Basal diet supplemented with 1.25 g MSG per kg of feed; MSG + Low CLRM diet (MSG-LCLRM): Basal diet containing 1.25 g MSG and 1.25 g CLRM per kg of feed and MSG + High CLRM diet (MSG-HCLRM): Basal diet containing 1.25 g MSG and 2.50 g CLRM per kg of feed. The average weight gain (AWG) significantly increased in broilers fed diets MSG, MSG-LCLRM, and MSG-HCLRM, with the highest AWG (p<0.05) recorded among broilers fed diet MSG-HCLRM. The relative growth rate was not significantly influenced across all treatment groups (p>0.05). Broilers fed MSG had significantly lower vitality rates (VR) compared to other groups, while those on diet MSG-HCLRM exhibited the most significant VR (p<0.05). Most hematological and serum biochemical indices were negatively impacted in broilers on MSG (p<0.05). Serum antioxidant enzymes were significantly depressed in broilers on MSG (p<0.05). Serum potassium and sodium concentrations were unaffected by MSG (p>0.05), but serum chloride concentration increased significantly (p<0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of CLRM in the diets effectively mitigated adverse effects of MSG by enhancing growth without compromising the health status of the broilers.

Keywords: 
blood electrolytes, chickens, MSG, performance, turmeric

Received: 09/7/2025; Accepted: 28/10/2025

Conflict of interests: The authors of this study declare that there is not conflict of interest among them.

CRediT Authorship Contribution Statement: Conceptualization, Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing-original draft: O.J. Olarotimi. Data curation: O.D. Oloruntola, A.B. Falowo. Writing-original draft: F.A. Gbore, A.O. Adetunji.

CONTENT

Introduction

 

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) as a food additive has generally been used for decades in both human and livestock diets as taste enhancer (Olarotimi et al. 2023Adetunji, A.O., Olarotimi, O.J., Adu, O.A., Oladeji, I.S. & Onibi, G.E. 2019. Meat quality and consumer acceptability of broiler chickens fed different levels of monosodium glutamate (MSG). Journal of Poultry Research, 16(1): 1-6, ISSN: 1302-3209. https://doi.org/10.34233/jpr.483081. ). Its use as flavouring agent in cooking to increase food palatability and acceptance has been severally stressed (Chung et al. 2022Chung, Y., Yu, D., Kwak, H.S., Park, S.-S., Shin, E.-C. & Lee, Y. 2022. Effect of monosodium glutamate on salt and sugar content reduction in cooked foods for the sensory characteristics and consumer acceptability. Foods, 11(16): 2512, ISSN: 2304-8158. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11162512. and Yamamoto and Inui-Yamamoto 2023Yamamoto, T. & Inui-Yamamoto, C. 2023. The flavor-enhancing action of glutamate and its mechanism involving the notion of kokumi.NPJ Science of Food, 7(1): 1-3, ISSN: 2396-8370. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41538-023-00178-2.). Potentials of MSG in enhancing total diet consumption, weight increase, and efficiency of feed in various classes of animals have been previously reported (Olarotimi et al. 2023Adetunji, A.O., Olarotimi, O.J., Adu, O.A., Oladeji, I.S. & Onibi, G.E. 2019. Meat quality and consumer acceptability of broiler chickens fed different levels of monosodium glutamate (MSG). Journal of Poultry Research, 16(1): 1-6, ISSN: 1302-3209. https://doi.org/10.34233/jpr.483081. and Soares et al. 2023Soares, A.C.S., Alves, J.P.M., Fernandes, C.C.L., Silva, M.R.L., Conde, A.J.H., Teixeira, D.Í.A. & Rondina, D. 2023. Use of monosodium-glutamate as a novel dietary supplement strategy for ovarian stimulation in goats.Animal Reproduction, 20(3): e20230094, ISSN: 1984-3143. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-3143-AR2023-0094.). For example, broilers fed 1.00 g/kg MSG had increased weight and consumption of feed (Adetunji et al. 2019Adetunji, A.O., Olarotimi, O.J., Adu, O.A., Oladeji, I.S. & Onibi, G.E. 2019. Meat quality and consumer acceptability of broiler chickens fed different levels of monosodium glutamate (MSG). Journal of Poultry Research, 16(1): 1-6, ISSN: 1302-3209. https://doi.org/10.34233/jpr.483081. ). In another report, feed palatability, growth performance, sperm production and efficiency were significantly enhanced in rabbits fed 0.25 g MSG/kg diet without causing any physiological imbalance (Adu et al. 2022Adu, O.A., Olarotimi, O.J. & Chineke, C.A. 2022. Performance, haemato-biochemical and reproductive potential indices of New Zealand White and Dutch Belted rabbit bucks fed diets containing monosodium glutamate. World Rabbit Science, 30: 35-46, ISSN: 1989-8886.). Similarly, the dietary inclusion of 2 % MSG was reported to have a beneficial effect on late gestating sows and their piglets as far as feed intake, growth and milk production are concerned (Li et al. 2024Li, T.X. & Kim, I.H. 2024. Supplementing monosodium glutamate in sow diets enhances reproductive performance in lactating sows and improves the growth of suckling piglets. Animals, 14(12): 1714, ISSN: 2076-2615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14121714. ). The tendency of MSG to improve palatability of meals and feeds was directly linked to the ability of boosting taste sensory centres of the animal, thereby, resulting to increased weight (Banerjee et al. 2021Banerjee, A., Mukherjee, S. & Maji, B. K. 2021. Worldwide flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate combined with high lipid diet provokes metabolic alterations and systemic anomalies: An overview. Toxicology Reports, 8: 938-961, ISSN: 2214-7500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.04.009. ). Furthermore, MSG has been reported as a veritable feed additive that could be used to harness the inherent potentials of non-conventional feed resources which are under-utilized as a result of their low palatability in animal nutrition (Alimi et al. 2024Alimi, N., Assani, A.S., Sanni Worogo, S.H., Baco, M.N. & Traoré, I.A. 2024. Livestock feed resources used as alternatives during feed shortages and their impact on the environment and ruminant performance in West Africa: A systematic review. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 11: 1352235, ISSN: 2297-1769. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1352235. ).

In another development, high dosage of MSG beyond 0.50 g/kg diet was reported to have an adverse consequence on the overall physiology of chickens such as causing kidney failure, heart dysfunction as well as generation of reactive oxygen species causing redox imbalance (Olarotimi 2020Olarotimi, O.J. 2020. Serum electrolyte balance and antioxidant status of broiler chickens fed diets containing varied levels of monosodium glutamate (MSG). Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 44(103): 1-7, ISSN: 2522-8307. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-00360-6. ). The reproductive potentials of Wistar rats and roosters fed high MSG diets were reportedly affected by causing notable decrease in spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis (Oluwole et al. 2024Oluwole, D.T., Ebiwonjumi, O.S., Ajayi, L.O., Alabi, O.D., Amos, V., Akanbi, G., Adeyemi, W.J. & Ajayi, A.F. 2024. Disruptive consequences of monosodium glutamate on male reproductive function: A review. Current Research in Toxicology, 6: 100148, ISSN: 2666-027X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crtox.2024.100148. and Ruiz-Valderrama et al. 2025Ruiz-Valderrama, L., Mendoza-Sánchez, J.E., Rodríguez-Tobón, E., Arrieta-Cruz, I., González-Márquez, H., Salame-Méndez, P.A., Tarragó-Castellanos, R., Cortés-Barberena, E., Rodríguez-Tobón, A. & Arenas-Ríos, E. 2025. High-fat diets disturb rat epididymal sperm maturation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(5): 1850, ISSN: 1422-0067. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26051850. ). Hence, indiscriminately high dietary MSG is implicated in conferring varying negative effects on animals (Afolabi and Olagoke 2020Afolabi, B.A. & Olagoke, O.C. 2020. High concentration of MSG alters antioxidant defence system in lobster cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea (Blattodea: Blaberidae). BMC Research Notes, 13: 217, ISSN: 1756-0500. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-020-05056-8. ). Despite these perceived negative implications, the beneficial aspect of MSG can be explored through the use of herbs and spices such as Curcuma longa (turmeric) which could be capable of ameliorating the negative effects of MSG on the animals.

Curcuma longa has been used as a colouring, and flavouring agent as well as spice in many foods. Curcuma longa and its extracts have been reported to be an effective alternative to antimicrobial growth promoters in poultry production (Aderemi and Alabi 2023Aderemi, F.A. & Alabi, O.M. 2023. Turmeric (Curcuma longa): An alternative to antibiotics in poultry nutrition. Translation Animal Science, 7(1): txad133, ISSN: 2573-2102. https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txad133. ). Curcumin, an essential bioactive component, is abundantly inherent in C. longa and is responsible for its biological actions (El-Saadony et al. 2023El-Saadony, M.T., Yang, T., Korma, S.A., Sitohy, M., Abd El-Mageed, T.A., Selim, S., Al Jaouni, S.K., Salem, H.M., Mahmmod, Y., Soliman, S.M., Mo'men, S.A.A., Mosa, W.F.A., El-Wafai, N.A., Abou-Aly, H.E., Sitohy, B., Abd El-Hack, M.E., El-Tarabily, K.A. & Saad, A.M. 2023. Impacts of turmeric and its principal bioactive curcumin on human health: Pharmaceutical, medicinal, and food applications: A comprehensive review. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9: 1040259, ISSN: 2296-861X. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1040259. ). Significant increase in feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio were recorded in broiler chickens receiving 0.9 % of Therapeutic Curcuma powder (Al-Muhammadawi and Jassim Hammoudi 2022Al-Muhammadawi, N.A. & Jassim Hammoudi, S. 2022. Effect of adding different levels of therapeutic Curcuma on productive traits in broiler chickens. Archives of Razi Institute, 77(6): 2059-2064, ISSN: 2008-9872. https://doi.org/10.22092/ARI.2022.358198.2177. ). Jasim et al. (2024)Jasim, S.A., Al-Dhalimy, A.M.B., Zokaei, M., Salimi, S., Alnajar, M.J., Kumar, A., Alwaily, E.R., Zwamel, A.H., Hussein, S.A. & Gholami-Ahangaran, M. 2024. The beneficial application of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) on health and egg production, in layers: A review. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 10(6): e70115, ISSN: 2053-1095. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.70115. documented that C. longa powder fed at 0.2 % in the diet of laying hens depressed blood lipid profiles. Fuloria et al. (2022)Fuloria, S., Mehta, J., Chandel, A., Sekar, M., Rani, N.N.I.M., Begum, M.Y., Subramaniyan, V., Chidambaram, K., Thangavelu, L., Nordin, R., Wu, Y.S., Sathasivam, K.V., Lum, P.T., Meenakshi, D.U., Kumarasamy, V., Azad, A.K. & Fuloria, N. K. 2022. A comprehensive review on the therapeutic potential of Curcuma longa Linn. in relation to its major active constituent curcumin. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13: 820806, ISSN: 1663-9812. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.820806. showed that C. longa is potent in the prevention of peptic ulcer due to the presence of flavonoid and other antioxidants. Due to the highlighted potentials of C. longa as a veritable natural antioxidant, it could have the ability to ameliorate the negative effect of MSG on broiler chickens. Therefore, this study investigated the ameliorative potential of C. longa rhizome meal on the effects of dietary MSG on growth and health indices of broilers.

Materials and Methods

 

Preparation of experimental materials: Fresh C. longa rhizomes were sourced from Adekunle Ajasin University (Nigeria) Teaching and Research Farm’s herbs and spices section. They were cleaned and washed with fresh and cool water at room temperature. They were allowed to drain and then chopped into pieces to facilitate quick air drying for 14 days in a netted screen placed under a shade. The already dried chips were pulverized into powder to make C. longa rhizome meal (CLRM) using an electric blender [Bajaj, Model: Bravo Dlx Mixer Grinder (410175)] while MSG was sourced from a reputable store.

Animals and experimental design: A reputable hatchery was identified for supply of 200 Arbor-acre broiler chicks. The experiment was hosted by Adekunle Ajasin University Poultry Research Centre, Nigeria. The approval of the University’s Research and Ethics Committee was secured. Chicks divided after weighing in a random manner over 4 experimental diets: Control diet (CON): Basal diet without any supplementation; MSG diet (MSG): Basal diet supplemented with 1.25 g MSG per kg of feed; MSG + Low CLRM diet (MSG-LCLRM): Basal diet containing 1.25 g MSG and 1.25 g CLRM per kg of feed and MSG + High CLRM diet (MSG-HCLRM): Basal diet containing 1.25 g MSG and 2.50 g CLRM per kg of feed in a completely randomized design (CRD). All the four treatment groups were in 5 repetitions; each repetition contains 10 broilers. Chicks received starter diets for first phase (3 weeks) and finisher diets for the second phase (3 weeks) of the study with fresh water ad-libitum. The experimental diets were shown in table 1.

Table 1.  Gross composition of the basal diet for the experimental broilers
Ingredients (kg) Starter (1 to 3 weeks) Finisher (4 to 6 weeks)
Maize 50 56
Wheat offal 5 6
Rice bran 5 3
Soybean meal 30 27
Fish meal 5 3
Soy oil 1 1.5
Bone meal 2.5 2
Limestone 0.5 0.5
Lysine 0.25 0.25
Methoinine 0.3 0.25
Salt 0.2 0.25
Vitamin-Mineral Premix 0.25 0.25
Total 100 100
Calculated Nutrients
ME (MJ/kg) 12.50 12.79
Crude Protein (%) 22.68 20.4
Fat (%) 5.05 5.36
Calcium (%) 1.48 1.17
Phosphorus (%) 0.69 0.55
Lysine (%) 1.51 1.35
Methionine (%) 0.68 0.58
Crude Fibre (%) 4.40 4.18

Determination of average weight gain and relative growth rate of the broilers: On weekly basis, the average weight gains (AWG) of the broilers were captured by using a sensitive weighing balance. The weekly AWG was determined as the ratio of the addition of the differences in the weights at the beginning and end of each week to the number of live broilers per week as reported by Adebayo et al. (2020)Adebayo, F.B., Adu, O.A., Chineke, C.A., Oloruntola, O.D., Omoleye, O.S., Adeyeye, S.A. & Ayodele, S.O. 2020. Performance and haematological indices of broiler chickens fed chromium picolinate and vitamin C supplemented diets. Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 6(4): 54-61, ISSN: 2333-9721. and the relative growth rate (RGR) of the broiler was calculated as (Adebayo et al. 2020Adebayo, F.B., Adu, O.A., Chineke, C.A., Oloruntola, O.D., Omoleye, O.S., Adeyeye, S.A. & Ayodele, S.O. 2020. Performance and haematological indices of broiler chickens fed chromium picolinate and vitamin C supplemented diets. Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 6(4): 54-61, ISSN: 2333-9721. ):

R G R   % = W × 100 ½ ( W )  
Δ W   =   W 2   -   W 1  
W   =   W 2   +   W 1  
  • W1- initial live weight of broilers

  • W2 - final live weight of broilers

The vitality/viability rate (VR) of the experimental broilers was calculated as 100 - the percentage mortality rate (MR) of the experimental broilers (Araujo et al. 2019Araujo, R.G.A.C., Polycarpo, G.V., Barbieri, A., Silva, K.M., Ventura, G. & Polycarpo, V.C.C. 2019. Performance and economic viability of broiler chickens fed with probiotic and organic acids in an attempt to replace growth-promoting antibiotics. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 21(2): 1-7, ISSN: 1806-9061. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2018-0912. ). The MR was calculated thus:

M R % = I - E I × 100  

where:

I - Day 1 (commencement) population of live broilers

E - Day 56 (termination) population of live broilers.

