Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science Vol. 59, January-December 2025, ISSN: 2079-3480
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Cu-ID: https://cu-id.com/1996/v59e03
Animal Science

Effect of natural and synthetic pigments on growth performance, relative weight of some organs and cecal characteristics of young broilers

 

iDR. Sánchez DiPalma1Universidad de Zamorano, San Antonio de Oriente, Francisco Morazán, Honduras

iDF. Amaya Gonzalez1Universidad de Zamorano, San Antonio de Oriente, Francisco Morazán, Honduras

iDR. Rodríguez Bertot2Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Granma, Bayamo, Granma, Cuba

iDR. Aroche Ginarte2Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Granma, Bayamo, Granma, Cuba3Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China

iDY. Martínez4Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Fondwa, Leogane, Haiti.*✉:ceoyordan@hotmail.com


1Universidad de Zamorano, San Antonio de Oriente, Francisco Morazán, Honduras

2Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Granma, Bayamo, Granma, Cuba

3Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China

4Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Fondwa, Leogane, Haiti

 

* Email: ceoyordan@hotmail.com

To evaluate whether dietary supplementation with pigments (natural and synthetic) had a growth-promoting effect in broilers at the early stage (0-10 days), 480 one-day-old Ross 308® male chickens were randomly assigned to four treatments (four replicates and 30 birds). The experimental treatment consisted of a control diet and the supplementation with 1 % of Bixa orellana, 1 % of Murraya koenigii and 0.03 % of canthaxanthin. The experimental diets did not affect (P>0.05) the viability, however, Bixa orellana diet increased (P<0.05) the body weight compared to the other experimental groups, although this treatment did not change (P>0.05) the feed intake and feed conversion ratio in relation to the control diet. The treatments did not modify the relative weight of the gizzard, pancreas, and heart (P>0.05). However, the Bixa orellana and Murraya koenigii groups decreased (P<0.05) the relative weight of the proventriculus and cecum and the liver and abdominal fat, respectively. Furthermore, the canthaxanthin group increased (P<0.05) the relative weight of lymphoid organs and small intestine (P<0.05). Moreover, Bixa orellana diet decreased (P<0.05) the pH, total coliforms, Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia coli in the cecum compared to the other diets, and the Murraya koenigii group increased (P<0.05) the population of lactic acid bacteria. Also, in this organ (cecum), yeast quantification decreased (P<0.05) due to canthaxanthin and the fungal population did not change among treatments (P>0.05). Dietary supplementation with Bixa orellana has a natural growth-promoting effect, as well as a marked antimicrobial effect against common cecal Enterobacteriaceae of broilers.

Keywords: 
broiler, cecal microbiology, feed pigment, growth promoter, organ

Received: 05/6/2024; Accepted: 30/9/2024

Conflict of interest: There is not conflict of interest among the authors.

CRediT Authorship Contribution Statement: R. Sánchez Di Palma: Conceptualization, Investigation. F. Amaya González: Investigation. R. Rodríguez Bertot: Data analysis, Writing-original draft. R. Aroche Ginarte: Formal analysis. Y. Martínez: Conceptualization, Investigation, Data analysis, Writing-original draft.

CONTENT

Introduction

 

In many regions, the skin pigmentation of chickens defines their commercialization, since it is associated with a chicken raised in grazing or free range. Thus, the poultry industry is focused on pigmenting chickens according to consumer characteristics, considering intensity and color (Barbut and Leishmanm 2022Barbut, S. & Leishmanm, E.M. 2022. Quality and processability of modern poultry meat. Animals, 12(20): 2766, ISSN: 2076-2615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12202766.). Many strategies have been used, such as the individual or mixed dietary use of yellow and red-orange pigments, whether natural or synthetic, that from the first stages of life can pigment the tarsus or the beak (Xue et al. 2021Xue, X., Fan, L., Dong, Y., Yuan, X., Wang, L., Yang, F. & Zhao, S. 2021. Evaluation of canthaxanthin in eggs and its subsequent dietary risks to Chinese consumers. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 38(2): 255-260, ISSN: 1944-0057. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2020.1853822.). One strategy is the dietary supplementation with canthaxanthin, which is a carotenoid synthetic pigment from the xanthophyll category (Bera 2020Bera, S. 2020. Nutraceutical Aspect of canthaxanthin in animal feed technology. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 7(7): 3076-3084, ISSN: 2515-8260. https://ejmcm.com/uploads/paper/749197d3a872d7e212c73e8792ac2572.pdf.). This pigment has a marked antioxidant effect in vivo (Elia et al. 2019Elia, A.C., Prearo. M., Dörr, A.J.M., Pacin, N., Magara, G., Brizio, P. & Abete, M.C. 2019. Effects of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin on oxidative stress biomarkers in rainbow trout. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 82(13): 760-768, ISSN: 2381-3504. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2019.1648346.); studies have related this effect to the development of the embryo and its subsequent postnatal growth. The use of this synthetic pigment had positive results in the hatchability and vitality of the hatched chick (Araújo et al. 2020Araújo, I.C., Café, M.B., Mesquita, M.A., Caiado, B.N., Faria, A.M., Mello, H.H., Stringhini, J.H. & Leandro, N.S. 2020. Effect of a commercial product containing canthaxanthin for in ovo feeding to broiler embryos on hatchability, chick quality, oxidation status, and performance. Poultry Science, 99(11): 5598-5606, ISSN: 1525-3171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.044.).

The European Union and other countries have limited the use of synthetic pigments; thus, nutritionists are looking for natural pigments for animal production (Pertiwi et al. 2022Pertiwi, H., Nur Mahendra, M.Y. & Kamaludeen, J. 2022. Astaxanthin as a potential antioxidant to improve health and production performance of broiler chicken. Veterinary Medicine International, 2022(1): 4919442, ISSN: 2042-0048. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4919442.). Likewise, some natural pigments also have a phytobiotic function, since they are rich in secondary metabolites that, in low concentrations, have a positive productive response. Among the natural pigments initially proposed for laying hens are Bixa orellana and Murraya koenigii (Franco and Gomez 2022Franco, R.L. & Gómez, D.V. 2022. Efecto de diferentes pigmentos en la productividad y calidad del huevo de gallinas ponedoras. Tesis presentada en opción a Ingeniero Agrónomo. Universidad de Zamorano. 20 pp. https://bdigital.zamorano.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/3c53c325-02d9-458a-8baa-36959b89814f/content. ). Previous experiments indicated that the use of up to 1.5% Bixa orellana in hen diets markedly pigmented yolk color and improved albumen height and Haugh unit (Martínez et al. 2021aMartínez, Y., Orozco, C.E., Montellano, R.M., Valdivié, M. & Parrado, C.A. 2021a. Use of achiote (Bixa orellana L.) seed powder as pigment of the egg yolk of laying hens. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 30(2): 100154, ISSN: 1537-0437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japr.2021.100154.), as well as a study in broilers, indicated improvements in feed efficiency and edible portions (Moncayo and Ramírez 2020Moncayo, T. & Ramírez. J.R. 2020. Efecto nutracéutico del achiote (Bixa orellana) sobre indicadores biológicos de pollos de engorde. Tesis presentada en opción a Ingeniero Agrónomo. Universidad de Zamorano. 48 pp. https://bdigital.zamorano.edu/handle/11036/6792.), related to the high concentration of bixin and norbixin in the seed powder of this pigment. Also, Murraya koenigii has been used daily in human food as a pigment/seasoning for its flavor and aroma (Tabashiri et al. 2022Tabashiri, A., Qadirifard, M. S., Ghaderi, A., Rahmannia, M., Kiani, S., Sharafi, A. & Deravi, N. 2022. A decade anti-diabetic potential of murraya koenigii (curry leaf): A narrative review. African Journal of Diabetes Medicine, 30(3), ISSN: 2053-4787. https://www.africanjournalofdiabetesmedicine.com/articles/a-decade-antidiabetic-potential-of-murraya-koenigii-curry-leaf-a-narrative-review.pdf.); however, few studies have been carried out to verify its effect on skin pigmentation in poultry.

On the other hand, the phytobiotic use of 1 % of Murraya koenigii in diets improved body weight and feed conversion ratio, without affecting edible portions (Karnani et al. 2018Karnani, M., Sharma, V., Choudhary, S., Sharma, S., Saini, S. & Pandey, A. 2018. Effect of curry (Murraya koenigii) leaf powder supplementation on performance of broilers chickens. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 12(2): 2120-2122, ISSN: 0974-8180. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8180.2018.00058.2.). Other studies demonstrated that dietary supplementation with 1.0 % Murraya koenigii reduced serum harmful lipids and abdominal fat, and increased feed efficiency and breast yield in broilers (Sharma et al. 2021Sharma, D., Biswas, A., Deo, C. & Tyagi, P.K. 2021. Effect of dietary supplementation of curry leaves powder on growth performance, immunity, serum biochemical and carcass traits of broiler chickens. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 8: 80-89, ISSN: 0974-8180. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8180.2021.00009.X. ). Considering the above results, it was hypothesized whether the use of natural and synthetic pigments can have a non-antibiotic growth-promoting effect in young broilers, associated with immune activity mediated by lymphoid organs and cecal microbial activity, especially at this critical stage of life (0-10 days) (Martínez et al. 2021bMartínez, Y., Altamirano, E., Ortega, V., Paz, P. & Valdivié, M. 2021b. Effect of age on the immune and visceral organ weights and cecal traits in modern broilers. Animals, 11(3): 845-858, ISSN: 2076-2615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030845.). Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of natural and synthetic pigments on growth, relative weight of some organs, and cecal traits of young broilers.

Materials and Methods

 

Ethics Statement

 

This research work followed the Guidelines for Experimental Animals (Reference number: 7926) of the Department of Agricultural Sciences and Production of the Zamorano University, San Antonio de Oriente, Francisco Morazan, Honduras.

Animals, housing, treatments, and diets

 

A total of 480 Ross 308® male chickens from birth to 10 days old, were randomly assigned to metabolic cages (0.70 m wide x 1.0 m long and 14.29 birds/m2) in four treatments (four replicates and 30 birds per replicate). The experimental diets consisted in a control diet (CD), CD+1 % achiote (Bixa orellana), CD+1 % curry (Murraya koenigii) and CD+0.03 % canthaxanthin. Temperature and lighting were controlled daily. Previous studies (Moncayo and Ramirez 2020Moncayo, T. & Ramírez. J.R. 2020. Efecto nutracéutico del achiote (Bixa orellana) sobre indicadores biológicos de pollos de engorde. Tesis presentada en opción a Ingeniero Agrónomo. Universidad de Zamorano. 48 pp. https://bdigital.zamorano.edu/handle/11036/6792., Sharma et al. 2021Sharma, D., Biswas, A., Deo, C. & Tyagi, P.K. 2021. Effect of dietary supplementation of curry leaves powder on growth performance, immunity, serum biochemical and carcass traits of broiler chickens. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 8: 80-89, ISSN: 0974-8180. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8180.2021.00009.X. , Bonamigo et al. 2022Bonamigo, D.V., Rosa, A.P., Paixão, S.J., Stefanello, F.S., Londero, A., Mariani, A.B. & Bittencourt, L.C. 2022. Performance, carcass yield and cuts of male broilers fed with canthaxanthin and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in the diet. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 283: 115173, ISSN: 1873-2216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115173. and Franco and Gomez 2022Franco, R.L. & Gómez, D.V. 2022. Efecto de diferentes pigmentos en la productividad y calidad del huevo de gallinas ponedoras. Tesis presentada en opción a Ingeniero Agrónomo. Universidad de Zamorano. 20 pp. https://bdigital.zamorano.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/3c53c325-02d9-458a-8baa-36959b89814f/content. ) were taken as references for the dietary inclusion levels of pigments. Diets were formulated following Ross 308 requirements (table 1 and photo 1). The pigments used were acquired in the company "Alimento", Honduras. Feed and water were offered ad libitum in linear feeders and nipple drinkers, respectively. Initial and final body weights (IBW and FBW), as well as feed intake (FI) were measured to determine the feed conversion ratio (FCR).

Table 1.  Ingredients and nutritional contributions of broilers (0-10 days)
Ingredients (%) Control diet
Corn meal 59.16
Soymeal 32.29
Mineral and vitamin premix1 0.35
Sodium chloride 0.25
Sodium bicarbonate 0.25
African palm oil 3.44
Choline 0.05
DL-Methionine 0.34
L-Threonine 0.16
L-Lysine 0.32
Calcium carbonate 1.60
Monocalcium phosphate 1.54
Mycotoxin binder 0.20
Coccidiostat 0.05
Calculated nutritional contributions (%)
Metabolizable energy (MJ/kg) 12.44
Crude protein 22.00
Ca 0.90
Available P 0.45
Digestible Lysine 1.22
Digestible Methionine+Cistine 0.91
Digestible Threonine 0.83
Digestible Tryptophan 0.20
Na 0.18
Cl 0.21

1Each kg contains: vitamin A 11,550 IU, vitamin D3 4,300 IU, vitamin E 27.5 IU, vitamin K3 3.85 mg, vitamin B1 2.75 mg, vitamin B2 9.9 mg, vitamin B6 3.85 mg, vitamin B12 22.0 Mcg, niacin 49.5 mg, pantothenic acid 15.4 mg, folic acid 1.38 mg, biotin 166 Mcg; selenium 0.09 mg, iodine 0.18 mg, copper 3.00 mg, iron 36.0 mg, manganese 54.0 mg, zinc 48.0 mg, cobalt 0.12 mg.

Photo 1.  Finished feed after the inclusion of pigments

Relative weight of digestive, visceral, and immune organs

 

At 10 days old 80 broilers (20 chickens per replicate) per treatment were randomly selected to determine relative organ weights. From each chicken, the viscera (liver and heart), the immune organs (thymus, spleen, and bursa of Fabricius), the digestive organs (proventriculus and gizzard), and the intestines (small and caecum) were extracted. The relative weight was determined according to the body weight at the slaughter of broilers (Aguilar et al. 2013Aguilar, Y., Yero, O., Liu, G., Ren, W., Bertot, R., Jiménez, F. & Nyachoti, C.M. 2013. Effect of dietary supplementation with Anacardium occidentale on growth performance and immune and visceral organ weights in replacement laying pullets. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 11: 1352-1357, ISSN: 1459-0263. https://doi.org/10.1234/4.2013.4855.).

Cecal traits

 

The left cecum of 20 broilers per treatment (five samples per replicate) was taken, and the pH was determined was determined using an Oakton®model 700 digital pH meter (Oakton Instruments, Vermon Hills, IL, USA). Before testing, the potentiometer was calibrated with pH buffers at 1.68, 4.01, 7.00, 10.01, and 12.45 according to the manufacturer’s recommendations.

Also, the right cecum of five birds per treatment was taken, and the mucosa with a scalpel was scraped for microbiological culture. Each sample's cecal content was placed in a sterile tube; weight was recorded and diluted with Buffered Peptone Water (BPW, Liofilchem, Italy) to a 1:9 ratio (w:v). Diluted cecal contents were homogenized, and serial dilutions (1/10) were made from it until dilution 105. Aliquots of 0.1 mL of each dilution were spread-plated on the surface of selective and differential media for microbiological analysis. Violet Red Bile Glucose agar plates for Enterocateriaceae and Violet Red Bile Lactose MUG Agar for coliform and E. coli counts (Liofilchem, Italy), were incubated at 35 °C for 24 h. Yeast and molds were determined with Rose-Bengal Chloramphenicol Agar (Liofilchem, Italy) incubated at 25 °C for five days. Lactic acid bacteria were enumerated on Man Rogosa Sharpe agar (Liofilchem, Italy) supplemented with methylene blue (0.016 g/1000mL) at 37 °C with a pH of 5.6 for 48 h in anaerobiosis (Gas Pak system, BBL, Cockeysville, USA) (Lan et al. 2017Lan, R.X., Lee, S.I. & Kim, I.H. 2017. Effects of Enterococcus faecium SLB 120 on growth performance, blood parameters, relative organ weight, breast muscle meat quality, excreta microbiota shedding, and noxious gas emission in broilers. Poultry Science, 96: 3246-3253, ISSN: 1525-3171. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pex101.).