Hence,

V R   =   ( 100   -   M R )   %  

Blood collection: On the experimental termination day, 5 broilers from each replication were isolated and fasted overnight. The broilers were bled from the jugular veins and blood samples collected into both heparinized and plain sample bottles.

Serum biochemical components analyses: The blood samples in the plain bottles were rested for 12 minutes under room atmospheric condition before spinning for ten minutes to harvest clear serum. The centrifuge speed was 3000 rpm. Serum cholesterol (Pesce and Bodourian 1976Pesce, M.A. & Bodourian, S.H. 1976. Enzymatic rate method for measuring cholesterol in serum. Clinical Chemistry, 22(12): 2042-2045, ISSN: 1530-8561.), electrolytes such as sodium cation (Na+), potassium cation (K+) and chloride anion (Cl-) (Külpmann 1992Külpmann, W.R. 1992. Bestimmung von Elektrolyten im Serum und Serumwasser [Determination of electrolytes in serum and plasma]. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift Suppl., 192: 37-41, ISSN: 1613-7671.), antioxidant enzymes activities such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) (Munteanu and Apetrei 2021Munteanu, I.G. & Apetrei, C. 2021. Analytical methods used in determining antioxidant activity: A review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(7): 3380, ISSN: 1422-0067. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073380. ) were all determined from the serum using commercially available assay kits. The serum liver enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) blood proteins and metabolites such as globulin (GLB), total protein (TP), albumin (ALB) and creatinine were assess as described by Tietz (1995)Tietz, N.W. 1995. Clinical guide to laboratory tests. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, USA..

Hematological parameters determination: The % PCV (packed cell volume) and Hb (haemoglobin concentration) were determined by the micro haematocrit and cyanmethaemoglobin methods respectively (Santos et al. 2025Santos, L.C.P., Werfel, K. & Ferlini-Agne, G. 2025. Haemoglobin concentration measurement agreement obtained from three different devices in anaesthetised horses. Veterinary Journal, 313: 106394, ISSN: 1532-2971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106394. ). Haemocytometer was used in the determination of RBC (red blood cells) and WBC (white blood cell counts) as previously described (Santos et al. 2025Santos, L.C.P., Werfel, K. & Ferlini-Agne, G. 2025. Haemoglobin concentration measurement agreement obtained from three different devices in anaesthetised horses. Veterinary Journal, 313: 106394, ISSN: 1532-2971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106394. ). The MCV (mean corpuscular volume), MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin) and MCHC (mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration) were derived from the PCV, RBC, and Hb as postulated by Tazawa et al. (2011)Tazawa, H., Andrewartha, S. J., & Burggren, W. W. 2011. Development of hematological respiratory variables in late chicken embryos: the relative importance of incubation time and embryo mass. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 159(3): 225-233, ISSN: 1531-4332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.02.024. . The leucocyte differentials were also determined.

Statistical analysis: Data collected were subjected to One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using SAS (2008)SAS. 2008. Statistical Analysis System. SAS/STAT User’s Guide, Version 9.2 for Windows. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.. Significant differences between the treatment means were compared using the Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) test of Tukey, of the same software at 5 % level of significance.

Results and Discussion

 

Growth indices of broilers fed MSG and Curcuma longa rhizome meal: The weekly average weight gain (AWG), relative growth rate (RGR) and vitality rate (VR) of the broilers fed high inclusion of MSG and varying levels of Curcuma longa rhizome meal (CLRM) are shown in table 2. There was a statistical (p<0.05) improvement in the weekly AWG of broilers that received MSG and the two inclusion levels of CLRM as against the result recorded for broilers on CON. Furthermore, broilers fed MSG-HCLRM had better AWG (p<0.05) than their counterpart fed MSG. Though a slight increase in AWG was noted in MSG-LCLRM broilers as against those of MSG, however, this was not substantial (p>0.05). The RGR documented for chickens across all the diets were similar (p>0.05). There was a clear decrease (p<0.05) in the VR of broilers fed MSG as against the values recorded on CON. Furthermore, a non-significant increase was observed in the VR of broilers on MSG-LCLRM when compared with those on MSG. The VRs recorded for broilers on CON and MSG-LCLRM were statistically similar though the value was higher among broilers on CON. However, broilers fed MSG-HCLRM presented higher (p<0.05) VR when compared with those on all other diets respectively.

Table 2.  Growth indices of broilers fed MSG and Curcuma longa rhizome meal
Indicators CON MSG MSG-LCLRM MSG-HCLRM ±SEM P-value
AWWG (g) 214c 296b 335ab 355a 23.61 0.04
RGR (%) 194 190 193 194 0.73 1.12
VR (%) 77.8b 44.4c 67.8b 94.4a 9.36 0.01

Values are means and SEM (Standard Error of Means). Means in a row without a common superscript letter differ significantly (P<0.05). AWWG: Average Weekly Weight Gain, RGR: Relative Growth Rate, VR: Vitality Rate, Diets: CON (Control/Basal), MSG (Basal+1.25 g MSG/kg diet), MSG-LCLRM (1.25 g MSG + 1.25 g CLRM/kg diet), MSG-HCLRM (1.25 g MSG + 2.50 g CLRM/kg diet)

The significant gains in the weekly AWG recorded among the chickens on diets MSG, MSG-LCLRM and MSG-HCLRM were suggestive of weight gain enhancing ability of MSG in broiler chickens. Some previous studies had equally reported the weight gain enhancement potentials of dietary MSG in of farm animals especially the non-ruminant (Adu et al. 2022Adu, O.A., Olarotimi, O.J. & Chineke, C.A. 2022. Performance, haemato-biochemical and reproductive potential indices of New Zealand White and Dutch Belted rabbit bucks fed diets containing monosodium glutamate. World Rabbit Science, 30: 35-46, ISSN: 1989-8886. and Li et al. 2024Li, T.X. & Kim, I.H. 2024. Supplementing monosodium glutamate in sow diets enhances reproductive performance in lactating sows and improves the growth of suckling piglets. Animals, 14(12): 1714, ISSN: 2076-2615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14121714. ). The better weight gains observed among the broilers in diets MSG-LCLRM and MSG-HCLRM were indicators of complimentary effects of CLRM in MSG-treated diet. This present study as far as AWG enhancement ability of CLRM is concerned in agreement with some previously documented findings such as Al-Muhammadawi and Jassim Hammoudi (2022)Al-Muhammadawi, N.A. & Jassim Hammoudi, S. 2022. Effect of adding different levels of therapeutic Curcuma on productive traits in broiler chickens. Archives of Razi Institute, 77(6): 2059-2064, ISSN: 2008-9872. https://doi.org/10.22092/ARI.2022.358198.2177. who highlighted the significant feed intake and weight gain enhancement potentials of C. longa powder in broiler chickens fed diet containing up to 4 g/kg turmeric powder. Furthermore, Khodadadi et al. (2021)Khodadadi, M., Sheikhi, N., Haghbin N.H. & Nikbakht B.G. 2021. Effects of dietary turmeric (Curcuma longa) on innate and acquired immune responses in broiler chicken. Veterinary and Animal Science, 14: 100213, ISSN: 2451-943X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vas.2021.100213. also reported that an inclusion of turmeric powder at 5 g/kg diet significantly improved body weight gains of broilers. The bioactive components in turmeric such as curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin have been identified to be responsible for its biological actions (El-Saadony et al. 2023El-Saadony, M.T., Yang, T., Korma, S.A., Sitohy, M., Abd El-Mageed, T.A., Selim, S., Al Jaouni, S.K., Salem, H.M., Mahmmod, Y., Soliman, S.M., Mo'men, S.A.A., Mosa, W.F.A., El-Wafai, N.A., Abou-Aly, H.E., Sitohy, B., Abd El-Hack, M.E., El-Tarabily, K.A. & Saad, A.M. 2023. Impacts of turmeric and its principal bioactive curcumin on human health: Pharmaceutical, medicinal, and food applications: A comprehensive review. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9: 1040259, ISSN: 2296-861X. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1040259. ). Hence, additions of CLRM at the rate used in this study brought about further enhancements in the weekly AWG and this could be linked with the action of the polyphenolic compounds inherent in CLRM which have played a modulatory role on the gastro intestinal enzymes of the broilers, and therefore, enhanced the digestion, nutrient availability and body weight gain of the broilers on diets containing CLRM.

However, the reduced vitality rate observed among the broilers on diet MSG is an indication of significant increase in the mortality percentage in MSG-treated broilers. This gave credence to previous reports that high inclusion of MSG could confer far reaching negative effects on farm animals such as kidney malfunction, heart problem, decreased spermatogenesis and increased sperm cells abnormalities as well as induction of oxidative stress and ultimately high mortality rate (Olarotimi 2020Olarotimi, O.J. 2020. Serum electrolyte balance and antioxidant status of broiler chickens fed diets containing varied levels of monosodium glutamate (MSG). Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 44(103): 1-7, ISSN: 2522-8307. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-00360-6. and Ruiz-Valderrama et al. 2025Ruiz-Valderrama, L., Mendoza-Sánchez, J.E., Rodríguez-Tobón, E., Arrieta-Cruz, I., González-Márquez, H., Salame-Méndez, P.A., Tarragó-Castellanos, R., Cortés-Barberena, E., Rodríguez-Tobón, A. & Arenas-Ríos, E. 2025. High-fat diets disturb rat epididymal sperm maturation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(5): 1850, ISSN: 1422-0067. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26051850. ). However, the elevation in the viability rate observed among broilers fed CLRM which translated to reduction in mortality percentage among the broilers on diets MSG-LCLRM and MSG-HCLRM highlighted the restorative potentials of CLRM on the adverse effects of high inclusion of MSG as a dietary flavour enhancer in broilers’ diets. The present study has, therefore, pointed out that the right inclusion rate of CLRM as observed in diets C and D could eliminate negative concerns of using MSG as taste enhancer in non-conventional feed resources, considered not suitable for poultry diets due to their poor palatability, become generally useful and acceptable.

Haematological parameters of broilers fed MSG and Curcuma longa rhizome meal: There were depressions (p<0.05) in the haematological indices such as PCV, RBC and Hb (table 3) in diet MSG broilers as against the diets CON, MSG-LCLRM and MSG-HCLRM respectively. On the other hand, levels of MCV and MCH in diet CON broilers were elevated (p<0.05) while MCHC concentration across all the treatment diets remained unaffected. Among the studied differential white blood cell counts, the lymphocytes, heterophils, eosinophils and basophils in diet MSG broilers were substantially (p<0.05) reduced as against values recorded by broilers on all other experimental diets respectively. However, the monocytes concentrations were not influenced (p>0.05) in diet MSG broilers. Furthermore, all the haematological parameters were influenced in diets MSG-LCLRM and MSG-HCLRM broilers in comparison with diet MSG. In some cases, broilers on diet MSG-HCLRM had better results (RBC, Hb and lymphocytes) than diets CON and MSG-LCLRM respectively.

Table 3.  Hematological indices of broilers fed MSG and Curcuma longa rhizome meal
Indicators CON MSG MSG-LCLRM MSG-HCLRM ±SEM P-value
PCV (%) 29.20b 20.40c 30.40b 32.40ab 1.48 0.02
RBC (x106 mm3) 2.14b 1.24c 2.03a 1.95a 0.09 0.02
MCHC (g/dL) 33.50 33.00 32.80 33.00 1.54 0.01
MCV (fL) 102.00b 137.13a 128.00ab 110.00b 7.45 0.00
MCH (pg) 37.22b 47.71a 36.18b 34.10b 2.48 0.04
Hemoglobin (g/dL) 9.72b 5.12c 10.10ab 12.80a 0.49 0.01
Lymphocytes (%) 28.2b 24.5c 34.6a 34.8a 1.81 0.01
Monocytes (%) 2.03 2.13 2.09 2.16 0.15 0.23
Heterophils (%) 28.30b 21.30c 31.15a 29.30ab 2.37 0.01
Eosinophils (%) 2.83a 2.13c 2.11b 2.93a 0.24 0.02
Basophils (%) 3.12a 2.62b 2.74b 2.96a 0.17 0.01

Values are means and SEM (Standard Error of Means). Means in a row without a common superscript letter differ significantly (P<0.05). PCV: Packed Cell Volume, RBC: Red Blood Cells, MCHC: Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Counts, MCV: Mean Corpuscular Volume, MCH: Mean Corpuscular Hemaglobin, Diets: CON (Control/Basal), MSG (Basal+1.25 g MSG/kg diet), MSG-LCLRM (1.25 g MSG + 1.25 g CLRM/kg diet), MSG-HCLRM (1.25 g MSG + 2.50 g CLRM/kg diet)

The main yardstick for the critical diagnosis of illnesses and health management of farm animals are the hematological and biochemical components of blood. The adverse health impacts of high inclusion of MSG were clearly indicated in the present study by the significant depressions recorded in the hematological parameters such as PCV, RBC, Hb, lymphocytes, heterophils, eosinophils and basophils. The reduction in the PCV could be as a result of MSG interference with the physiological processes. This might, however, culminate in cell damage, failure of bone marrow production or loss of blood. From this result, the broilers on diet MSG were anemic due to the reduced mean values of PCV, Hb and RBC recorded. The result of the current study did not vary from previous ones in which anemia and generation of reactive oxygen species were among the recorded negative hematological effects of MSG on animals (Thongsepee et al. 2022Thongsepee, N., Martviset, P., Chantree, P., Sornchuer, P., Sangpairoj, K., Prathaphan, P., Ruangtong, J. & Hiranyachattada, S. 2022. Daily consumption of monosodium glutamate pronounced hypertension and altered renal excretory function in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Heliyon, 8(10): e10972, ISSN: 2405-8440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10972.). The functions of the heterophils and basophils in the defense mechanisms against micro-organisms, poisonous matters, and strange substances have been stressed (Poto et al. 2023Poto, R., Loffredo, S., Marone, G., Di Salvatore, A., de Paulis, A., Schroeder, J.T. & Varricchi, G. 2023. Basophils beyond allergic and parasitic diseases. Frontiers in Immunology, 14: 1190034, ISSN: 1664-3224. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1190034. ). With the recorded depressions in the differential WBC among broilers on diet MSG, the immune system of the broilers to resist any invasion has been compromised.