All bacterial counts were presented as Log CFU/g. Presence of Salmonella on each cecum was determined by pre-enrichment of the diluted cecum in BPW at 35 °C for 24 h, followed by selective enrichment for with tetrathionate broth (Liofilchem, Italy) and Rappaport-Vassiliadis broth (Neogen Acumedia, Mich) at 35 and 42 °C, respectively. After selective enrichment, one loop of each selective media was streaked onto the surface of XLD agar, Hektoen Enteric Agar, and Bismuth Sulphite Agar (Neogen Acumedia, Mich). All selective plates were incubated at 35 °C for 24-48 h. Typical colonies were picked and confirmed by biochemical test on Triple Sugar Iron Agar and Lysine Iron Agar (Liofilchem, Italy). Serological confirmation was made with Salmonella O antiserum poly A-I & Vi Antiserum (BD Difco, MD) (Martínez et al. 2021bMartínez, Y., Altamirano, E., Ortega, V., Paz, P. & Valdivié, M. 2021b. Effect of age on the immune and visceral organ weights and cecal traits in modern broilers. Animals, 11(3): 845-858, ISSN: 2076-2615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030845.).

Statistical analysis

 

The data was processed using the one-way ANOVA test of SPSS 23.0 (SPSS Inc., IBM Corporation, New York, NY, USA) in a completely randomized design, before carrying out the analysis of variance, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was performed, and the Bartlett’s test was used to evaluate the uniformity of the variance, where necessary. Finally, Duncan range test was used to determine the differences between means (P<0.05).

Results and Discussion

 

The experimental diets did not change (P>0.05) the viability in the first 10 days old of broilers (table 2). However, the dietary supplementation with Bixa orellana increased (P<0.05) the body weight compared to the other treatments. Furthermore, diets with Murraya koenigii and canthaxanthin decreased feed intake, which provoked the highest feed conversion ratio (table 2, P<0.05) in relation to the control and Bixa orellana groups.

Table 2.  Effect of the dietary supplementation of natural and synthetic pigments on growth performance of young broilers
Items Experimental treatments SEM± P-value
Control Bixa orellana Murraya koenigii Canthaxanthin
IBW (g) 47.52 47.54 47.58 47.57 0.095 0.091
FBW (g) 258.48b 270.00a 203.16c 206.08c 6.314 0.001
FI (g) 198.15ab 210.25a 175.85b 176.5b 5.180 0.038
FCR 0.94b 0.95b 1.13a 1.11a 0.051 0.001
Viability (%) 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

a,b,cMeans within the same row with different superscript differ significantly (P<0.05).

IBW: initial body weight; FBW: final body weight; FI: feed intake; FCR: feed conversion ratio

In this study, only the Bixa orellana seed powder promoted the body weight, the other ingredients decreased this productive indicator (table 2). In this sense, Moncayo and Ramírez (2020)Moncayo, T. & Ramírez. J.R. 2020. Efecto nutracéutico del achiote (Bixa orellana) sobre indicadores biológicos de pollos de engorde. Tesis presentada en opción a Ingeniero Agrónomo. Universidad de Zamorano. 48 pp. https://bdigital.zamorano.edu/handle/11036/6792. reported that the use of 1.5 % achiote in the diet improved the feed efficiency of broilers up to 28 days old, due to the presence of bixin and norbixin in achiote, which has an antioxidant effect in vitro and in vivo (Ashraf et al. 2023Ashraf, A., Ijaz, M.U., Muzammil, S., Nazir, M.M., Zafar, S., Zihad, S.N.K. & Nayak, A.K. 2023. The role of bixin as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and skin protecting natural product extracted from Bixa orellana L. Fitoterapia, 169: 105612, ISSN: 1873-6971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105612.). Likewise, Handayani et al. (2024)Handayani, I., Septiana, A. T. & Sustriawan, B. 2024. Natural pigments and antioxidants properties of annatto extract at various pH of distilled water solvent and extraction times. Food Research, 8(2): 489-494, ISSN: 2550-2166. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.8(2).394. reported that when testing different carotenoids as an antioxidant, norbixin was the only one that inhibited the oxidative deterioration of lipids. Also, Garcia et al. (2012)Garcia, C.E.R., Bolognesi, V.J., Dias, J.D.F.G., Miguel, O.G. & Cost, C.K. 2012. Carotenoids bixin and norbixin from annatto (Bixa orellana L.) as antioxidants in meat products. Ciência Rural, 42: 1510-1518, ISSN: 1678-4596. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782012000800029. mentioned that bixin and norbixin in achiote decrease lipid peroxidation in meat. In a study by Nathan et al. (2019)Nathan, V.K., Rani, M.E., Rathinasamy, G. & Narayanan Dhiraviam, K. 2019. Antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of natural colouring pigment derived from Bixa orellana L. Seed Aril. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, 89: 137-143, ISSN: 2250-1746. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-017-0927-z. reported that bixin and norbixin, as the main chemical components of achiote, do not present carcinogenic and mutagenic effects by silico methods, in addition, the authors found a marked bactericidal effect against enterobacteria. Apparently, the antioxidant and antimicrobial effect of the achiote benefited the productivity of young birds (up to 10 days old), considering that the first days old is the most critical moment for these animals, which present low immunological, enzymatic and antioxidant activity (Martínez et al. 2021bMartínez, Y., Altamirano, E., Ortega, V., Paz, P. & Valdivié, M. 2021b. Effect of age on the immune and visceral organ weights and cecal traits in modern broilers. Animals, 11(3): 845-858, ISSN: 2076-2615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030845.).

Both canthaxanthin and Murraya koenigii decreased feed intake, which had a negative influence on body weight, although without affecting the viability of young broilers (table 2). Several studies have demonstrated the antioxidant role of canthaxanthin in animals (Mathimaran et al. 2020Mathimaran, A., Kumar, A., Prajapati, G., Ampapathi, R.S., Bora, H.K. & Guha, R. 2020. Partially saturated canthaxanthin alleviates aging-associated oxidative stress in d-galactose administered male Wistar rats. Biogerontology, 22: 19-34, ISSN: 1573-6768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-020-09898-4.). In this sense, von Lintig et al. (2020)von Lintig, J., Moon, J., Lee, J. & Ramkumar, S. 2020. Carotenoid metabolism at the intestinal barrier. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, 1865(11): 158580, ISSN: 1879-2618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158580. stated that canthaxanthin has shown antioxidant activity in various in vitro and in vivo model systems, which may enhance endogenous antioxidant activity and reduce cellular oxidative stress. Bonamigo et al. (2022)Bonamigo, D.V., Rosa, A.P., Paixão, S.J., Stefanello, F.S., Londero, A., Mariani, A.B. & Bittencourt, L.C. 2022. Performance, carcass yield and cuts of male broilers fed with canthaxanthin and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in the diet. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 283: 115173, ISSN: 1873-2216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115173. showed that diets containing canthaxanthin associated with 25-OH-D3 improved productivity and bone development in broilers. However, Araújo et al (2020)Araújo, I.C., Café, M.B., Mesquita, M.A., Caiado, B.N., Faria, A.M., Mello, H.H., Stringhini, J.H. & Leandro, N.S. 2020. Effect of a commercial product containing canthaxanthin for in ovo feeding to broiler embryos on hatchability, chick quality, oxidation status, and performance. Poultry Science, 99(11): 5598-5606, ISSN: 1525-3171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.044. did not recommend the dietary use of canthaxanthin in ovo because it decreased the feed efficiency in broilers, even though this synthetic product increased hatch indicators and oxidative status. Further studies are needed to understand the role of canthaxanthin in gastrointestinal health and endogenous antioxidant capacity in young broilers.