In another development, Wistar rats fed high inclusion of MSG was also recorded significant elevations in the heterophil and lymphocyte counts (Ati et al. 2025Ati, U.B., Atangwho, I.J. & Itam, E.H. 2025. Effect of monosodium glutamate on selected tissue lipids and haematology of neonatal and adult Wistar rats. Journal of Biochemical Technology, 16(1): 1-8, ISSN: 0974-2328. https://doi.org/10.51847/88vnUSGDHJ. ). Furthermore, the case of macrocytic anemia was also noticed due to the elevated MCV and MCH among the broilers on diet MSG. It is evident that MSG in the diet had induced a folic acid deficiency in the broilers. However, restorative trends to normalcy in the negatively affected haematological parameters reported among the broilers on diet MSG were observed among broilers on diets MSG-LCLRM and MSG-HCLRM. This is a clear influence of the inclusion of CLRM in the feed. The authors of the present research could, therefore, infer that CLRM at these inclusions could play a restorative role on the haematological negative effects imposed by the inclusion of high MSG in broiler diets. The current results also gave credence to the findings of Hafez et al. (2025)Hafez, M.H., El-Kazaz, S.E., Alharthi, B., Ghamry, H.I., Alshehri, M.A., Sayed, S., Shukry, M. & El-Sayed, Y.S. 2022. The impact of curcumin on growth performance, growth-related gene expression, oxidative stress, and immunological biomarkers in broiler chickens at different stocking densities. Animals, 12(8): 958, ISSN: 2076-2615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12080958. where significant improvements in both red and white blood cells concentrations were recorded for broilers fed 200 mg/kg turmeric meal. Aderemi and Alabi (2023)Aderemi, F.A. & Alabi, O.M. 2023. Turmeric (Curcuma longa): An alternative to antibiotics in poultry nutrition. Translation Animal Science, 7(1): txad133, ISSN: 2573-2102. https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txad133. equally observed that turmeric powder significantly increased the lymphocytes percentage of chickens. The bioactive component, curcumin, in turmeric rhizome has been linked to be responsible for this improvement (Peng et al. 2023Peng, Y., Ao, M., Dong, B., Jiang, Y., Yu, L., Chen, Z., Hu, C. & Xu, R. 2021. Anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin in the inflammatory diseases: Status, limitations and countermeasures. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 15: 4503-4525, ISSN: 1177-8881. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S327378. ). This could, therefore, suggests that herbal supplements are a viable solution to the negative effect of MSG in broiler chickens.

Serum biochemical indices of broilers fed MSG and Curcuma longa rhizome meal: In the current study, diet MSG significantly (p<0.05) decreased blood albumin, globulin with total protein levels in broiler chickens compared to those on the control diet (table 4). Conversely, serum creatinine, cholesterol, and aspartate aminotransferase concentrations were significantly (p<0.05) elevated in diet MSG broilers, while alanine aminotransferase concentration remained unaffected (p>0.05). Incorporating various levels of CLRM into MSG-treated diets significantly (p<0.05) increased serum albumin, globulin, and total protein concentrations in broilers on diets MSG-LCLRM and MSG-HCLRM compared to those on diet MSG without CLRM inclusion. Additionally, the increased serum creatinine, cholesterol, and AST concentrations observed in broilers fed 1.25 g MSG/kg diet were significantly (p<0.05) normalized in broilers fed high MSG diets with 1.25 and 2.50 g CLRM/kg inclusion.

Table 4.  Serum biochemical indices of broilers fed MSG and Curcuma longa rhizome meal
Indicators CON MSG MSG-LCLRM MSG-HCLRM ±SEM P-value
Total Protein (g/dL) 55.60b 51.59c 59.91ab 63.40a 2.71 0.03
Albumin (g/dL) 13.02b 10.79c 13.30b 14.60a 0.68 0.01
Globulin (g/dL) 42.58b 40.80c 46.61a 48.80a 2.05 0.01
Creatinine (μmol/L) 22.30c 33.90a 27.60b 22.90c 1.83 0.02
Cholesterol (μmol/L) 3.02b 4.90a 3.41b 2.77c 0.16 0.01
Aspartate aminotransferase (IU/L) 121.00b 146.00a 82.80c 116.00b 5.41 0.01
Alanine aminotransferase (IU/L) 78.7 76.3 70.9 82.0 3.56 0.56

Values are means and SEM (Standard Error of Means). Means in a row without a common superscript letter differ significantly (P<0.05). Diets: CON (Control/Basal), MSG (Basal+1.25 g MSG/kg diet), MSG-LCLRM (1.25 g MSG + 1.25 g CLRM/kg diet), MSG-HCLRM (1.25 g MSG + 2.50 g CLRM/kg diet).

Protein synthesis site is the liver. Any adverse effect on this organ will consequently affect the serum protein concentration. Therefore, the significant depressions recorded in the serum protein concentrations among broilers on diet MSG in the current study was suggestive of the negative impact of high inclusion of MSG as used on normal function the liver and protein synthesis. The results of this paper aligned with Abdulghani et al. (2022)Abdulghani, M.A.M., Alshehade, S.A., Kamran, S. & Alshawsh, M.A. 2022. Effect of monosodium glutamate on serum sex hormones and uterine histology in female rats along with its molecular docking and in-silico toxicity. Heliyon, 8(10): e10967, ISSN: 2405-8440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10967. and Olarotimi and Adu (2022)Olarotimi, O.J. & Adu, O.A. 2022. Growth performance, blood indices and hormonal responses of broiler chickens fed monosodium glutamate. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 12(2): 341-352, ISSN: 2251-631X. https://doi.org/10.20.1001.1.2251628.2022.12.2.14.5. which reported reductions in the concentrations of blood proteins at high inclusion levels of MSG. The significant reductions observed in the serum proteins among the broilers on diet MSG was indicated an obstructed hepatic function, and essentially, disturbance of protein synthesis in the liver (Banerjee et al. 2020Banerjee, A., Das, D., Paul, R., Roy, S., Das, U., Saha, S., Dey, S., Adhikary, A., Mukherjee, S. & Maji, B.K. 2020. Mechanistic study of attenuation of monosodium glutamate mixed high lipid diet induced systemic damage in rats by Coccinia grandis. Scientific Reports, 10(1): 15443, ISSN: 2045-2322. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72076-6. ). Similarly, hepatic cell damage is also linked to a significant increase in serum enzymes activities. The significant elevation in the AST concentration among the broilers on diet MSG indicated alterations in liver function (Abo Ghanima et al. 2023Abo Ghanima, M.M., Abd El-Hack, M.E., Al-Otaibi, A.M., Nasr, S., Almohmadi, N.H., Taha, A.E., Jaremko, M. & El-Kasrawy, N.I. 2023. Growth performance, liver and kidney functions, blood hormonal profile, and economic efficiency of broilers fed different levels of threonine supplementation during feed restriction. Poultry Science, 102(8): 102796, ISSN: 1525-3171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2023.102796. ). The observed significant rise in the serum cholesterol level among the broilers on diet MSG concurred with the report of Moldovan et al. (2023)Moldovan, O.L., Vari, C.E., Tero-Vescan, A., Cotoi, O.S., Cocuz, I.G., Tabaran, F.A., Pop, R., Fülöp, I., Chis, R.F., Lungu, I.A. & Rusu, A. 2023. Potential defence mechanisms triggered by monosodium glutamate sub-chronic consumption in two-year-old. Wistar rats. Nutrients, 15(20): 4436, ISSN: 2072-6643. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15204436. . The elevated level of serum cholesterol was a sign of disturbance to cholesterol metabolism and could initiate coronary heart disease in broiler chickens (Kirkpatrick et al. 2023Kirkpatrick, C.F., Sikand, G., Petersen, K.S., Anderson, C.A.M., Aspry, K.E., Bolick, J.P., Kris-Etherton, P.M. & Maki, K.C. 2023. Nutrition interventions for adults with dyslipidemia: A clinical perspective from the National Lipid Association. Journal of Clinical Lipidology, 17(4): 428-451, ISSN: 1933-2874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2023.05.099. ). Apart from the serum proteins, the significant elevations in creatinine, cholesterol, and aspartate aminotransferase recorded among the broilers fed diet MSG further strengthened the claim that MSG at the inclusion used in the present study could be detrimental to broiler chickens. One of the indicators used to ascertain the functionality of a healthy kidney is the serum concentration of creatinine. A failure in the ability of the kidney to filter fluid within the body was previously linked with an abnormal serum creatinine elevation (Gounden et al. 2022Gounden, V., Bhatt, H. & Jialal, I. 2022. Renal Function Tests. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507821/. [Consulted: January 21, 2025].). Abdou et al. (2025)Abdou, H.M., El-Gendy, A.H., Aly, R.G., Abouzied, M.M., Eltahir, H.M., Al Thagfan, S.S. & Eweda, S.M. 2025. Evaluation of the effects of monosodium glutamate overconsumption on the functions of the liver, kidney, and heart of male rats: The involvement of dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses. Journal of Xenobiotics, 15(3): 64, ISSN: 2039-4713. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox15030064. also observed and increase blood creatinine concentration of adult rats administered high MSG level. We could possibly infer a high inclusion of MSG as used in this study has the potential to predispose broiler chickens to renal impairment.

However, the restorative impacts of CLRM were noticeable among the broilers on diets MSG-LCLRM and MSG-HCLRM where the protein concentrations were significantly improved as compared with those on diet MSG. In fact, inclusion at 2.50 CLRM g/kg diet enhanced the process protein synthesis in the liver than it was observed in diet CON broilers. The present results gave more credence to Tuong et al. (2023)Tuong, D.T.C., Moniruzzaman, M., Smirnova, E., Chin, S., Sureshbabu, A., Karthikeyan, A. & Min, T. 2023. Curcumin as a potential antioxidant in stress regulation of terrestrial, avian, and aquatic animals: A review. Antioxidants (Basel), 12(9): 1700, ISSN: 2076-3921. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091700. on the ameliorative effects of dietary turmeric powder on serum protein concentrations. Abdou et al. (2025)Abdou, H.M., El-Gendy, A.H., Aly, R.G., Abouzied, M.M., Eltahir, H.M., Al Thagfan, S.S. & Eweda, S.M. 2025. Evaluation of the effects of monosodium glutamate overconsumption on the functions of the liver, kidney, and heart of male rats: The involvement of dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses. Journal of Xenobiotics, 15(3): 64, ISSN: 2039-4713. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox15030064. , Kunnumakkara et al. (2023)Kunnumakkara, A.B., Hegde, M., Parama, D., Girisa, S., Kumar, A., Daimary, U.D., Garodia, P., Yenisetti, S.C., Oommen, O.V. & Aggarwal, B.B. 2023. Role of turmeric and curcumin in prevention and treatment of chronic diseases: Lessons learned from clinical trials. ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science, 6(4): 447-518, ISSN: 2575-9108. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.2c00012. as well as Olarotimi and Adu (2022)Olarotimi, O.J. & Adu, O.A. 2022. Growth performance, blood indices and hormonal responses of broiler chickens fed monosodium glutamate. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 12(2): 341-352, ISSN: 2251-631X. https://doi.org/10.20.1001.1.2251628.2022.12.2.14.5. also previously reported the enhancement effects of turmeric on blood protein profiles. Furthermore, the inclusion levels of CLRM used in the study also reduced the negative effects of high MSG on the serum enzymes and cholesterol content among the broilers on diets MSG-LCLRM and MSG-HCLRM. The curcumin contents in turmeric which are a highly effective polyphenolic compounds are responsible for this. Curcumin is known to be capable of scavenging the MSG-induced free radicals already and shielding the cells from oxidative stress.

Serum antioxidant enzymes and electrolytes of broilers fed MSG and Curcuma longa rhizome meal: Table 5 presents the findings regarding serum antioxidant enzyme activities and electrolyte balance in broilers fed diets with high MSG inclusion, with and without CLRM. Broilers fed diet MSG showed significant (p<0.05) reductions in serum antioxidative enzyme activities (catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase) compared to those on the control diets. However, the additions of CLRM significantly (p<0.05) increased serum concentrations of all antioxidant enzymes compared to broilers on diet MSG. Among broilers on diets MSG-LCLRM and MSG-HCLRM, serum catalase and SOD enzyme concentrations were statistically (p>0.05) similar to those on diet MSG-LCLRM, except for GSH-Px, where concentrations on diet MSG-HCLRM were significantly (p<0.05) higher. Regarding electrolyte balance, diet MSG significantly (p<0.05) elevated serum chloride concentration, while there was no statistical (p>0.05) influence on blood Na+ and K+. However, diets MSG-LCLRM and MSG-HCLRM significantly (p<0.05) decreased the elevated blood Cl- level observed in broilers fed diet MSG.

Table 5.  Antioxidant enzymes and electrolytes balance of broilers fed MSG and Curcuma longa rhizome meal
Indicators CON MSG MSG-LCLRM MSG-HCLRM ±SEM P-value
Serum Antioxidant Enzymes
Catalase (mM/mL/min) 12.5b 7.24d 19.57a 20.69a 0.54 0.01
Glutathione peroxidase (μg/g) 220b 125c 225b 365a 11.9 0.01
Superoxide dismutase (%) 67.51b 50.50c 80.22a 86.00a 3.58 0.01
Serum Electrolytes Balance
Potassium (K+) (mmol/L) 4.59 4.71 4.30 4.87 0.21 0.12
Chloride (Cl-) (mmol/L) 97.20bc 116.00a 106.00b 89.80c 4.59 0.01
Sodium (Na+) (mmol/L) 128 129 120 139 6.03 0.23

Values are means and SEM (Standard Error of Means). Means in a row without a common superscript letter differ significantly (P<0.05). Diets: CON (Control/Basal), MSG (Basal+1.25 g MSG/kg diet), MSG-LCLRM (1.25 g MSG + 1.25 g CLRM/kg diet), MSG-HCLRM (1.25 g MSG + 2.50 g CLRM/kg diet).

The significant depressions in the serum anti-oxidant enzymes of the broilers on diet MSG clearly supported the claims that high inclusion of MSG in broiler diet could promote reactive oxygen species production, thereby, subjecting the broilers to oxidative stress. The results of the current research were also in agreement with Olarotimi (2020)Olarotimi, O.J. 2020. Serum electrolyte balance and antioxidant status of broiler chickens fed diets containing varied levels of monosodium glutamate (MSG). Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 44(103): 1-7, ISSN: 2522-8307. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-00360-6. . The elevated anti-oxidant enzymes diets MSG-LCLRM and MSG-HCLRM further proved the free radicals scavenging ability of turmeric meal at the inclusion used in this study. This result agreed with Peng et al. (2021)Peng, Y., Ao, M., Dong, B., Jiang, Y., Yu, L., Chen, Z., Hu, C. & Xu, R. 2021. Anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin in the inflammatory diseases: Status, limitations and countermeasures. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 15: 4503-4525, ISSN: 1177-8881. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S327378. who reported the anti-oxidant capacity of turmeric powder on serum anti-oxidant enzymes and opined that curcumin could be used as anti-inflammation agent.

Furthermore, the elevation in serum Cl- level among the broilers on diet MSG proved that MSG is potent enough to induce hyperchloremia. The outcomes of the present paper differed from Abdou et al. (2025)Abdou, H.M., El-Gendy, A.H., Aly, R.G., Abouzied, M.M., Eltahir, H.M., Al Thagfan, S.S. & Eweda, S.M. 2025. Evaluation of the effects of monosodium glutamate overconsumption on the functions of the liver, kidney, and heart of male rats: The involvement of dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses. Journal of Xenobiotics, 15(3): 64, ISSN: 2039-4713. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox15030064. with higher serum potassium, and sodium concentrations reported in MSG-treated rats compared to the controls. In another development, Banerjee et al. (2021)Banerjee, A., Mukherjee, S. & Maji, B. K. 2021. Worldwide flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate combined with high lipid diet provokes metabolic alterations and systemic anomalies: An overview. Toxicology Reports, 8: 938-961, ISSN: 2214-7500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.04.009. recorded raised blood electrolytes in rats fed high MSG. However, the result of the present study was consistent with Macho et al. (2000)Macho, L., Ficková, M., Jezová, Z. & Zórad, S. 2000. Late effects of postnatal administration of monosodium glutamate on insulin action in adult rats. Physiological Research, 49(1): S79-S85, ISSN: 1802-9973. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.gov. as well as Moldovan et al. (2023)Moldovan, O.L., Vari, C.E., Tero-Vescan, A., Cotoi, O.S., Cocuz, I.G., Tabaran, F.A., Pop, R., Fülöp, I., Chis, R.F., Lungu, I.A. & Rusu, A. 2023. Potential defence mechanisms triggered by monosodium glutamate sub-chronic consumption in two-year-old. Wistar rats. Nutrients, 15(20): 4436, ISSN: 2072-6643. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15204436. because they opined that MSG does not alter the serum potassium and sodium concentrations. Chloride has been identified as one of the electrolytes used to monitor some health diseases. From this research, it could be said that broilers on MSG diet were greatly exposed to the incidence of an acid or fluid imbalance (metabolic acidosis). Some of the symptoms include: diarrhea, fatigue, weakness, dehydration and trouble breathing which were noted among the broilers on diet MSG. The health benefits of turmeric as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer agent (Shamsi-Goushki et al. 2020Shamsi-Goushki, A., Mortazavi, Z., Mirshekar, M.A., Mohammadi, M., Moradi-Kor, N., Jafari-Maskouni, S. & Shahraki, M. 2020. Comparative effects of curcumin versus nano-curcumin on insulin resistance, serum levels of apelin and lipid profile in type 2 diabetic rats. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 13: 2337-2346, ISSN: 1178-7007. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S247351.) were further strengthened with the outcome of this study, which clearly indicated the restorative effects of CLRM on the serum chloride concentrations of the broilers on diets MSG-LCLRM and MSG-HCLRM.

Conclusions

 

From the present study, we could therefore draw a conclusion that dietary inclusions of MSG with CLRM is a nutritional strategy to enhance feed palatability without compromising the growth and health status of broilers. Diet containing 2.50 g CLRM/kg diet provided better growth and viability rate when fed to animals. Therefore, to safeguard the health and support optimal growth of broilers against free radicals that may be generated by high dietary inclusions of MSG, the supplementation of 2.5 g/kg of Curcuma longa rhizome meal is recommended.

References

 

Abdou, H.M., El-Gendy, A.H., Aly, R.G., Abouzied, M.M., Eltahir, H.M., Al Thagfan, S.S. & Eweda, S.M. 2025. Evaluation of the effects of monosodium glutamate overconsumption on the functions of the liver, kidney, and heart of male rats: The involvement of dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses. Journal of Xenobiotics, 15(3): 64, ISSN: 2039-4713. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox15030064.

Abdulghani, M.A.M., Alshehade, S.A., Kamran, S. & Alshawsh, M.A. 2022. Effect of monosodium glutamate on serum sex hormones and uterine histology in female rats along with its molecular docking and in-silico toxicity. Heliyon, 8(10): e10967, ISSN: 2405-8440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10967.

Abo Ghanima, M.M., Abd El-Hack, M.E., Al-Otaibi, A.M., Nasr, S., Almohmadi, N.H., Taha, A.E., Jaremko, M. & El-Kasrawy, N.I. 2023. Growth performance, liver and kidney functions, blood hormonal profile, and economic efficiency of broilers fed different levels of threonine supplementation during feed restriction. Poultry Science, 102(8): 102796, ISSN: 1525-3171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2023.102796.

Adebayo, F.B., Adu, O.A., Chineke, C.A., Oloruntola, O.D., Omoleye, O.S., Adeyeye, S.A. & Ayodele, S.O. 2020. Performance and haematological indices of broiler chickens fed chromium picolinate and vitamin C supplemented diets. Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 6(4): 54-61, ISSN: 2333-9721.

Aderemi, F.A. & Alabi, O.M. 2023. Turmeric (Curcuma longa): An alternative to antibiotics in poultry nutrition. Translation Animal Science, 7(1): txad133, ISSN: 2573-2102. https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txad133.

Adetunji, A.O., Olarotimi, O.J., Adu, O.A., Oladeji, I.S. & Onibi, G.E. 2019. Meat quality and consumer acceptability of broiler chickens fed different levels of monosodium glutamate (MSG). Journal of Poultry Research, 16(1): 1-6, ISSN: 1302-3209. https://doi.org/10.34233/jpr.483081.

Adu, O.A., Olarotimi, O.J. & Chineke, C.A. 2022. Performance, haemato-biochemical and reproductive potential indices of New Zealand White and Dutch Belted rabbit bucks fed diets containing monosodium glutamate. World Rabbit Science, 30: 35-46, ISSN: 1989-8886.

Afolabi, B.A. & Olagoke, O.C. 2020. High concentration of MSG alters antioxidant defence system in lobster cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea (Blattodea: Blaberidae). BMC Research Notes, 13: 217, ISSN: 1756-0500. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-020-05056-8.

Alimi, N., Assani, A.S., Sanni Worogo, S.H., Baco, M.N. & Traoré, I.A. 2024. Livestock feed resources used as alternatives during feed shortages and their impact on the environment and ruminant performance in West Africa: A systematic review. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 11: 1352235, ISSN: 2297-1769. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1352235.

Al-Muhammadawi, N.A. & Jassim Hammoudi, S. 2022. Effect of adding different levels of therapeutic Curcuma on productive traits in broiler chickens. Archives of Razi Institute, 77(6): 2059-2064, ISSN: 2008-9872. https://doi.org/10.22092/ARI.2022.358198.2177.

Araujo, R.G.A.C., Polycarpo, G.V., Barbieri, A., Silva, K.M., Ventura, G. & Polycarpo, V.C.C. 2019. Performance and economic viability of broiler chickens fed with probiotic and organic acids in an attempt to replace growth-promoting antibiotics. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 21(2): 1-7, ISSN: 1806-9061. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2018-0912.

Ati, U.B., Atangwho, I.J. & Itam, E.H. 2025. Effect of monosodium glutamate on selected tissue lipids and haematology of neonatal and adult Wistar rats. Journal of Biochemical Technology, 16(1): 1-8, ISSN: 0974-2328. https://doi.org/10.51847/88vnUSGDHJ.

Banerjee, A., Das, D., Paul, R., Roy, S., Das, U., Saha, S., Dey, S., Adhikary, A., Mukherjee, S. & Maji, B.K. 2020. Mechanistic study of attenuation of monosodium glutamate mixed high lipid diet induced systemic damage in rats by Coccinia grandis. Scientific Reports, 10(1): 15443, ISSN: 2045-2322. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72076-6.

Banerjee, A., Mukherjee, S. & Maji, B. K. 2021. Worldwide flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate combined with high lipid diet provokes metabolic alterations and systemic anomalies: An overview. Toxicology Reports, 8: 938-961, ISSN: 2214-7500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.04.009.

Chung, Y., Yu, D., Kwak, H.S., Park, S.-S., Shin, E.-C. & Lee, Y. 2022. Effect of monosodium glutamate on salt and sugar content reduction in cooked foods for the sensory characteristics and consumer acceptability. Foods, 11(16): 2512, ISSN: 2304-8158. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11162512.

El-Saadony, M.T., Yang, T., Korma, S.A., Sitohy, M., Abd El-Mageed, T.A., Selim, S., Al Jaouni, S.K., Salem, H.M., Mahmmod, Y., Soliman, S.M., Mo'men, S.A.A., Mosa, W.F.A., El-Wafai, N.A., Abou-Aly, H.E., Sitohy, B., Abd El-Hack, M.E., El-Tarabily, K.A. & Saad, A.M. 2023. Impacts of turmeric and its principal bioactive curcumin on human health: Pharmaceutical, medicinal, and food applications: A comprehensive review. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9: 1040259, ISSN: 2296-861X. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1040259.

Fuloria, S., Mehta, J., Chandel, A., Sekar, M., Rani, N.N.I.M., Begum, M.Y., Subramaniyan, V., Chidambaram, K., Thangavelu, L., Nordin, R., Wu, Y.S., Sathasivam, K.V., Lum, P.T., Meenakshi, D.U., Kumarasamy, V., Azad, A.K. & Fuloria, N. K. 2022. A comprehensive review on the therapeutic potential of Curcuma longa Linn. in relation to its major active constituent curcumin. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13: 820806, ISSN: 1663-9812. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.820806.

Gounden, V., Bhatt, H. & Jialal, I. 2022. Renal Function Tests. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507821/. [Consulted: January 21, 2025].

Hafez, M.H., El-Kazaz, S.E., Alharthi, B., Ghamry, H.I., Alshehri, M.A., Sayed, S., Shukry, M. & El-Sayed, Y.S. 2022. The impact of curcumin on growth performance, growth-related gene expression, oxidative stress, and immunological biomarkers in broiler chickens at different stocking densities. Animals, 12(8): 958, ISSN: 2076-2615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12080958.

Jasim, S.A., Al-Dhalimy, A.M.B., Zokaei, M., Salimi, S., Alnajar, M.J., Kumar, A., Alwaily, E.R., Zwamel, A.H., Hussein, S.A. & Gholami-Ahangaran, M. 2024. The beneficial application of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) on health and egg production, in layers: A review. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 10(6): e70115, ISSN: 2053-1095. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.70115.

Khodadadi, M., Sheikhi, N., Haghbin N.H. & Nikbakht B.G. 2021. Effects of dietary turmeric (Curcuma longa) on innate and acquired immune responses in broiler chicken. Veterinary and Animal Science, 14: 100213, ISSN: 2451-943X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vas.2021.100213.

Kirkpatrick, C.F., Sikand, G., Petersen, K.S., Anderson, C.A.M., Aspry, K.E., Bolick, J.P., Kris-Etherton, P.M. & Maki, K.C. 2023. Nutrition interventions for adults with dyslipidemia: A clinical perspective from the National Lipid Association. Journal of Clinical Lipidology, 17(4): 428-451, ISSN: 1933-2874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2023.05.099.

Külpmann, W.R. 1992. Bestimmung von Elektrolyten im Serum und Serumwasser [Determination of electrolytes in serum and plasma]. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift Suppl., 192: 37-41, ISSN: 1613-7671.

Kunnumakkara, A.B., Hegde, M., Parama, D., Girisa, S., Kumar, A., Daimary, U.D., Garodia, P., Yenisetti, S.C., Oommen, O.V. & Aggarwal, B.B. 2023. Role of turmeric and curcumin in prevention and treatment of chronic diseases: Lessons learned from clinical trials. ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science, 6(4): 447-518, ISSN: 2575-9108. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.2c00012.

Li, T.X. & Kim, I.H. 2024. Supplementing monosodium glutamate in sow diets enhances reproductive performance in lactating sows and improves the growth of suckling piglets. Animals, 14(12): 1714, ISSN: 2076-2615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14121714.

Macho, L., Ficková, M., Jezová, Z. & Zórad, S. 2000. Late effects of postnatal administration of monosodium glutamate on insulin action in adult rats. Physiological Research, 49(1): S79-S85, ISSN: 1802-9973. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.gov.

Moldovan, O.L., Vari, C.E., Tero-Vescan, A., Cotoi, O.S., Cocuz, I.G., Tabaran, F.A., Pop, R., Fülöp, I., Chis, R.F., Lungu, I.A. & Rusu, A. 2023. Potential defence mechanisms triggered by monosodium glutamate sub-chronic consumption in two-year-old. Wistar rats. Nutrients, 15(20): 4436, ISSN: 2072-6643. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15204436.

Munteanu, I.G. & Apetrei, C. 2021. Analytical methods used in determining antioxidant activity: A review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(7): 3380, ISSN: 1422-0067. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073380.

Olarotimi, O.J. 2020. Serum electrolyte balance and antioxidant status of broiler chickens fed diets containing varied levels of monosodium glutamate (MSG). Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 44(103): 1-7, ISSN: 2522-8307. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-00360-6.

Olarotimi, O.J. & Adu, O.A. 2022. Growth performance, blood indices and hormonal responses of broiler chickens fed monosodium glutamate. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 12(2): 341-352, ISSN: 2251-631X. https://doi.org/10.20.1001.1.2251628.2022.12.2.14.5.

Olarotimi, O.J., Gbore, F.A., Adu, O.A., Jimoh, O.A., Abe, O.S., Ayankoso, M.T. & Adeniran, C.O. 2023. Relative growth, blood profiles, antioxidant status and electrolyte balance of broilers fed high monosodium glutamate supplemented with ginger (Zingiber Officinale) meal. Thai Journal of Agricultural Science, 56(2): 88-101, ISSN: 2697-4762. https://li01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/TJAS.

Oluwole, D.T., Ebiwonjumi, O.S., Ajayi, L.O., Alabi, O.D., Amos, V., Akanbi, G., Adeyemi, W.J. & Ajayi, A.F. 2024. Disruptive consequences of monosodium glutamate on male reproductive function: A review. Current Research in Toxicology, 6: 100148, ISSN: 2666-027X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crtox.2024.100148.

Peng, Y., Ao, M., Dong, B., Jiang, Y., Yu, L., Chen, Z., Hu, C. & Xu, R. 2021. Anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin in the inflammatory diseases: Status, limitations and countermeasures. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 15: 4503-4525, ISSN: 1177-8881. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S327378.

Pesce, M.A. & Bodourian, S.H. 1976. Enzymatic rate method for measuring cholesterol in serum. Clinical Chemistry, 22(12): 2042-2045, ISSN: 1530-8561.

Poto, R., Loffredo, S., Marone, G., Di Salvatore, A., de Paulis, A., Schroeder, J.T. & Varricchi, G. 2023. Basophils beyond allergic and parasitic diseases. Frontiers in Immunology, 14: 1190034, ISSN: 1664-3224. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1190034.

Ruiz-Valderrama, L., Mendoza-Sánchez, J.E., Rodríguez-Tobón, E., Arrieta-Cruz, I., González-Márquez, H., Salame-Méndez, P.A., Tarragó-Castellanos, R., Cortés-Barberena, E., Rodríguez-Tobón, A. & Arenas-Ríos, E. 2025. High-fat diets disturb rat epididymal sperm maturation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(5): 1850, ISSN: 1422-0067. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26051850.