The antioxidant effect of Murraya koenigii is known because it captures the free radicals formed in the lipid peroxidation process (Bharathi et al. 2011Bharathi, P., Reddy, A.G., Reddy, A.R. & Alpharaj, M. 2011. A study of certain herbs against chlorpyrifos-induced changes in lipid and protein profile in poultry. Toxicology International, 18: 44-46, ISSN: 0976-5131. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-6580.75854.). Das et al. (2011)Das, A.K., Rajkumar, V. & Dwivedi, D.K. 2011. Antioxidant effect of curry leaf (Murraya koenigii) powder on quality of ground and cooked goat meat. International Food Research Journal, 18: 563-569, ISSN: 2231-7546. http://www.ifrj.upm.edu.my/18%20(02)%202011/(14)%20IFRJ-2010-056.pdf. verified the antioxidant effect of this natural product when they evaluated the formation of lipid peroxides, free fatty acids and thiobarbituric acid substances (TBARS) in meat. Although studies in broilers are scarce, Bharathi et al. (2011)Bharathi, P., Reddy, A.G., Reddy, A.R. & Alpharaj, M. 2011. A study of certain herbs against chlorpyrifos-induced changes in lipid and protein profile in poultry. Toxicology International, 18: 44-46, ISSN: 0976-5131. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-6580.75854. reported that the use of 0.1 % of Murraya koenigii could reduce the toxicity of chlorpyrifos (organophosphate insecticide) in broilers. Apparently, the use of Murraya koenigii at 1.0 % had an opposite effect on the response of the animals (table 2), future studies should consider lower levels of inclusion in the diet of broilers.

Table 3 shows the effect of diets with natural and synthetic pigments on changes in the relative weight of digestive, visceral, and immune organs of young broilers. The canthaxanthin group increased (P<0.05) the relative weight of the thymus and bursa of Fabricius compared to the other treatments. Furthermore, the relative weight of the spleen changed significantly (P<0.05) due to this treatment (canthaxanthin), which provoked differences with the control diet and the Murraya koenigii group.

In addition, the Bixa orellana group decreased (P<0.05) the relative weight of the proventriculus and cecum, although, the latter organ (cecum) without significant changes (P>0.05) with the Murraya koenigii group. Likewise, this natural pigment (Murraya koenigii) decreased (P<0.05) the relative weight of abdominal fat and liver in relation to the control, canthaxanthin and Bixa orellana treatments, respectively. The relative weight of the gizzard, pancreas, and heart did not change due to the experimental treatments (P>0.05).

Table 3.  Effect of the dietary supplementation of natural and synthetic pigments on the relative weight of some organs of young broilers
Items (g/kg) Experimental treatments SEM± P-value
Control Bixa orellana Murraya koenigii Canthaxanthin
Proventriculus 1.04a 0.90b 0.97a 0.98a 0.035 0.048
Gizzard 5.71 5.78 5.90 5.73 0.075 0.091
Pancreas 0.47 0.49 0.49 0.53 0.054 0.068
Liver 3.03b 3.22ab 2.92c 3.26a 0.105 0.034
Spleen 0.06b 0.10ab 0.07b 0.16a 0.028 0.008
Thymus 0.22b 0.22b 0.24b 0.30a 0.015 0.050
Bursa of Fabricius 0.16b 0.18b 0.17b 0.24a 0.025 0.048
Heart 0.67 0.60 0.60 0.62 0.037 0.059
Cecum 1.65a 1.07c 1.15bc 1.44b 0.156 0.034
Small intestine 9.83b 10.10ab 9.87b 11.05a 0.384 0.050
Abdominal fat 0.36a 0.33ab 0.27b 0.36a 0.028 0.027

a,b,cMeans within the same row with different superscript differ significantly (P<0.05)

On the other hand, the canthaxanthin diet increased the relative weight of the primary lymphoid organs (bursa of Fabricius and thymus) and secondary (spleen) in relation to the control (table 3), although the feed efficiency decreased in young broilers. Other studies that challenged lipopolysaccharide found an increase in bursal morphometric index in broilers when using lutein+canthaxanthin (Koutsos et al. 2003Koutsos, E.A., Calvert, C.C. & Klasing, K.C. 2003. The effect of an acute phase response on tissue carotenoid levels of growing chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A, 135(4): 635-646, ISSN: 1531-4332. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1095-6433(03)00158-2.). Commonly, a greater relative weight of immune organs such as the thymus, bursa of Fabricius, and spleen is related to greater immunological activity in the early stages of broilers (Guo et al. 2021Guo, Y., Balasubramanian, B., Zhao, Z.H. & Liu, W.C. 2021. Marine algal polysaccharides alleviate aflatoxin B1-induced bursa of Fabricius injury by regulating redox and apoptotic signaling pathway in broilers. Poultry Science, 100: 844-857, ISSN: 1525-3171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.10.050.), because the primary lymphoid organs produce B lymphocytes (bursa of Fabricius) and T (thymus) involved in memory and immunological defense, respectively (Aguilar et al. 2013Aguilar, Y., Yero, O., Liu, G., Ren, W., Bertot, R., Jiménez, F. & Nyachoti, C.M. 2013. Effect of dietary supplementation with Anacardium occidentale on growth performance and immune and visceral organ weights in replacement laying pullets. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 11: 1352-1357, ISSN: 1459-0263. https://doi.org/10.1234/4.2013.4855.). However, in this experiment, it appears that the relative weight of the thymus, bursa of Fabricius and spleen of broilers (10 days old) with the canthaxanthin group is abnormal. In a study by Martínez et al. (2021b)Martínez, Y., Altamirano, E., Ortega, V., Paz, P. & Valdivié, M. 2021b. Effect of age on the immune and visceral organ weights and cecal traits in modern broilers. Animals, 11(3): 845-858, ISSN: 2076-2615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030845. on the allometry of immune organs in broilers up to 10 days old, they reported mean relative weights of the thymus, bursa of Fabricius, and spleen of 0.25, 0.18, and 0.11 %, respectively. Furthermore, in apparently healthy birds, hyperimmunity leads to a higher energy cost to produce lymphocytes and antibodies and for the activity of macrophages and anti-inflammatory mechanisms (Pålsson-McDermott and O’Neill 2020Pålsson-McDermott, E.M. & O’Neill, L.A. 2020. Targeting immunometabolism as an anti-inflammatory strategy. Cell Research, 30(4): 300-314, ISSN: 1748-7838. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41422-020-0291-z.). This could justify decreasing the FI and weight gain of the chickens with the canthaxanthin diet (table 2).

Several studies with natural products rich in beneficial secondary metabolites have reported that abnormal growth of lymphoid organs and other digestive organs results in a decrease in the productive response, with a higher emphasis on young broilers (Aguilar et al. 2013Aguilar, Y., Yero, O., Liu, G., Ren, W., Bertot, R., Jiménez, F. & Nyachoti, C.M. 2013. Effect of dietary supplementation with Anacardium occidentale on growth performance and immune and visceral organ weights in replacement laying pullets. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 11: 1352-1357, ISSN: 1459-0263. https://doi.org/10.1234/4.2013.4855. and Moncayo and Ramírez 2020Moncayo, T. & Ramírez. J.R. 2020. Efecto nutracéutico del achiote (Bixa orellana) sobre indicadores biológicos de pollos de engorde. Tesis presentada en opción a Ingeniero Agrónomo. Universidad de Zamorano. 48 pp. https://bdigital.zamorano.edu/handle/11036/6792.). In this sense, canthaxanthin as a synthetic pigment modified the relative weight of the small intestine (table 3), this organ has a statistical correlation with immune organs in birds (Martínez et al. 2021bMartínez, Y., Altamirano, E., Ortega, V., Paz, P. & Valdivié, M. 2021b. Effect of age on the immune and visceral organ weights and cecal traits in modern broilers. Animals, 11(3): 845-858, ISSN: 2076-2615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030845.), perhaps, this diet caused postprandial intestinal inflammatory processes, which increased the production of T and B lymphocytes and influenced the relative weight of these hematopoietic organs in young broiler chickens (Madej et al. 2024Madej, J.P., Graczyk, S., Bobrek, K., Bajzert, J. & Gaweł, A. 2024. Impact of early posthatch feeding on the immune system and selected hematological, biochemical, and hormonal parameters in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 103(3): 103366, ISSN: 1525-3171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2023.103366.) as occurred in this study (table 3). Furthermore, the Murraya koenigii group decreased the relative weight of abdominal fat (table 3). The contribution of alkaloids due to the dietary inclusion of this natural pigment could reduce the incorporation of fat in this portion, similar to the results reported by Sharma et al. (2021)Sharma, D., Biswas, A., Deo, C. & Tyagi, P.K. 2021. Effect of dietary supplementation of curry leaves powder on growth performance, immunity, serum biochemical and carcass traits of broiler chickens. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 8: 80-89, ISSN: 0974-8180. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8180.2021.00009.X. .