Santos, L.C.P., Werfel, K. & Ferlini-Agne, G. 2025. Haemoglobin concentration measurement agreement obtained from three different devices in anaesthetised horses. Veterinary Journal, 313: 106394, ISSN: 1532-2971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106394.

SAS. 2008. Statistical Analysis System. SAS/STAT User’s Guide, Version 9.2 for Windows. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.

Shamsi-Goushki, A., Mortazavi, Z., Mirshekar, M.A., Mohammadi, M., Moradi-Kor, N., Jafari-Maskouni, S. & Shahraki, M. 2020. Comparative effects of curcumin versus nano-curcumin on insulin resistance, serum levels of apelin and lipid profile in type 2 diabetic rats. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 13: 2337-2346, ISSN: 1178-7007. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S247351.

Soares, A.C.S., Alves, J.P.M., Fernandes, C.C.L., Silva, M.R.L., Conde, A.J.H., Teixeira, D.Í.A. & Rondina, D. 2023. Use of monosodium-glutamate as a novel dietary supplement strategy for ovarian stimulation in goats.Animal Reproduction, 20(3): e20230094, ISSN: 1984-3143. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-3143-AR2023-0094.

Tazawa, H., Andrewartha, S. J., & Burggren, W. W. 2011. Development of hematological respiratory variables in late chicken embryos: the relative importance of incubation time and embryo mass. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 159(3): 225-233, ISSN: 1531-4332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.02.024.

Thongsepee, N., Martviset, P., Chantree, P., Sornchuer, P., Sangpairoj, K., Prathaphan, P., Ruangtong, J. & Hiranyachattada, S. 2022. Daily consumption of monosodium glutamate pronounced hypertension and altered renal excretory function in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Heliyon, 8(10): e10972, ISSN: 2405-8440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10972.

Tietz, N.W. 1995. Clinical guide to laboratory tests. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

Tuong, D.T.C., Moniruzzaman, M., Smirnova, E., Chin, S., Sureshbabu, A., Karthikeyan, A. & Min, T. 2023. Curcumin as a potential antioxidant in stress regulation of terrestrial, avian, and aquatic animals: A review. Antioxidants (Basel), 12(9): 1700, ISSN: 2076-3921. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091700.

Yamamoto, T. & Inui-Yamamoto, C. 2023. The flavor-enhancing action of glutamate and its mechanism involving the notion of kokumi.NPJ Science of Food, 7(1): 1-3, ISSN: 2396-8370. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41538-023-00178-2.


 
Ciencia Animal

Efecto de la harina de rizoma de Curcuma longa en el crecimiento e índices de salud de pollos de ceba alimentados con glutamato monosódico

 

iDO.J. Olarotimi1Animal Physiology and Reproduction Unit, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Adekunle Ajasin University, P.M.B. 001, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria*✉:olumuyiwa.olarotimi@aaua.edu.ng

iDO.D. Oloruntola2Animal Nutrition and Biochemistry Unit, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Adekunle Ajasin University, P.M.B. 001, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria

iDA.B. Falowo2Animal Nutrition and Biochemistry Unit, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Adekunle Ajasin University, P.M.B. 001, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria

iDF.A. Gbore1Animal Physiology and Reproduction Unit, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Adekunle Ajasin University, P.M.B. 001, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria

iDA.O. Adetunji3Department of Agriculture, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, AR, United States


1Animal Physiology and Reproduction Unit, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Adekunle Ajasin University, P.M.B. 001, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria

2Animal Nutrition and Biochemistry Unit, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Adekunle Ajasin University, P.M.B. 001, Akungba Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria

3Department of Agriculture, University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff, Pine Bluff, AR, United States

 

*Email: olumuyiwa.olarotimi@aaua.edu.ng

Resumen

Se evaluó el impacto de la harina de rizoma de Curcuma longa en el mejoramiento de los efectos adversos del glutamato monosódico de la dieta en el crecimiento y salud de pollos de engorde, alimentados con este. Se distribuyeron al azar 200 pollos de un día de edad en cuatro dietas experimentales: dieta control (CON): dieta basal sin ningún suplemento, dieta con glutamato monosódico (GMS): dieta basal suplementada con 1.25 g de GMS por kg de alimento, dieta GMS + HRCL bajo (GMS-HRCLb): dieta basal que contiene 1.25 g de GMS y 1.25 g de HRCL por kg de alimento, y dieta GMS + HRCL alto (GMS- HRCLa): dieta basal que contiene 1.25 g de GMS y 2.50 g de HRCL por kg de alimento. La ganancia de peso promedio aumentó significativamente en los pollos alimentados con las dietas GMS, GMS-HRCLb y GMS-HRCLa, registrándose la mayor ganancia de peso promedio (p<0.05) en los pollos alimentados con la dieta GMS-HRCLa. La tasa de crecimiento relativo no tuvo influencia significativa en todos los grupos de tratamiento (p>0.05). Los pollos de engorde alimentados con GMS tuvieron tasas de vitalidad significativamente más bajas en comparación con otros grupos, mientras que aquellos con la dieta GMS-HRCLa mostraron la tasa de vitalidad más significativa (p<0.05). La mayoría de los índices hematológicos y bioquímicos séricos tuvieron afectación en los pollos de engorde alimentados con GMS (p<0.05). Las enzimas antioxidantes séricas se redujeron significativamente en los pollos de engorde con GMS (p<0.05). Las concentraciones séricas de potasio y sodio no se afectaron con el GMS (p>0.05), pero la concentración sérica de cloruro aumentó significativamente (p<0.05). Se puede concluir que la suplementación de HRCL en las dietas mitigó eficazmente los efectos adversos del GMS al mejorar el crecimiento sin comprometer el estado de salud de los pollos de engorde.

Palabras clave: 
cúrcuma, electrolitos sanguíneos, GMS, pollos, rendimiento

Introducción

 

El glutamato monosódico (GMS) como aditivo alimentario se ha utilizado generalmente durante décadas en las dietas tanto humanas como de ganado como potenciador del sabor (Olarotimi et al. 2023Adetunji, A.O., Olarotimi, O.J., Adu, O.A., Oladeji, I.S. & Onibi, G.E. 2019. Meat quality and consumer acceptability of broiler chickens fed different levels of monosodium glutamate (MSG). Journal of Poultry Research, 16(1): 1-6, ISSN: 1302-3209. https://doi.org/10.34233/jpr.483081. ). Su uso como agente saborizante en la cocina para aumentar la palatabilidad y aceptación de los alimentos se ha enfatizado para ambos casos (Chung et al. 2022Chung, Y., Yu, D., Kwak, H.S., Park, S.-S., Shin, E.-C. & Lee, Y. 2022. Effect of monosodium glutamate on salt and sugar content reduction in cooked foods for the sensory characteristics and consumer acceptability. Foods, 11(16): 2512, ISSN: 2304-8158. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11162512. y Yamamoto e Inui-Yamamoto 2023Yamamoto, T. & Inui-Yamamoto, C. 2023. The flavor-enhancing action of glutamate and its mechanism involving the notion of kokumi.NPJ Science of Food, 7(1): 1-3, ISSN: 2396-8370. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41538-023-00178-2.). El potencial del GMS para mejorar el consumo total de la dieta, el aumento de peso y la eficiencia del alimento en varias especies animales se han reportado con anterioridad (Olarotimi et al. 2023Adetunji, A.O., Olarotimi, O.J., Adu, O.A., Oladeji, I.S. & Onibi, G.E. 2019. Meat quality and consumer acceptability of broiler chickens fed different levels of monosodium glutamate (MSG). Journal of Poultry Research, 16(1): 1-6, ISSN: 1302-3209. https://doi.org/10.34233/jpr.483081. y Soares et al. 2023Soares, A.C.S., Alves, J.P.M., Fernandes, C.C.L., Silva, M.R.L., Conde, A.J.H., Teixeira, D.Í.A. & Rondina, D. 2023. Use of monosodium-glutamate as a novel dietary supplement strategy for ovarian stimulation in goats.Animal Reproduction, 20(3): e20230094, ISSN: 1984-3143. https://doi.org/10.1590/1984-3143-AR2023-0094.). Por ejemplo, los pollos de engorde alimentados con 1.00 g/kg de GMS tuvieron aumento de peso y del consumo de alimento (Adetunji et al. 2019Adetunji, A.O., Olarotimi, O.J., Adu, O.A., Oladeji, I.S. & Onibi, G.E. 2019. Meat quality and consumer acceptability of broiler chickens fed different levels of monosodium glutamate (MSG). Journal of Poultry Research, 16(1): 1-6, ISSN: 1302-3209. https://doi.org/10.34233/jpr.483081. ). En otro informe, la palatabilidad del alimento, el rendimiento del crecimiento, la producción de esperma y la eficiencia mejoraron significativamente en conejos alimentados con 0.25 g de GMS/kg de dieta, sin causar ningún desequilibrio fisiológico (Adu et al. 2022Adu, O.A., Olarotimi, O.J. & Chineke, C.A. 2022. Performance, haemato-biochemical and reproductive potential indices of New Zealand White and Dutch Belted rabbit bucks fed diets containing monosodium glutamate. World Rabbit Science, 30: 35-46, ISSN: 1989-8886.). De manera similar, se informó que la inclusión del 2 % de GMS en la dieta, tuvo efecto beneficioso en cerdas en gestación avanzada y sus cerditos en cuanto a ingesta de alimento, crecimiento y producción de leche (Li et al. 2024Li, T.X. & Kim, I.H. 2024. Supplementing monosodium glutamate in sow diets enhances reproductive performance in lactating sows and improves the growth of suckling piglets. Animals, 14(12): 1714, ISSN: 2076-2615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14121714. ). La tendencia del GMS a mejorar la palatabilidad de los alimentos se vinculó directamente a su capacidad para estimular los centros sensoriales del gusto del animal, lo que resultó en un aumento de peso (Banerjee et al. 2021Banerjee, A., Mukherjee, S. & Maji, B. K. 2021. Worldwide flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate combined with high lipid diet provokes metabolic alterations and systemic anomalies: An overview. Toxicology Reports, 8: 938-961, ISSN: 2214-7500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.04.009. ). Además, se ha reportado que el GMS es un aditivo alimentario auténtico que podría usarse para aprovechar el potencial inherente de los recursos alimenticios no convencionales que están subutilizados en la nutrición animal debido a su baja palatabilidad (Alimi et al. 2024Alimi, N., Assani, A.S., Sanni Worogo, S.H., Baco, M.N. & Traoré, I.A. 2024. Livestock feed resources used as alternatives during feed shortages and their impact on the environment and ruminant performance in West Africa: A systematic review. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 11: 1352235, ISSN: 2297-1769. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2024.1352235. ).

En otro trabajo, se informó que una dosis de GMS mayor que 0.50 g/kg de dieta tiene consecuencias adversas en la fisiología general de los pollos, como insuficiencia renal, disfunción cardíaca, así como la generación de especies reactivas de oxígeno que provocan un desequilibrio redox (Olarotimi 2020Olarotimi, O.J. 2020. Serum electrolyte balance and antioxidant status of broiler chickens fed diets containing varied levels of monosodium glutamate (MSG). Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 44(103): 1-7, ISSN: 2522-8307. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-00360-6. ). Se reportó que los potenciales reproductivos de ratas Wistar y gallos alimentados con dietas altas en GMS se afectaron, con una disminución notable en la espermatogénesis y la espermiogénesis (Oluwole et al. 2024Oluwole, D.T., Ebiwonjumi, O.S., Ajayi, L.O., Alabi, O.D., Amos, V., Akanbi, G., Adeyemi, W.J. & Ajayi, A.F. 2024. Disruptive consequences of monosodium glutamate on male reproductive function: A review. Current Research in Toxicology, 6: 100148, ISSN: 2666-027X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crtox.2024.100148. y Ruiz-Valderrama et al. 2025Ruiz-Valderrama, L., Mendoza-Sánchez, J.E., Rodríguez-Tobón, E., Arrieta-Cruz, I., González-Márquez, H., Salame-Méndez, P.A., Tarragó-Castellanos, R., Cortés-Barberena, E., Rodríguez-Tobón, A. & Arenas-Ríos, E. 2025. High-fat diets disturb rat epididymal sperm maturation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(5): 1850, ISSN: 1422-0067. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26051850. ). Por lo tanto, el uso en exceso de GMS dietético genera diversos efectos negativos en los animales (Afolabi y Olagoke 2020Afolabi, B.A. & Olagoke, O.C. 2020. High concentration of MSG alters antioxidant defence system in lobster cockroach Nauphoeta cinerea (Blattodea: Blaberidae). BMC Research Notes, 13: 217, ISSN: 1756-0500. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-020-05056-8. ). A pesar de estas percepciones negativas, se puede explorar el aspecto beneficioso del GMS mediante el uso de hierbas y especias como Curcuma longa (cúrcuma), que podrían mejorar los efectos negativos del GMS en los animales.

Curcuma longa se ha utilizado como colorante, aromatizante y especia en muchos alimentos. Se ha informado que Curcuma longa y sus extractos son una alternativa eficaz a los promotores de crecimiento antimicrobianos en la producción avícola (Aderemi y Alabi 2023Aderemi, F.A. & Alabi, O.M. 2023. Turmeric (Curcuma longa): An alternative to antibiotics in poultry nutrition. Translation Animal Science, 7(1): txad133, ISSN: 2573-2102. https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txad133. ). La curcumina, componente bioactivo esencial, está presente en abundancia en C. longa y es responsable de sus acciones biológicas (El-Saadony et al. 2023El-Saadony, M.T., Yang, T., Korma, S.A., Sitohy, M., Abd El-Mageed, T.A., Selim, S., Al Jaouni, S.K., Salem, H.M., Mahmmod, Y., Soliman, S.M., Mo'men, S.A.A., Mosa, W.F.A., El-Wafai, N.A., Abou-Aly, H.E., Sitohy, B., Abd El-Hack, M.E., El-Tarabily, K.A. & Saad, A.M. 2023. Impacts of turmeric and its principal bioactive curcumin on human health: Pharmaceutical, medicinal, and food applications: A comprehensive review. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9: 1040259, ISSN: 2296-861X. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1040259. ). Se registró un aumento significativo en el consumo de alimento, ganancia de peso y relación de conversión alimenticia en pollos de ceba que recibieron un 0.9 % de polvo terapéutico de cúrcuma (Al-Muhammadawi y Jassim Hammoudi 2022Al-Muhammadawi, N.A. & Jassim Hammoudi, S. 2022. Effect of adding different levels of therapeutic Curcuma on productive traits in broiler chickens. Archives of Razi Institute, 77(6): 2059-2064, ISSN: 2008-9872. https://doi.org/10.22092/ARI.2022.358198.2177. ). Jasim et al. (2024)Jasim, S.A., Al-Dhalimy, A.M.B., Zokaei, M., Salimi, S., Alnajar, M.J., Kumar, A., Alwaily, E.R., Zwamel, A.H., Hussein, S.A. & Gholami-Ahangaran, M. 2024. The beneficial application of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) on health and egg production, in layers: A review. Veterinary Medicine and Science, 10(6): e70115, ISSN: 2053-1095. https://doi.org/10.1002/vms3.70115. demostraron que el polvo de C. longa, que se administró al 0.2 % en la dieta de gallinas ponedoras, redujo los perfiles lipídicos sanguíneos. Fuloria et al. (2022)Fuloria, S., Mehta, J., Chandel, A., Sekar, M., Rani, N.N.I.M., Begum, M.Y., Subramaniyan, V., Chidambaram, K., Thangavelu, L., Nordin, R., Wu, Y.S., Sathasivam, K.V., Lum, P.T., Meenakshi, D.U., Kumarasamy, V., Azad, A.K. & Fuloria, N. K. 2022. A comprehensive review on the therapeutic potential of Curcuma longa Linn. in relation to its major active constituent curcumin. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 13: 820806, ISSN: 1663-9812. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.820806. demostraron que C. longa tiene potencial para la prevención de úlceras pépticas debido a la presencia de flavonoides y otros antioxidantes. Debido a las características destacadas de C. longa como verdadero antioxidante natural, podría tener la capacidad de mejorar el efecto negativo del GMS en pollos de ceba. Por lo tanto, este estudio investigó el potencial de la harina de rizoma de C. longa para mejorar los efectos del GMS dietético en el crecimiento e índices de salud de los pollos de ceba.