The proposed additives in this study (higher emphasis on Bixa orellana) decreased the relative weight of the cecum (table 3), intestine portion that is responsible for intestinal health, the fermentation of nutrients and modulation of the intestinal microbiota (Yadav and Jha 2019Yadav, S. & Jha, R. 2019. Strategies to modulate the intestinal microbiota and their effects on nutrient utilization, performance, and health of poultry. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 10: 1-11, ISSN: 2049-1891. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-018-0310-9.). Some studies have found that some natural products have a more obvious effect on the small intestine than on the cecum (Liu et al. 2021Liu, W., Rouzmehr, F., Wang, X. & Seidavi, A. 2021. Green tea dietary supplementation in broiler chickens: Effect on the development of chicken intestine. Food Science & Nutrition, 9(3): 1530-1541, ISSN: 2048-7177. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2126.). Is worth noting that the results of the effect of ingredients rich in secondary metabolites on this organ are not conclusive, because it depends on the concentration and type of secondary metabolites, intestinal health, diet, age, and experimental conditions. Vase-Khavari et al. (2019)Vase-Khavari, K., Mortezavi, S.H., Rasouli, B., Khusro, A., Salem, A.Z. & Seidavi, A. 2019. The effect of three tropical medicinal plants and superzist probiotic on growth performance, carcass characteristics, blood constitutes, immune response, and gut microflora of broiler. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 51: 33-42, ISSN: 1573-7438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-018-1656-x. reported that using 0.5 % of the powder of Rhus coriaria, Heracleum persicum and Mentha piperita increased the relative weight of the cecum. However, Liu et al. (2021)Liu, W., Rouzmehr, F., Wang, X. & Seidavi, A. 2021. Green tea dietary supplementation in broiler chickens: Effect on the development of chicken intestine. Food Science & Nutrition, 9(3): 1530-1541, ISSN: 2048-7177. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2126. found no change in the relative weight of the cecum when they used up to 1 % of Camellia sinensis powder, apparently a decrease in cecal content in broilers because of these dietary compounds on the microflora influenced the results of this study (table 3). Other studies found that the use of natural products with antimicrobial properties decreased cecal content and, in turn, the load of enterobacteria such as Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter (Almuhayawi et al. 2023Almuhayawi, M.S., Alruhaili, M.H., Gattan, H.S., Alharbi, M.T., Nagshabandi, M.K., Almehayawi, M.S. & Alagawany, M. 2023. Evaluation of antimicrobial effect of olive leaves powder and its role in improving the broiler productivity, carcass traits, blood metabolites, and caecal microbiota. Poultry Science, 102(11): 103054, ISSN: 1525-3171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2023.103054.).

The effect of natural and synthetic pigments on cecal traits of young broilers is shown in table 4. The diets with the pigments decreased cecal pH, with a higher emphasis in the group with Bixa orellana which provoked a reduction (P<0.05) of total coliforms, Enterobacteriaceae and E. coli in relation to the control diet and the other groups of pigments. Likewise, cecal Salmonella spp. of broilers fed with the proposed pigments was not found (table 4). On the other hand, the Murraya koenigii group increased (P<0.05) the population of lactic acid bacteria and the canthaxanthin group decreased (P<0.05) the quantification of cecal yeasts compared to the control diet. Also, the experimental diets did not change (P>0.05) the population of cecal fungus (table 4).

Table 4.  Effect of the dietary supplementation of natural and synthetic pigments on cecal traits of young broilers.
Items (Log CFU/g) Experimental treatments SEM± P-value
Control Bixa orellana Murraya koenigii Canthaxanthin
pH 6.79a 5.99c 6.17b 6.22b 0.159 0.034
Total coliforms 6.14c 6.00d 6.63a 6.36b 0.333 0.050
Enterobacteriaceae 6.21b 6.05c 6.49a 6.24b 0.108 0.008
E. coli 6.14c 6.04d 6.45a 6.33b 0.127 0.043
Salmonella spp. Presence Absence Absence Absence
Total LAB 6.64b 6.81ab 8.56a 8.43ab 0.449 0.044
Yeast 2.84a 2.49ab 2.54ab 2.26b 0.149 0.016
Fungus 3.02 3.49 3.10 3.62 0.489 0.786

a,b,c,dMeans within the same row with different superscript differ significantly (P<0.05). LAB: Lactic acid bacteria

It is known that the bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect of natural and synthetic products used in the poultry industry has a direct impact on intestinal health and productive response of the host (Arena et al. 2020Arena, J.S., Merlo, C., Defagó, M.T. & Zygadlo, J.A. 2020. Insecticidal and antibacterial effects of some essential oils against the poultry pest Alphitobius diaperinus and its associated microorganisms. Journal of Pesticide Science, 93: 403-414, ISSN: 1349-0923. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-019-01141-5.). A decrease in intestinal pH could be due to the product used having an acidic pH, the growth of cecal LAB or a decrease in the pathogenic bacterial population, since the final product of bacterial fermentation is volatile fatty acids that emit protons and reduce the pH (Scicutella et al. 2021Scicutella, F., Mannelli, F., Daghio, M., Viti, C. & Buccioni, A. 2021. Polyphenols and organic acids as alternatives to antimicrobials in poultry rearing: a review. Antibiotics, 10(8): 1010, ISSN: 2079-6382. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10081010.). Thus, Al-Tarazi and Alshawabkeh (2003)Al‐Tarazi, Y.H. & Alshawabkeh, K. 2003. Effect of dietary formic and propionic acids on Salmonella pullorum shedding and mortality in layer chicks after experimental infection. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 50: 112-117, ISSN: 2314-6966. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0450.2003.00644.x. found a decrease in cecal pH when including a phytobiotic pigment on broiler diets. In this sense, Nathan et al. (2019)Nathan, V.K., Rani, M.E., Rathinasamy, G. & Narayanan Dhiraviam, K. 2019. Antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of natural colouring pigment derived from Bixa orellana L. Seed Aril. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, 89: 137-143, ISSN: 2250-1746. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-017-0927-z. demonstrated that Bixa orellana has an important bactericidal effect against opportunistic bacteria such as Salmonella spp. and E. coli. As it is known, this is the first study that demonstrates the bactericidal effect of Bixa orellana in broilers, since this experimental group notably reduced total coliforms, Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli and Salmonella spp. in the cecum, although without changes in the population of lactic acid bacteria.

On the other hand, Murraya koenigii has a high concentration of carbazole alkaloids (mainly mahanimbine, murrayanol and mahanine), which in small concentrations have a microbial effect against Staphylococcus epidermidis (Handral et al. 2012Handral, H.K., Pandith, A. & Shruthi, S.D. 2012. A review on Murraya koenigii: multipotential medicinal plant. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 5: 5-14, ISSN: 2455-3891. https://pharmainfo.in/jpsr/Documents/Volumes/vol11issue07/jpsr11071935.pdf.). Interestingly, the use of 1 % Murraya koenigii on broiler diets decreased the cecal pH due to the increase in the population of LAB in this intestinal portion, however, this experimental group exacerbated the growth of total coliforms, Enterobacteriaceae and E. coli. Apparently, excess of these secondary metabolites (alkaloids) caused intestinal disorders, confirmed by the decrease in productive efficiency, without cecal competitive exclusion, which affects the selective growth of some pathogenic and beneficial bacteria (table 4). Also, no studies were found that referred to the in vitro and in vivo bactericidal effect of Murraya koenigii against common enterobacteria such as E. coli and Salmonella spp. However, further research is necessary to confirm this hypothesis.

Other findings of the study are that the synthetic pigment (canthaxanthin) decreased the cecal pH and the population of cecal yeasts and increased the population of total coliforms and E. coli compared to the control group (table 4). Therefore, the greater population of cecal pathogenic bacteria could influence the decrease in the response of young birds in this experimental treatment (table 2). Furthermore, the lower cecal yeast population could provoke microbial dysbiosis, since the yeast cell wall serves as a nutritive substance for cecal LAB (Hernández-Ramírez et al. 2021Hernández-Ramírez, J.O., Merino-Guzmán, R., Téllez-Isaías, G., Vázquez-Durán, A. & Méndez-Albores, A. 2021. Mitigation of AFB1-related toxic damage to the intestinal epithelium in broiler chickens consumed a yeast cell wall fraction. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8: 677965, ISSN: 2297-1769. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.677965.), which stimulates the immune response when challenged by opportunistic Enterobacteriaceae (Bonato et al. 2020Bonato, M., Borges, L.L., Ingberman, M., Fávaro, C., Mesa, D., Caron, L.F. & Beirão, B.C. 2020. Effects of yeast cell wall on immunity, microbiota, and intestinal integrity of Salmonella-infected broilers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 29: 545-558, ISSN: 1537-0437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japr.2020.03.002.). This research demonstrates that the synthetic pigment (canthaxanthin) has no antimicrobial effect on common cecal Enterobacteriaceae in young broiler chickens.

Conclusions

 

Dietary supplementation with 1 % Bixa orellana as a natural pigment had a growth-promoting effect and a marked antimicrobial effect in vivo in young broiler chickens, without affecting the relative weight of digestive, visceral, and immune organs.

References

 

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Sharma, D., Biswas, A., Deo, C. & Tyagi, P.K. 2021. Effect of dietary supplementation of curry leaves powder on growth performance, immunity, serum biochemical and carcass traits of broiler chickens. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 8: 80-89, ISSN: 0974-8180. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8180.2021.00009.X.

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Vase-Khavari, K., Mortezavi, S.H., Rasouli, B., Khusro, A., Salem, A.Z. & Seidavi, A. 2019. The effect of three tropical medicinal plants and superzist probiotic on growth performance, carcass characteristics, blood constitutes, immune response, and gut microflora of broiler. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 51: 33-42, ISSN: 1573-7438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-018-1656-x.

von Lintig, J., Moon, J., Lee, J. & Ramkumar, S. 2020. Carotenoid metabolism at the intestinal barrier. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, 1865(11): 158580, ISSN: 1879-2618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158580.

Xue, X., Fan, L., Dong, Y., Yuan, X., Wang, L., Yang, F. & Zhao, S. 2021. Evaluation of canthaxanthin in eggs and its subsequent dietary risks to Chinese consumers. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 38(2): 255-260, ISSN: 1944-0057. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2020.1853822.

Yadav, S. & Jha, R. 2019. Strategies to modulate the intestinal microbiota and their effects on nutrient utilization, performance, and health of poultry. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 10: 1-11, ISSN: 2049-1891. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-018-0310-9.


 
Ciencia Animal

Efecto de los pigmentos naturales y sintéticos en el crecimiento, peso relativo de algunos órganos y características cecales de pollos de engorde jóvenes

 

iDR. Sánchez DiPalma1Universidad de Zamorano, San Antonio de Oriente, Francisco Morazán, Honduras

iDF. Amaya Gonzalez1Universidad de Zamorano, San Antonio de Oriente, Francisco Morazán, Honduras

iDR. Rodríguez Bertot2Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Granma, Bayamo, Granma, Cuba

iDR. Aroche Ginarte2Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Granma, Bayamo, Granma, Cuba3Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China

iDY. Martínez4Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Fondwa, Leogane, Haiti.*✉:ceoyordan@hotmail.com


1Universidad de Zamorano, San Antonio de Oriente, Francisco Morazán, Honduras

2Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de Granma, Bayamo, Granma, Cuba

3Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China

4Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Fondwa, Leogane, Haiti.

 

*Email: ceoyordan@hotmail.com

Para evaluar si la suplementación dietética con pigmentos (naturales y sintéticos) tenía un efecto promotor del crecimiento en pollos de engorde en la etapa temprana (0-10 días), se asignaron aleatoriamente 480 pollos machos Ross 308® de un día de edad a cuatro tratamientos (cuatro replicas y 30 aves). Los tratamientos experimentales consistieron en una dieta control y la suplementación con 1 % de Bixa orellana, 1 % de Murraya koenigii y 0.03 % de cantaxantina. Las dietas experimentales no afectaron (P>0.05) la viabilidad, sin embargo, la dieta con Bixa orellana incrementó (P<0.05) el peso vivo en comparación con los otros grupos experimentales, aunque este tratamiento no cambió (P>0.05) el consumo de alimento y el índice de conversión alimenticia en relación con la dieta control. Los tratamientos experimentales no modificaron el peso relativo de molleja, páncreas y corazón (P>0.05). Sin embargo, los grupos Bixa orellana y Murraya koenigii disminuyeron (P<0.05) el peso relativo del proventrículo y ciego y del hígado y la grasa abdominal, respectivamente. Además, el grupo de cantaxantina aumentó (P<0.05) el peso relativo de los órganos linfoides e intestino delgado (P<0.05). También, la dieta Bixa orellana disminuyó (P<0.05) el pH, coliformes totales, Enterobacteriaceae y Escherichia coli en el ciego en comparación con las otras dietas, y el grupo Murraya koenigii aumentó (P<0.05) la población de bacterias ácido-lácticas. Además, en este órgano (ciego), la cuantificación de levaduras disminuyó (P<0.05) debido a la cantaxantina y la población de hongos no cambiaron entre tratamientos (P>0.05). La suplementación dietética con Bixa orellana tiene un efecto promotor de crecimiento natural, así como un marcado efecto antimicrobiano contra las enterobacterias cecales comunes en pollos de engorde.

Palabras clave: 
microbiología cecal, órgano, pigmento alimenticio, pollo de engorde, promotor de crecimiento

Introducción

 

En muchas regiones, la pigmentación de la piel de los pollos define su comercialización, ya que se asocia con un pollo criado en pastoreo o en libertad. Así, la industria avícola está enfocada en pigmentar los pollos de acuerdo con las características del consumidor, considerando la intensidad y el color (Barbut y Leishmanm 2022Barbut, S. & Leishmanm, E.M. 2022. Quality and processability of modern poultry meat. Animals, 12(20): 2766, ISSN: 2076-2615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12202766.). Se han utilizado muchas estrategias, como el uso dietético individual o mixto de pigmentos amarillos y rojo-anaranjados, ya sean naturales o sintéticos, que desde las primeras etapas de la vida pueden pigmentar el tarso o el pico (Xue et al. 2021Xue, X., Fan, L., Dong, Y., Yuan, X., Wang, L., Yang, F. & Zhao, S. 2021. Evaluation of canthaxanthin in eggs and its subsequent dietary risks to Chinese consumers. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 38(2): 255-260, ISSN: 1944-0057. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2020.1853822.). Una estrategia es la suplementación dietética con cantaxantina, que es un pigmento sintético carotenoide de la categoría de las xantofilas (Bera 2020Bera, S. 2020. Nutraceutical Aspect of canthaxanthin in animal feed technology. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 7(7): 3076-3084, ISSN: 2515-8260. https://ejmcm.com/uploads/paper/749197d3a872d7e212c73e8792ac2572.pdf.). Este pigmento tiene un evidente efecto antioxidante in vivo (Elia et al. 2019Elia, A.C., Prearo. M., Dörr, A.J.M., Pacin, N., Magara, G., Brizio, P. & Abete, M.C. 2019. Effects of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin on oxidative stress biomarkers in rainbow trout. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 82(13): 760-768, ISSN: 2381-3504. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2019.1648346.). Estudios han relacionado este efecto con el desarrollo del embrión y su posterior crecimiento postnatal. El uso de este pigmento sintético tuvo resultados positivos en la incubabilidad y vitalidad del pollito nacido (Araújo et al. 2020Araújo, I.C., Café, M.B., Mesquita, M.A., Caiado, B.N., Faria, A.M., Mello, H.H., Stringhini, J.H. & Leandro, N.S. 2020. Effect of a commercial product containing canthaxanthin for in ovo feeding to broiler embryos on hatchability, chick quality, oxidation status, and performance. Poultry Science, 99(11): 5598-5606, ISSN: 1525-3171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.044.).