Materiales y Métodos

 

Preparación de materiales experimentales: Se obtuvieron rizomas frescos de C. longa de la sección de plantas y especias de la granja de enseñanza e investigación de la Universidad Adekunle Ajasin (Nigeria). Se limpiaron con agua fresca y fría a temperatura ambiente. Luego se dejaron escurrir y se picaron en trozos para facilitar un secado rápido al aire durante 14 días en una malla colocada a la sombra. Los pedazos ya secos se pulverizaron hasta convertirlos en polvo para elaborar la harina de rizoma de C. longa (HRCL), con el uso de una licuadora eléctrica [Bajaj, Modelo: Bravo Dlx Mixer Grinder (410175)], mientras que el GMS se obtuvo de una tienda reconocida.

Animales y diseño experimental: Se identificó una incubadora acreditada para suministrar 200 pollitos Arbor-Acres de ceba. El experimento se llevó a cabo en el Centro de Investigación Avícola de la Universidad Adekunle Ajasin, Nigeria. Se obtuvo la aprobación del Comité de Investigación y Ética de dicha universidad. Se pesaron los pollitos y se distribuyeron de manera aleatoria en 4 dietas experimentales: Dieta control (CON): dieta basal sin ningún suplemento; Dieta con GMS (GMS): dieta basal suplementada con 1.25 g de GMS por kg de alimento; Dieta con GMS + HRCL bajo (GMS -HRCLb): dieta basal que contiene 1.25 g de GMS y 1.25 g de HRCL por kg de alimento; y Dieta con GMS + HRCL alto (GMS -HRCLa): dieta basal que contiene 1.25 g de GMS y 2.50 g de HRCL por kg de alimento, en un diseño completamente aleatorizado. Los cuatro grupos de tratamiento tuvieron 5 repeticiones, y cada repetición contenía 10 pollos de ceba. Los pollitos recibieron dietas de iniciación durante la primera fase (3 semanas) y dietas de finalización durante la segunda fase (3 semanas) del estudio, con agua fresca ad libitum. Las dietas experimentales se muestran en la tabla 1.

Table 1.  Composición de la dieta basal para los pollos de ceba del experimento
Ingredientes (kg) Iniciación (1 a 3 semanas) Finalización (4 a 6 semanas)
Maíz 50 56
Despojos de trigo 5 6
Salvado de arroz 5 3
Harina de soya 30 27
Harina de pescado 5 3
Aceite de soya 1 1.5
Harina de hueso 2.5 2
Piedra caliza 0.5 0.5
Lisina 0.25 0.25
Metionina 0.3 0.25
Sal común 0.2 0.25
Premezcla mineral y vitamínica 0.25 0.25
Total 100 100
Nutrientes calculados
EM (MJ/kg) 12.50 12.79
Proteína Cruda (%) 22.68 20.4
Grasa (%) 5.05 5.36
Calcio (%) 1.48 1.17
Fósforo (%) 0.69 0.55
Lisina (%) 1.51 1.35
Metionina (%) 0.68 0.58
Fibra Cruda (%) 4.40 4.18

Determinación del aumento promedio de peso y la tasa de crecimiento relativa de los pollos de ceba: Semanalmente, se registraron las ganancias medias de peso (GMP) de los pollos de ceba, con una balanza sensible. La GMG semanal se determinó como la proporción de la suma de las diferencias en los pesos al inicio y al final de cada semana respecto al número de pollos vivos por semana, según informe de Adebayo et al. (2020)Adebayo, F.B., Adu, O.A., Chineke, C.A., Oloruntola, O.D., Omoleye, O.S., Adeyeye, S.A. & Ayodele, S.O. 2020. Performance and haematological indices of broiler chickens fed chromium picolinate and vitamin C supplemented diets. Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 6(4): 54-61, ISSN: 2333-9721. , y la tasa de crecimiento relativa (TCR) del pollo de ceba se calculó como (Adebayo et al. 2020Adebayo, F.B., Adu, O.A., Chineke, C.A., Oloruntola, O.D., Omoleye, O.S., Adeyeye, S.A. & Ayodele, S.O. 2020. Performance and haematological indices of broiler chickens fed chromium picolinate and vitamin C supplemented diets. Asian Journal of Research in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 6(4): 54-61, ISSN: 2333-9721. ):

R G R   % = W × 100 ½ ( W )  
Δ W   =   W 2   -   W 1  
W   =   W 2   +   W 1  
  • W1 - peso vivo inicial de los pollos de ceba

  • W2 - peso vivo final de los pollos de ceba

La tasa de viabilidad (TV) de los pollos del experimento se calculó como 100 menos el porcentaje de la tasa de mortalidad (TM) de los pollos de ceba experimentales (Araujo et al. 2019Chung, Y., Yu, D., Kwak, H.S., Park, S.-S., Shin, E.-C. & Lee, Y. 2022. Effect of monosodium glutamate on salt and sugar content reduction in cooked foods for the sensory characteristics and consumer acceptability. Foods, 11(16): 2512, ISSN: 2304-8158. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11162512. ). La TM se calculó de la siguiente manera:

M R % = I - E I × 100  

donde:

I - Día 1 (inicio) población de pollos de ceba vivos

E - Día 56 (terminación) población de pollos de ceba vivos

Por tanto,

V R   =   ( 100   -   M R )   %  

Análisis de los componentes bioquímicos del suero: Las muestras de sangre de los frascos simples se dejaron reposar durante 12 minutos a temperatura ambiente y después se centrifugaron por diez minutos para obtener suero claro. La velocidad de la centrifugadora fue de 3000 rpm. El colesterol en suero (Pesce y Bodourian 1976Pesce, M.A. & Bodourian, S.H. 1976. Enzymatic rate method for measuring cholesterol in serum. Clinical Chemistry, 22(12): 2042-2045, ISSN: 1530-8561.), electrolitos como el catión sodio (Na+), catión potasio (K+) y anión cloruro (Cl-) (Külpmann 1992Külpmann, W.R. 1992. Bestimmung von Elektrolyten im Serum und Serumwasser [Determination of electrolytes in serum and plasma]. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift Suppl., 192: 37-41, ISSN: 1613-7671.), y la actividad de enzimas antioxidantes como catalasa (CAT), superóxido dismutasa (SOD) y glutatión peroxidasa (GSH-Px) (Munteanu y Apetrei 2021Munteanu, I.G. & Apetrei, C. 2021. Analytical methods used in determining antioxidant activity: A review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(7): 3380, ISSN: 1422-0067. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073380. ) se determinaron a partir del suero, con el uso de kits de ensayodisponibles comercialmente. Las enzimas hepáticas en el suero, como el aspartato aminotransferasa (AST) y la alanina aminotransferasa (ALT), las proteínas sanguíneas y los metabolitos como la globulina (GLB), proteína total (PT), la albúmina (ALB) y la creatinina, se evaluaron según lo descrito por Tietz (1995)Tietz, N.W. 1995. Clinical guide to laboratory tests. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, USA..

Determinación de parámetros hematológicos: El % de VCM (volumen corpuscular medio) y Hb (concentración de hemoglobina) se determinaron mediante los métodos de microhematocrito y cianometahemoglobina, respectivamente (Santos et al. 2025Santos, L.C.P., Werfel, K. & Ferlini-Agne, G. 2025. Haemoglobin concentration measurement agreement obtained from three different devices in anaesthetised horses. Veterinary Journal, 313: 106394, ISSN: 1532-2971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106394. ). Se utilizó un hemocitómetro para la determinación de glóbulos rojos (GR) y el conteo de glóbulos blancos (GB), como se describió previamente (Santos et al. 2025Santos, L.C.P., Werfel, K. & Ferlini-Agne, G. 2025. Haemoglobin concentration measurement agreement obtained from three different devices in anaesthetised horses. Veterinary Journal, 313: 106394, ISSN: 1532-2971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2025.106394. ). El VCM (volumen corpuscular medio), HCM (hemoglobina corpuscular media) y CMHC (concentración media de hemoglobina corpuscular) se derivaron del VCM, GR y Hb según lo planteado por Tazawa et al. (2011)Tazawa, H., Andrewartha, S. J., & Burggren, W. W. 2011. Development of hematological respiratory variables in late chicken embryos: the relative importance of incubation time and embryo mass. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 159(3): 225-233, ISSN: 1531-4332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.02.024. . También se determinaron los diferenciales de leucocitos.

Análisis estadístico: Los datos recolectados se sometieron a análisis de varianza simple (ANOVA), con el uso de SAS (2008)SAS. 2008. Statistical Analysis System. SAS/STAT User’s Guide, Version 9.2 for Windows. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.. Las diferencias significativas entre las medias de los tratamientos se compararon utilizando la prueba de Diferencia Significativa Honesta (HSD) de Tukey del mismo software, con un nivel de significación del 5 %.

Resultados y Discusión

 

Índices de crecimiento de pollos de ceba alimentados con GMS y harina de rizoma de Curcuma longa: La ganancia media de peso semanal (GMP), la tasa de crecimiento relativo (TCR) y la tasa de vitalidad (TV) de los pollos de ceba alimentados con alta inclusión de GMS y diferentes niveles de harina de rizoma de Curcuma longa (HRCL) se muestran en la tabla 2. Hubo una mejora estadísticamente significativa (p<0.05) en la GMP semanal de los pollos que recibieron GMS y los dos niveles de inclusión de HRCL, en comparación con el resultado registrado en los pollos del CON. Además, los pollos alimentados con GMS-HRCLa tuvieron una mejor GMP (p<0.05) que los alimentados con GMS. Aunque se observó un ligero aumento en la GMP de los pollos GMS-HRCLb en comparación con los de GMS, esto no fue sustancial (p>0.05). El TCR documentado para los pollos en todas las dietas fue similar (p>0.05). Hubo una disminución evidente (p<0.05) en la TV de los pollos de ceba alimentados con GMS, en comparación con los valores registrados en CON. Adicionalmente, se observó un aumento no significativo en la TV de los pollos de ceba con GMS -HRCLb, con respecto a aquellos con GMS. Las TV registradas para los pollos en CON y GMS - HRCLb fueron estadísticamente similares, aunque el valor fue mayor entre los pollos en CON. Sin embargo, los pollos alimentados con GMS -HRCLa presentaron una TV más alta (p<0.05) en comparación con los de todas las demás dietas, respectivamente.

Tabla 2.  Índices de crecimiento de pollos de ceba alimentados con GMS y harina de rizoma de Curcuma longa
Indicadores CON GMS GMS-HRCLb GMS -HRCLa ±EEM Valor de P
GMP (g) 214c 296b 335ab 355a 23.61 0.04
TCR (%) 194 190 193 194 0.73 1.12
TV (%) 77.8b 44.4c 67.8b 94.4a 9.36 0.01

Los valores son medias y EEM (Error Estándar de las Medias). Las medias en una fila sin un superíndice común difieren significativamente (P<0.05). GMP: Ganancia Media de Peso Semanal, TCR: Tasa de Crecimiento Relativa, TV: Tasa de Viabilidad, Dietas: CON (Control/Basal), GMS (Basal+1.25 g de GMS/kg de dieta), GMS -HRCLb (1.25 g GMS + 1.25 g HRCL/kg de dieta), GMS -HRCLa (1.25 g GMS + 2.50 g HRCL/kg de dieta).

Las ganancias significativas en la GMP semanal registradas en los pollos alimentados con las dietas GMS, GMS -HRCLb y GMS -HRCLa sugieren la capacidad del GMS para aumentar el peso en pollos de ceba. Algunos estudios previos también informaron sobre el potencial de aumento de peso del GMS dietético en animales de granja, especialmente los monogástricos (Adu et al. 2022Adu, O.A., Olarotimi, O.J. & Chineke, C.A. 2022. Performance, haemato-biochemical and reproductive potential indices of New Zealand White and Dutch Belted rabbit bucks fed diets containing monosodium glutamate. World Rabbit Science, 30: 35-46, ISSN: 1989-8886. y Li et al. 2024Li, T.X. & Kim, I.H. 2024. Supplementing monosodium glutamate in sow diets enhances reproductive performance in lactating sows and improves the growth of suckling piglets. Animals, 14(12): 1714, ISSN: 2076-2615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14121714. ). Las mejores ganancias de peso observadas entre los pollos de las dietas GMS-HRCLb y GMS-HRCLa indicaron efectos complementarios de HRCL en la dieta tratada con GMS. Este estudio actual, en lo que respecta a la capacidad de HRCL para mejorar la GMP, está en concordancia con otras investigaciones, como las de Al-Muhammadawi y Jassim Hammoudi (2022)Al-Muhammadawi, N.A. & Jassim Hammoudi, S. 2022. Effect of adding different levels of therapeutic Curcuma on productive traits in broiler chickens. Archives of Razi Institute, 77(6): 2059-2064, ISSN: 2008-9872. https://doi.org/10.22092/ARI.2022.358198.2177. , quienes destacaron el potencial del polvo de C. longa para mejorar el consumo de alimento significativo y la ganancia de peso en pollos de ceba, alimentados con una dieta que contenía hasta 4 g/kg de dicho polvo. Además, Khodadadi et al. (2021)Khodadadi, M., Sheikhi, N., Haghbin N.H. & Nikbakht B.G. 2021. Effects of dietary turmeric (Curcuma longa) on innate and acquired immune responses in broiler chicken. Veterinary and Animal Science, 14: 100213, ISSN: 2451-943X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vas.2021.100213. también informaron que la inclusión de polvo de cúrcuma, con 5 g/kg de dieta, mejoró significativamente las ganancias de peso corporal de los pollos de ceba. Se ha identificado que los componentes bioactivos de la cúrcuma, como la curcumina, la demetoxicurcumina y la bisdemetoxicurcumina, son responsables de sus acciones biológicas (El-Saadony et al. 2023El-Saadony, M.T., Yang, T., Korma, S.A., Sitohy, M., Abd El-Mageed, T.A., Selim, S., Al Jaouni, S.K., Salem, H.M., Mahmmod, Y., Soliman, S.M., Mo'men, S.A.A., Mosa, W.F.A., El-Wafai, N.A., Abou-Aly, H.E., Sitohy, B., Abd El-Hack, M.E., El-Tarabily, K.A. & Saad, A.M. 2023. Impacts of turmeric and its principal bioactive curcumin on human health: Pharmaceutical, medicinal, and food applications: A comprehensive review. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9: 1040259, ISSN: 2296-861X. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1040259. ).

Por lo tanto, la adición de HRCL en la proporción utilizada en este estudio conllevó a mejoras adicionales en la GMP semanal y esto podría estar relacionado con la acción de los compuestos polifenólicos inherentes al HRCL, los cuales han desempeñado una función moduladora en las enzimas gastrointestinales de los pollos y, por lo tanto, mejoraron la digestión, la disponibilidad de nutrientes y la ganancia de peso corporal de los pollos alimentados con dietas que contienen HRCL. Sin embargo, la disminución de la tasa de viabilidad observada entre los pollos de ceba alimentados con una dieta con GMS es indicio de un aumento significativo en el porcentaje de mortalidad de los pollos tratados con GMS. Esto respalda informes previos que señalan que una alta inclusión de GMS podría causar efectos negativos de gran alcance en los animales de granja, como fallo renal, problemas cardíacos, disminución de la espermatogénesis, aumento de anomalías en las células espermáticas, así como la inducción de estrés oxidativo y, en última instancia, una alta tasa de mortalidad (Olarotimi 2020Olarotimi, O.J. 2020. Serum electrolyte balance and antioxidant status of broiler chickens fed diets containing varied levels of monosodium glutamate (MSG). Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 44(103): 1-7, ISSN: 2522-8307. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-00360-6. y Ruiz-Valderrama et al. 2025Ruiz-Valderrama, L., Mendoza-Sánchez, J.E., Rodríguez-Tobón, E., Arrieta-Cruz, I., González-Márquez, H., Salame-Méndez, P.A., Tarragó-Castellanos, R., Cortés-Barberena, E., Rodríguez-Tobón, A. & Arenas-Ríos, E. 2025. High-fat diets disturb rat epididymal sperm maturation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(5): 1850, ISSN: 1422-0067. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26051850. ). No obstante, el aumento en la tasa de viabilidad observado entre los pollos de ceba alimentados con HRCL, que significó una reducción del porcentaje de mortalidad de los pollos en las dietas GMS-HRCLb y GMS -HRCLa, destacó el potencial restaurador de la HRCL en los efectos adversos de una mayor inclusión de GMS como potenciador de sabor en la dieta de pollos. Por lo tanto, el presente estudio ha señalado que la tasa de inclusión adecuada de HRCL, como se observó en las dietas C y D, podría eliminar las preocupaciones negativas sobre el uso de GMS como potenciador de sabor en recursos alimenticios no convencionales, considerados no aptos para la dieta de aves debido a su baja palatabilidad, haciéndolos generalmente útiles y aceptables.

Parámetros hematológicos de pollos de ceba alimentados con GMS y harina de rizoma de Curcuma longa: Se observaron disminuciones (p<0.05) en los índices hematológicos como PCV, RBC y Hb (tabla 3) en los pollos de ceba de la dieta GMS en comparación con las dietas CON, GMS-HRCLb y GMS-HRCLa, respectivamente. Por otro lado, los niveles de MCV y MCH en los pollos de ceba de la dieta CON se elevaron (p<0.05), mientras que la concentración de MCHC en todas las dietas de tratamiento permaneció sin cambios. Entre los conteos diferenciales de leucocitos estudiados, los linfocitos, heterófilos, eosinófilos y basófilos en los pollos de engorde de la dieta GMS se redujeron considerablemente (p<0.05) en comparación con los valores registrados por los pollos de todas las demás dietas experimentales, respectivamente. Sin embargo, las concentraciones de monocitos no se vieron afectadas (p>0.05) en los pollos de la dieta GMS. Además, todos los parámetros hematológicos estuvieron influenciados en los pollos alimentados con las dietas GMS-HRCLb y GMS -HRCLa en comparación con la dieta GMS. En algunos casos, los pollos con la dieta GMS -HRCLRa tuvieron mejores resultados (GR, Hb y linfocitos) que con las dietas CON y GMS -HRCLa, respectivamente.

Tabla 3.  Índices hematológicos de pollos de ceba alimentados con GMS y harina de rizoma de Curcuma longa
Indicadores CON GMS GMS -HRCLb GMS -HRCLa ±EEM Valor de P
PCV (%) 29.20b 20.40c 30.40b 32.40ab 1.48 0.02
GR (x106 mm3) 2.14b 1.24c 2.03a 1.95a 0.09 0.02
CMHC (g/dL) 33.50 33.00 32.80 33.00 1.54 0.01
VCM (fL) 102.00b 137.13a 128.00ab 110.00b 7.45 0.00
HCM (pg) 37.22b 47.71a 36.18b 34.10b 2.48 0.04
Hemoglobina (g/dL) 9.72b 5.12c 10.10ab 12.80a 0.49 0.01
Linfocitos (%) 28.2b 24.5c 34.6a 34.8a 1.81 0.01
Monocitos (%) 2.03 2.13 2.09 2.16 0.15 0.23
Heterófilos (%) 28.30b 21.30c 31.15a 29.30ab 2.37 0.01
Eosinófilos (%) 2.83a 2.13c 2.11b 2.93a 0.24 0.02
Basófilos (%) 3.12a 2.62b 2.74b 2.96a 0.17 0.01

Los valores son medias y EEM (Error estándar de las medias). Las medias en una fila sin un superíndice común difieren significativamente (P<0.05). PCV: prueba de volumen corpuscular (hematocrito), GR: Glóbulos Rojos, CMHC: Concentración Media de Hemoglobina Corpuscular, VCM: Volumen Corpuscular Medio, HCM: Hemoglobina Corpuscular Media, Dietas: CON (Control/Basal), GMS (Basal + 1.25 g de GMS /kg de dieta), GMS -HRCLb (1.25 g de GMS + 1.25 g de HRCL/kg de dieta), GMS -HRCLa (1.25 g de GMS + 2.50 g de HRCL/kg de dieta).

El principal criterio para el diagnóstico crítico de enfermedades y la gestión de la salud de los animales de granja son los componentes hematológicos y bioquímicos de la sangre. Los efectos adversos de una alta inclusión de GMS para la salud fueron evidentes en el presente estudio por la disminución significativa de los parámetros hematológicos como hematocrito, glóbulos rojos, Hb, linfocitos, heterófilos, eosinófilos y basófilos. La reducción en el PCV podría resultar de la interferencia del GMS con los procesos fisiológicos. Esto podría, sin embargo, culminar en daño celular, falla en la producción de médula ósea o pérdida de sangre. A partir de este resultado, los pollos de la dieta con GSM estaban anémicos debido a la reducción de los valores medios de PCV, hemoglobina y glóbulos rojos registrados. El resultado del presente estudio no difirió de estudios previos en los que la anemia y la generación de especies reactivas de oxígeno se encontraban entre los efectos hematológicos negativos registrados del GMS en animales (Thongsepee et al. 2022Thongsepee, N., Martviset, P., Chantree, P., Sornchuer, P., Sangpairoj, K., Prathaphan, P., Ruangtong, J. & Hiranyachattada, S. 2022. Daily consumption of monosodium glutamate pronounced hypertension and altered renal excretory function in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Heliyon, 8(10): e10972, ISSN: 2405-8440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10972.). Se han destacado las funciones de los heterófilos y basófilos en los mecanismos de defensa contra los microorganismos, sustancias venenosas y sustancias extrañas (Poto et al. 2023Poto, R., Loffredo, S., Marone, G., Di Salvatore, A., de Paulis, A., Schroeder, J.T. & Varricchi, G. 2023. Basophils beyond allergic and parasitic diseases. Frontiers in Immunology, 14: 1190034, ISSN: 1664-3224. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1190034. ). Con las reducciones registradas en los leucocitos diferenciales en los pollos de ceba alimentados con dieta de GMS, se ha afectado el sistema inmunológico de los pollos para enfrentar cualquier invasión.

Por otra parte, también se registraron aumentos significativos en los recuentos de heterófilos y linfocitos en ratas Wistar alimentadas con altas inclusiones de GMS (Ati et al. 2025Ati, U.B., Atangwho, I.J. & Itam, E.H. 2025. Effect of monosodium glutamate on selected tissue lipids and haematology of neonatal and adult Wistar rats. Journal of Biochemical Technology, 16(1): 1-8, ISSN: 0974-2328. https://doi.org/10.51847/88vnUSGDHJ. ). Además, también se observó anemia macrocítica debido al aumento del VCM y HCM entre los pollos con la dieta de GMS. Esto evidencia que el GMS en la dieta condujo a una deficiencia de ácido fólico en los pollos. Sin embargo, se observaron tendencias restauradoras hacia la normalidad en los parámetros hematológicos afectados en los pollos alimentados con dietas GMS-HRCLb y GMS-HRCLa. Esta es una clara influencia de la inclusión de HRCL en el alimento.

Por lo tanto, se podría inferir que la HRCL, en estos niveles de inclusión, podría desempeñar un papel restaurador en los efectos negativos hematológicos causados por la inclusión de altas cantidades de GMS en dietas para pollos de ceba. Los resultados del presente estudio también respaldan los hallazgos de Hafez et al. (2025)Hafez, M.H., El-Kazaz, S.E., Alharthi, B., Ghamry, H.I., Alshehri, M.A., Sayed, S., Shukry, M. & El-Sayed, Y.S. 2022. The impact of curcumin on growth performance, growth-related gene expression, oxidative stress, and immunological biomarkers in broiler chickens at different stocking densities. Animals, 12(8): 958, ISSN: 2076-2615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12080958. , donde se registraron mejoras significativas en las concentraciones de glóbulos rojos y blancos en pollos alimentados con 200 mg/kg de harina de cúrcuma. Aderemi y Alabi (2023)Aderemi, F.A. & Alabi, O.M. 2023. Turmeric (Curcuma longa): An alternative to antibiotics in poultry nutrition. Translation Animal Science, 7(1): txad133, ISSN: 2573-2102. https://doi.org/10.1093/tas/txad133. observaron igualmente que el polvo de cúrcuma aumentaba significativamente el porcentaje de linfocitos en pollos. La curcumina, componente bioactivo presente en el rizoma de cúrcuma, se ha señalado como responsable de esta mejora (Peng et al. 2023Peng, Y., Ao, M., Dong, B., Jiang, Y., Yu, L., Chen, Z., Hu, C. & Xu, R. 2021. Anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin in the inflammatory diseases: Status, limitations and countermeasures. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 15: 4503-4525, ISSN: 1177-8881. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S327378. ). Esto podría, por lo tanto, sugerir que los suplementos herbales son una solución viable para el efecto negativo del GMS en pollos de ceba.

Índices bioquímicos séricos de pollos de ceba alimentados con GMS y harina de rizoma de Curcuma longa: En el presente estudio, la dieta con GMS disminuyó significativamente (p<0.05) la albúmina, la globulina y los niveles de proteína total en la sangre de los pollos, en comparación con aquellos de la dieta control (tabla 4). Por el contrario, las concentraciones séricas de creatinina, colesterol y aspartato aminotransferasa se elevaron significativamente (p<0.05) en los pollos con dieta GMS, mientras que la concentración de alanina aminotransferasa permaneció sin cambios (p>0.05). La incorporación de varios niveles de HRCL en dietas tratadas con GMS aumentó significativamente (p<0.05) las concentraciones séricas de albúmina, globulina y proteína total en los pollos con dietas GMS-HRCLb y GMS - HRCLa en comparación con aquellos con dieta GMS sin inclusión de HRCL. Además, el aumento de las concentraciones séricas de creatinina, colesterol y AST observado en pollos alimentados con 1.25 g de GMS/kg de dieta se normalizó significativamente (p<0.05) en los pollos alimentados con dietas ricas en GMS con inclusión de 1.25 y 2.50 g de HRCL/kg.

Tabla 4.  Índices bioquímicos del Suero de pollos de ceba alimentados con GMS y harina de rizoma de Curcuma longa
Indicadores CON GMS GMS - HRCLb GMS - HRCLa ±EEM Valor de P
Proteína Total (g/dL) 55.60b 51.59c 59.91ab 63.40a 2.71 0.03
Albumina (g/dL) 13.02b 10.79c 13.30b 14.60a 0.68 0.01
Globulina (g/dL) 42.58b 40.80c 46.61a 48.80a 2.05 0.01
Creatinina (μmol/L) 22.30c 33.90a 27.60b 22.90c 1.83 0.02
Colesterol (μmol/L) 3.02b 4.90a 3.41b 2.77c 0.16 0.01
Aspartato aminotransferasa (UI/L) 121.00b 146.00a 82.80c 116.00b 5.41 0.01
Alanina aminotransferasa (UI/L) 78.7 76.3 70.9 82.0 3.56 0.56

Los valores son medias y EEM (Error estándar de la media). Las medias en una fila sin un superíndice común difieren significativamente (P<0.05). Dietas: CON (Control/Basal), GMS (Basal+1.25 g de GMS /kg de dieta), GMS -HRCLb (1.25 g de GMS + 1.25 g de HRCL/kg de dieta), GMS -HRCLa (1.25 g de GMS + 2.50 g de HRCL/kg de dieta).