La Unión Europea y otros países han limitado el uso de pigmentos sintéticos, por lo que los nutricionistas buscan pigmentos naturales para la producción animal (Pertiwi et al. 2022Pertiwi, H., Nur Mahendra, M.Y. & Kamaludeen, J. 2022. Astaxanthin as a potential antioxidant to improve health and production performance of broiler chicken. Veterinary Medicine International, 2022(1): 4919442, ISSN: 2042-0048. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/4919442.). Asimismo, algunos pigmentos naturales también tienen una función fitobiótica, ya que son ricos en metabolitos secundarios que, en bajas concentraciones, tienen una respuesta productiva positiva. Entre los pigmentos naturales propuestos inicialmente para gallinas ponedoras se encuentran Bixa orellana y Murraya koenigii (Franco y Gomez 2022Franco, R.L. & Gómez, D.V. 2022. Efecto de diferentes pigmentos en la productividad y calidad del huevo de gallinas ponedoras. Tesis presentada en opción a Ingeniero Agrónomo. Universidad de Zamorano. 20 pp. https://bdigital.zamorano.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/3c53c325-02d9-458a-8baa-36959b89814f/content. ). Experimentos previos indicaron que el uso de hasta 1.5 % de Bixa orellana en dietas para gallinas pigmentó intensamente el color de la yema y mejoró la altura del albumen y la unidad Haugh (Martínez et al. 2021aMartínez, Y., Orozco, C.E., Montellano, R.M., Valdivié, M. & Parrado, C.A. 2021a. Use of achiote (Bixa orellana L.) seed powder as pigment of the egg yolk of laying hens. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 30(2): 100154, ISSN: 1537-0437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japr.2021.100154.), así como un estudio en pollos de engorde, indicó mejoras en la eficiencia alimenticia y las porciones comestibles (Moncayo y Ramírez 2020Moncayo, T. & Ramírez. J.R. 2020. Efecto nutracéutico del achiote (Bixa orellana) sobre indicadores biológicos de pollos de engorde. Tesis presentada en opción a Ingeniero Agrónomo. Universidad de Zamorano. 48 pp. https://bdigital.zamorano.edu/handle/11036/6792.), relacionadas con la alta concentración de bixina y norbixina en el polvo de semilla de este pigmento. Además, Murraya koenigii se ha utilizado diariamente en la alimentación humana como pigmento/condimento por su sabor y aroma (Tabashiri et al. 2022Tabashiri, A., Qadirifard, M. S., Ghaderi, A., Rahmannia, M., Kiani, S., Sharafi, A. & Deravi, N. 2022. A decade anti-diabetic potential of murraya koenigii (curry leaf): A narrative review. African Journal of Diabetes Medicine, 30(3), ISSN: 2053-4787. https://www.africanjournalofdiabetesmedicine.com/articles/a-decade-antidiabetic-potential-of-murraya-koenigii-curry-leaf-a-narrative-review.pdf.). Sin embargo, se han realizado pocos estudios para verificar su efecto en la pigmentación de la piel en aves de corral.

Por otro lado, el uso fitobiótico de 1 % de Murraya koenigii en dietas mejoró el peso corporal y la tasa de conversión alimenticia, sin afectar las porciones comestibles (Karnani et al. 2018Karnani, M., Sharma, V., Choudhary, S., Sharma, S., Saini, S. & Pandey, A. 2018. Effect of curry (Murraya koenigii) leaf powder supplementation on performance of broilers chickens. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 12(2): 2120-2122, ISSN: 0974-8180. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8180.2018.00058.2.). Otros estudios demostraron que la suplementación dietética con 1.0 % de Murraya koenigii redujo los lípidos nocivos del suero y la grasa abdominal, y aumentó la eficiencia alimenticia y el rendimiento de la pechuga en pollos de engorde (Sharma et al. 2021Sharma, D., Biswas, A., Deo, C. & Tyagi, P.K. 2021. Effect of dietary supplementation of curry leaves powder on growth performance, immunity, serum biochemical and carcass traits of broiler chickens. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 8: 80-89, ISSN: 0974-8180. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8180.2021.00009.X. ). Con respecto a los resultados anteriores, se planteó la hipótesis de si el uso de pigmentos naturales y sintéticos puede tener un efecto promotor del crecimiento, no antibiótico, en pollos de engorde jóvenes, asociado con la actividad inmune que median los órganos linfoides y la actividad microbiana cecal, especialmente en esta etapa crítica de la vida (0-10 días) (Martínez et al. 2021bMartínez, Y., Altamirano, E., Ortega, V., Paz, P. & Valdivié, M. 2021b. Effect of age on the immune and visceral organ weights and cecal traits in modern broilers. Animals, 11(3): 845-858, ISSN: 2076-2615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030845.). Por lo tanto, el presente estudio se realizó para evaluar los efectos de la suplementación dietética de pigmentos naturales y sintéticos en el crecimiento, el peso relativo de algunos órganos y las características cecales de pollos de engorde jóvenes.

Materiales y Métodos

 

Declaración Ética

 

Este trabajo de investigación siguió las Guías para Animales de Experimentación (Número de Referencia: 7926) del Departamento de Ciencias y Producción Agropecuaria de la Universidad Zamorano, San Antonio de Oriente, Francisco Morazán, Honduras.

Animales, alojamiento, tratamientos y dietas

 

Un total de 480 pollos machos Ross 308®, desde su nacimiento hasta los 10 días de edad, se asignaron aleatoriamente a jaulas metabólicas (0.70 m de ancho x 1.0 m de largo y 14.29 aves/m2) en cuatro tratamientos (cuatro réplicas y 30 aves por réplica). Las dietas experimentales consistieron en una dieta control (CD), CD+1 % de achiote (Bixa orellana), CD+1 % de curry (Murraya koenigii) y CD+0.03% de cantaxantina. La temperatura y la iluminación se controlaron diariamente. Estudios previos (Moncayo y Ramírez 2020Moncayo, T. & Ramírez. J.R. 2020. Efecto nutracéutico del achiote (Bixa orellana) sobre indicadores biológicos de pollos de engorde. Tesis presentada en opción a Ingeniero Agrónomo. Universidad de Zamorano. 48 pp. https://bdigital.zamorano.edu/handle/11036/6792., Sharma et al. 2021Sharma, D., Biswas, A., Deo, C. & Tyagi, P.K. 2021. Effect of dietary supplementation of curry leaves powder on growth performance, immunity, serum biochemical and carcass traits of broiler chickens. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 8: 80-89, ISSN: 0974-8180. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8180.2021.00009.X. , Bonamigo et al. 2022Bonamigo, D.V., Rosa, A.P., Paixão, S.J., Stefanello, F.S., Londero, A., Mariani, A.B. & Bittencourt, L.C. 2022. Performance, carcass yield and cuts of male broilers fed with canthaxanthin and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in the diet. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 283: 115173, ISSN: 1873-2216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115173. y Franco y Gómez 2022Franco, R.L. & Gómez, D.V. 2022. Efecto de diferentes pigmentos en la productividad y calidad del huevo de gallinas ponedoras. Tesis presentada en opción a Ingeniero Agrónomo. Universidad de Zamorano. 20 pp. https://bdigital.zamorano.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/3c53c325-02d9-458a-8baa-36959b89814f/content. ) se tomaron como referencia para los niveles de inclusión de pigmentos en la dieta. Las dietas se formularon siguiendo los requerimientos de Ross 308 (tabla 1 y foto 1). Los pigmentos utilizados se adquirieron en la empresa “Alimento”, Honduras. El alimento y el agua se ofrecieron ad libitum en comederos lineales y bebederos de tetina, respectivamente. Se midieron los pesos corporales inicial y final (PCI y PCF), así como el consumo de alimento (CA) para determinar el índice de conversión alimenticia (ICA).