El sitio de síntesis de proteínas es el hígado. Cualquier efecto adverso en este órgano afectará en consecuencia la concentración de proteínas séricas. Por lo tanto, las depresiones significativas registradas en las concentraciones de proteínas séricas entre los pollos de ceba alimentados con dieta GMS en este estudio sugieren el impacto negativo de la alta inclusión de GMS, tal como se utilizó, en la función normal del hígado y la síntesis de proteínas. Los resultados de la presente investigación se alinean con Abdulghani et al. (2022)Abdulghani, M.A.M., Alshehade, S.A., Kamran, S. & Alshawsh, M.A. 2022. Effect of monosodium glutamate on serum sex hormones and uterine histology in female rats along with its molecular docking and in-silico toxicity. Heliyon, 8(10): e10967, ISSN: 2405-8440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10967. y Olarotimi y Adu (2022)Olarotimi, O.J. & Adu, O.A. 2022. Growth performance, blood indices and hormonal responses of broiler chickens fed monosodium glutamate. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 12(2): 341-352, ISSN: 2251-631X. https://doi.org/10.20.1001.1.2251628.2022.12.2.14.5. , quienes reportaron reducciones en las concentraciones de proteínas sanguíneas con niveles altos de inclusión de GMS. Las reducciones significativas observadas en las proteínas séricas en los pollos con dieta GMS indicaron una función hepática obstruida y, esencialmente, un trastorno de la síntesis de proteínas en el hígado (Banerjee et al. 2020Banerjee, A., Das, D., Paul, R., Roy, S., Das, U., Saha, S., Dey, S., Adhikary, A., Mukherjee, S. & Maji, B.K. 2020. Mechanistic study of attenuation of monosodium glutamate mixed high lipid diet induced systemic damage in rats by Coccinia grandis. Scientific Reports, 10(1): 15443, ISSN: 2045-2322. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72076-6. ). De manera similar, el daño a las células hepáticas también se vincula con un aumento significativo en las actividades de las enzimas séricas. La elevación significativa en la concentración de AST en los pollos de ceba alimentados con dieta de GMS indicó alteraciones en la función hepática (Abo Ghanima et al. 2023Abo Ghanima, M.M., Abd El-Hack, M.E., Al-Otaibi, A.M., Nasr, S., Almohmadi, N.H., Taha, A.E., Jaremko, M. & El-Kasrawy, N.I. 2023. Growth performance, liver and kidney functions, blood hormonal profile, and economic efficiency of broilers fed different levels of threonine supplementation during feed restriction. Poultry Science, 102(8): 102796, ISSN: 1525-3171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2023.102796. ). El aumento significativo observado en el nivel de colesterol sérico entre los pollos alimentados con dieta de GMS coincidió con el informe de Moldovan et al. (2023)Moldovan, O.L., Vari, C.E., Tero-Vescan, A., Cotoi, O.S., Cocuz, I.G., Tabaran, F.A., Pop, R., Fülöp, I., Chis, R.F., Lungu, I.A. & Rusu, A. 2023. Potential defence mechanisms triggered by monosodium glutamate sub-chronic consumption in two-year-old. Wistar rats. Nutrients, 15(20): 4436, ISSN: 2072-6643. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15204436. . El nivel elevado de colesterol sérico fue un indicio de alteración en el metabolismo del colesterol y podría desencadenar enfermedades coronarias en los pollos de ceba (Kirkpatrick et al. 2023Kirkpatrick, C.F., Sikand, G., Petersen, K.S., Anderson, C.A.M., Aspry, K.E., Bolick, J.P., Kris-Etherton, P.M. & Maki, K.C. 2023. Nutrition interventions for adults with dyslipidemia: A clinical perspective from the National Lipid Association. Journal of Clinical Lipidology, 17(4): 428-451, ISSN: 1933-2874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2023.05.099. ). Aparte de las proteínas séricas, las elevaciones significativas de creatinina, colesterol y aspartato aminotransferasa registradas en los pollos de la dieta de GMS reforzaron aún más la afirmación de que el GMS, en la inclusión utilizada en el presente estudio, podría ser perjudicial para los pollos de engorde. Uno de los indicadores utilizados para determinar la funcionalidad de un riñón sano es la concentración sérica de creatinina. Una falla en la capacidad del riñón para filtrar líquidos dentro del cuerpo se ha relacionado previamente con una elevación anormal de la creatinina sérica (Gounden et al. 2022Gounden, V., Bhatt, H. & Jialal, I. 2022. Renal Function Tests. [Online]. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507821/. [Consulted: January 21, 2025].). Abdou et al. (2025)Abdou, H.M., El-Gendy, A.H., Aly, R.G., Abouzied, M.M., Eltahir, H.M., Al Thagfan, S.S. & Eweda, S.M. 2025. Evaluation of the effects of monosodium glutamate overconsumption on the functions of the liver, kidney, and heart of male rats: The involvement of dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses. Journal of Xenobiotics, 15(3): 64, ISSN: 2039-4713. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox15030064. también observaron un aumento en la concentración de creatinina en sangre de ratas adultas a las que se les administró un alto nivel de GMS. Se podría inferir que la alta inclusión de GMS, como la utilizada en este estudio, tiene el potencial de predisponer a los pollos de ceba a un deterioro renal.

Sin embargo, los efectos restauradores de la HRCL fueron notables entre los pollos con dietas GMS-HRCLb y GMS-HRCLa, donde las concentraciones de proteínas mejoraron significativamente en comparación con aquellos de la dieta GMS. De hecho, la inclusión de 2.50 g de HRCL/kg de dieta aumentó la síntesis de proteínas en el hígado más que lo observado en los pollos con dieta CON. Los resultados de la presente investigación confirmaron los de Tuong et al. (2023)Tuong, D.T.C., Moniruzzaman, M., Smirnova, E., Chin, S., Sureshbabu, A., Karthikeyan, A. & Min, T. 2023. Curcumin as a potential antioxidant in stress regulation of terrestrial, avian, and aquatic animals: A review. Antioxidants (Basel), 12(9): 1700, ISSN: 2076-3921. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12091700. acerca de los efectos mejoradores del polvo de cúrcuma en las concentraciones de proteínas séricas. Abdou et al. (2025)Abdou, H.M., El-Gendy, A.H., Aly, R.G., Abouzied, M.M., Eltahir, H.M., Al Thagfan, S.S. & Eweda, S.M. 2025. Evaluation of the effects of monosodium glutamate overconsumption on the functions of the liver, kidney, and heart of male rats: The involvement of dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses. Journal of Xenobiotics, 15(3): 64, ISSN: 2039-4713. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox15030064. , Kunnumakkara et al. (2023)Kunnumakkara, A.B., Hegde, M., Parama, D., Girisa, S., Kumar, A., Daimary, U.D., Garodia, P., Yenisetti, S.C., Oommen, O.V. & Aggarwal, B.B. 2023. Role of turmeric and curcumin in prevention and treatment of chronic diseases: Lessons learned from clinical trials. ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science, 6(4): 447-518, ISSN: 2575-9108. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.2c00012. así como Olarotimi y Adu (2022)Olarotimi, O.J. & Adu, O.A. 2022. Growth performance, blood indices and hormonal responses of broiler chickens fed monosodium glutamate. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 12(2): 341-352, ISSN: 2251-631X. https://doi.org/10.20.1001.1.2251628.2022.12.2.14.5. también informaron previamente sobre los efectos positivos de la cúrcuma en los perfiles de proteínas sanguíneas. Además, los niveles de inclusión de HRCL utilizados en el estudio también redujeron los efectos negativos del alto GMS en las enzimas séricas y el contenido de colesterol en los pollos en las dietas GMS-HRCLb y GMS-HRCLa. Los contenidos de curcumina en la cúrcuma, que son compuestos polifenólicos muy efectivos, son los responsables de esto. Se conoce que la curcumina es capaz de eliminar los radicales libres inducidos por GMS y de proteger las células del estrés oxidativo.

Enzimas antioxidantes séricas y electrolitos de pollos de engorde alimentados con GMS y harina de rizoma de Curcuma longa: La tabla 5 presenta los hallazgos sobre las actividades de las enzimas antioxidantes séricas y el equilibrio de electrolitos en pollos de ceba alimentados con dietas con alta inclusión de GMS, con y sin HRCL. Los pollos alimentados con la dieta GMS mostraron reducciones significativas (p<0.05) en la actividad de las enzimas antioxidantes séricas (catalasa, glutatión peroxidasa y superóxido dismutasa) en comparación con los que recibieron las dietas de control. Sin embargo, la adición de HRCL aumentó significativamente (p<0.05) las concentraciones séricas de todas las enzimas antioxidantes en comparación con los pollos con dieta GMS. Entre los pollos con dietas GMS-HRCLb y GMS-HRCLa, las concentraciones de SOD y catalasa sérica fueron estadísticamente (p>0.05) similares a las de la dieta GMS-HRCLb, excepto para GSH-Px, donde las concentraciones en la dieta GMS-HRCLa fueron significativamente (p<0.05) mayores. Con respecto al equilibrio de electrolitos, la dieta con GMS elevó significativamente (p<0.05) la concentración sérica de cloruro, mientras que no hubo influencia estadísticamente significativa (p>0.05) en los niveles de Na+ y K+ en sangre. Sin embargo, las dietas GMS-HRCLb y GMS-HRCLa disminuyeron significativamente (p<0.05) el nivel elevado de Cl- en sangre observado en pollos alimentados con dieta GMS.

Tabla 5.  Enzimas antioxidantes y equilibrio de electrolitos en pollos de ceba alimentados con GMS y harina de rizoma de Curcuma longa
Indicadores CON GMS GMS-HRCLb GMS-HRCLa ±SEM Valor de P
Enzimas Antioxidantes Séricas
Catalasa (mM/mL/min) 12.5b 7.24d 19.57a 20.69a 0.54 0.01
Glutatión peroxidasa (μg/g) 220b 125c 225b 365a 11.9 0.01
Superóxido dismutasa (%) 67.51b 50.50c 80.22a 86.00a 3.58 0.01
Balance de Electrolitos Séricos
Potasio (K+) (mmol/L) 4.59 4.71 4.30 4.87 0.21 0.12
Cloruro (Cl-) (mmol/L) 97.20bc 116.00a 106.00b 89.80c 4.59 0.01
Sodio (Na+) (mmol/L) 128 129 120 139 6.03 0.23

Los valores son medias y EEM (Error estándar de la media). Las medias en una fila sin un superíndice común difieren significativamente (P<0.05). Dietas: CON (Control/Basal), GMS (Basal+1.25 g de GMS /kg de dieta), GMS -HRCLb (1.25 g de GMS + 1.25 g de HRCL/kg de dieta), GMS -HRCLa (1.25 g de GMS + 2.50 g de HRCL/kg de dieta).

La reducción significativa de enzimas antioxidantes séricas de los pollos de ceba con dieta GMS evidentemente confirmaron las afirmaciones de que mayor inclusión de GMS en la dieta de los pollos podría promover la producción de especies reactivas de oxígeno, sometiendo así a los pollos al estrés oxidativo. Los resultados de la presente investigación también coincidieron con Olarotimi (2020)Olarotimi, O.J. 2020. Serum electrolyte balance and antioxidant status of broiler chickens fed diets containing varied levels of monosodium glutamate (MSG). Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 44(103): 1-7, ISSN: 2522-8307. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-00360-6. . La cantidad elevada de enzimas antioxidantes en las dietas GMS-HRCLb y GMS-HRCLa demostró, además, la capacidad restauradora de los radicales libres de la harina de cúrcuma con los niveles de inclusión utilizados en este estudio. Este resultado concuerda con Peng et al. (2021)Peng, Y., Ao, M., Dong, B., Jiang, Y., Yu, L., Chen, Z., Hu, C. & Xu, R. 2021. Anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin in the inflammatory diseases: Status, limitations and countermeasures. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 15: 4503-4525, ISSN: 1177-8881. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S327378. , quienes informaron sobre la capacidad antioxidante del polvo de cúrcuma en las enzimas antioxidantes séricas y opinaron que la curcumina podría utilizarse como agente antiinflamatorio.

Además, el aumento del nivel sérico de Cl- en los pollos de ceba alimentados con dieta de GMS demostró que el GMS es lo suficientemente potente como para inducir hipercloremia. Los resultados de la actual investigación difirieron de los de Abdou et al. (2025)Abdou, H.M., El-Gendy, A.H., Aly, R.G., Abouzied, M.M., Eltahir, H.M., Al Thagfan, S.S. & Eweda, S.M. 2025. Evaluation of the effects of monosodium glutamate overconsumption on the functions of the liver, kidney, and heart of male rats: The involvement of dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses. Journal of Xenobiotics, 15(3): 64, ISSN: 2039-4713. https://doi.org/10.3390/jox15030064. , quienes reportaron concentraciones más altas de potasio y sodio en suero en ratas tratadas con GMS, en comparación con los controles. En otro estudio, Banerjee et al. (2021)Banerjee, A., Mukherjee, S. & Maji, B. K. 2021. Worldwide flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate combined with high lipid diet provokes metabolic alterations and systemic anomalies: An overview. Toxicology Reports, 8: 938-961, ISSN: 2214-7500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.04.009. registraron un aumento de electrolitos en sangre en ratas alimentadas con altas cantidades de GMS. Sin embargo, los resultados del presente estudio fueron consistentes con los de Macho et al. (2000)Macho, L., Ficková, M., Jezová, Z. & Zórad, S. 2000. Late effects of postnatal administration of monosodium glutamate on insulin action in adult rats. Physiological Research, 49(1): S79-S85, ISSN: 1802-9973. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.gov. y Moldovan et al. (2023)Moldovan, O.L., Vari, C.E., Tero-Vescan, A., Cotoi, O.S., Cocuz, I.G., Tabaran, F.A., Pop, R., Fülöp, I., Chis, R.F., Lungu, I.A. & Rusu, A. 2023. Potential defence mechanisms triggered by monosodium glutamate sub-chronic consumption in two-year-old. Wistar rats. Nutrients, 15(20): 4436, ISSN: 2072-6643. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15204436. , ya que ellos opinaron que el GMS no altera las concentraciones séricas de potasio y sodio. Se ha identificado al cloruro como uno de los electrolitos utilizados para supervisar algunas enfermedades. A partir de nuestro resultado, se podría decir que los pollos de engorde con dieta de GMS estaban ampliamente expuestos a la incidencia de un desequilibrio ácido o de líquidos (acidosis metabólica).

Algunos de los síntomas incluyen: diarrea, fatiga, debilidad, deshidratación y dificultad para respirar, los cuales se observaron en los pollos con dieta de GMS. Los beneficios de la cúrcuma para la salud como agente antiinflamatorio, antioxidante y anticancerígeno (Shamsi-Goushki et al. 2020Shamsi-Goushki, A., Mortazavi, Z., Mirshekar, M.A., Mohammadi, M., Moradi-Kor, N., Jafari-Maskouni, S. & Shahraki, M. 2020. Comparative effects of curcumin versus nano-curcumin on insulin resistance, serum levels of apelin and lipid profile in type 2 diabetic rats. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 13: 2337-2346, ISSN: 1178-7007. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S247351.) se fortalecieron aún más con los resultados del actual estudio, que indicaron claramente los efectos restauradores de la HRCL en las concentraciones séricas de cloruro de los pollos de ceba en las dietas GMS- HRCLb y GMS-HRCLa.

Conclusiones

 

A partir del presente estudio, por lo tanto, se podría llegar a la conclusión de que la inclusión de GMS con HRCL en las dietas es una estrategia nutricional para mejorar la palatabilidad del alimento de los pollos de ceba sin comprometer su crecimiento y estado de salud. La dieta que contiene 2.50 g de HRCL/kg de dieta proporcionó un mejor crecimiento y una tasa de viabilidad cuando se alimentó a pollos de ceba. Por lo tanto, para proteger la salud y favorecer un crecimiento óptimo de estos animales frente a los radicales libres que pueden generarse por altas inclusiones de GMS en la dieta, se recomienda la suplementación con 2.5 g/kg de harina de rizoma de Curcuma longa.