Tabla 1.  Ingredientes y aportes nutricionales de pollos de engorde (0-10 días)
Ingredientes (%) Dieta control
Harina de maíz 59.16
Harina de soya 32.29
Premezcla mineral y vitamínica1 0.35
Cloruro de sodio 0.25
Bicarbonato de sodio 0.25
Aceite de palma africana 3.44
Colina 0.05
DL-Metionina 0.34
L-Treonina 0.16
L-Lisina 0.32
Carbonato de calcio 1.60
Fosfato monocálcico 1.54
Secuestrante de micotoxinas 0.20
Coccidiostatos 0.05
Contribución nutricional calculada (%)
Energía metabolizable (MJ/kg) 12.44
Proteína cruda 22.00
Ca 0.90
P disponible 0.45
Lisina digestible 1.22
Metionina+Cistina digestible 0.91
Treonina digestible 0.83
Triptófano Digestible 0.20
Na 0.18
Cl 0.21

1Cada kg contiene vitamina A 11 550 UI, vitamina D3 4 300 UI, vitamina E 27.5 UI, vitamina K3 3.85 mg, vitamina B1 2.75 mg, vitamina B2 9.9 mg, vitamina B6 3.85 mg, vitamina B12 22.0 mcg, niacina 49.5 mg, ácido pantoténico 15.4 mg, ácido fólico 1.38 mg, biotina 166 mcg; selenio 0.09 mg, yodo 0.18 mg, cobre 3.00 mg, hierro 36.0 mg, manganeso 54.0 mg, zinc 48.0 mg, cobalto 0.12 mg.

Foto 1.  Alimento terminado después de la inclusión de pigmentos

Peso relativo de órganos digestivos, viscerales e inmunes

 

A los 10 días de edad, se seleccionaron aleatoriamente 80 pollos de engorde (20 pollos por réplica) por tratamiento para determinar los pesos relativos de los órganos. De cada pollo, se extrajeron las vísceras (hígado y corazón), los órganos inmunes (timo, bazo y bolsa de Fabricio), los órganos digestivos (proventrículo y molleja) y los intestinos (delgado y ciego). El peso relativo se determinó de acuerdo con el peso corporal de los pollos de engorde al momento del sacrificio (Aguilar et al. 2013Aguilar, Y., Yero, O., Liu, G., Ren, W., Bertot, R., Jiménez, F. & Nyachoti, C.M. 2013. Effect of dietary supplementation with Anacardium occidentale on growth performance and immune and visceral organ weights in replacement laying pullets. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 11: 1352-1357, ISSN: 1459-0263. https://doi.org/10.1234/4.2013.4855.).

Rasgos cecales

 

Se tomó el ciego izquierdo de 20 pollos de engorde por tratamiento (cinco muestras por réplica) y se determinó el pH utilizando un medidor de pH digital Oakton® modelo 700 (Oakton Instruments, Vermon Hills, IL, EE. UU.). Antes de la prueba, el potenciómetro se calibró con tampones de pH a 1.68, 4.01, 7.00, 10.01 y 12.45 de acuerdo con las recomendaciones del fabricante.

Además, se tomó el ciego derecho de cinco aves por tratamiento y se raspó la mucosa con un bisturí para el cultivo microbiológico. El contenido cecal de cada muestra se colocó en un tubo estéril; se registró el peso y se diluyó con agua de peptona tamponada (BPW, Liofilchem, Italia) en una proporción de 1:9 (p:v). El contenido cecal diluido se homogeneizó y se realizaron diluciones seriadas (1/10) a partir de él hasta la dilución 105. Alícuotas de 0.1 mL de cada dilución se extendieron en la superficie de medios selectivos y diferenciales para el análisis microbiológico. Las placas de agar violeta rojo bilis glucosa para Enterocateriaceae y agar violeta rojo bilis lactosa MUG para recuentos de coliformes y E. coli (Liofilchem, Italia) se incubaron a 35 °C durante 24 h. Las levaduras y los hongos se determinaron con agar rosa de Bengala cloranfenicol (Liofilchem, Italia) incubado a 25 °C durante cinco días. Las bacterias del ácido láctico se enumeraron en agar Man Rogosa Sharpe (Liofilchem, Italia) suplementado con azul de metileno (0.016 g/1000 mL) a 37 °C con un pH de 5.6 durante 48 h en anaerobiosis (sistema Gas Pak, BBL, Cockeysville, EE. UU.) (Lan et al. 2017Lan, R.X., Lee, S.I. & Kim, I.H. 2017. Effects of Enterococcus faecium SLB 120 on growth performance, blood parameters, relative organ weight, breast muscle meat quality, excreta microbiota shedding, and noxious gas emission in broilers. Poultry Science, 96: 3246-3253, ISSN: 1525-3171. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pex101.).

Todos los recuentos bacterianos se presentaron como Log UFC/g. La presencia de Salmonella en cada ciego se determinó mediante un enriquecimiento previo del ciego diluido en BPW a 35 °C durante 24 h, seguido de un enriquecimiento selectivo con caldo tetrationato (Liofilchem, Italia) y caldo Rappaport-Vassiliadis (Neogen Acumedia, Michigan) a 35 y 42 °C, respectivamente. Después del enriquecimiento selectivo, se sembró un asa de cada medio selectivo en la superficie de agar XLD, agar entérico Hektoen y agar sulfito de bismuto (Neogen Acumedia, Michigan). Todas las placas selectivas se incubaron a 35 °C durante 24-48 h. Se seleccionaron colonias típicas y se confirmaron mediante una prueba bioquímica en agar triple azúcar hierro y agar lisina hierro (Liofilchem, Italia). La confirmación serológica se realizó con antisuero de Salmonella O poli A-I y antisuero Vi (BD Difco, MD) (Martínez et al. 2021bMartínez, Y., Altamirano, E., Ortega, V., Paz, P. & Valdivié, M. 2021b. Effect of age on the immune and visceral organ weights and cecal traits in modern broilers. Animals, 11(3): 845-858, ISSN: 2076-2615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030845.).

Análisis estadístico

 

Los datos se procesaron mediante la prueba ANOVA simple del programa SPSS 23.0 (SPSS Inc., IBM Corporation, New York, NY, USA) en un diseño completamente aleatorizado. Antes de realizar el análisis de varianza se realizó la prueba de Kolmogorov-Smirnov y se utilizó la prueba de Bartlett para evaluar la uniformidad de la varianza, en los casos necesarios. Finalmente, se utilizó la prueba de rangos de Duncan para determinar las diferencias entre las medias (P<0.05).

Resultados y Discusión

 

Las dietas experimentales no modificaron (P>0.05) la viabilidad en los primeros 10 días de edad de los pollos de engorde (tabla 2). Sin embargo, la suplementación dietética con Bixa orellana incrementó (P<0.05) el peso corporal en comparación con los otros tratamientos. Además, las dietas con Murraya koenigii y cantaxantina disminuyeron el consumo de alimento, lo que provocó la mayor tasa de conversión alimenticia (tabla 2, P<0.05) en relación con los grupos control y Bixa orellana.

Tabla 2.  Efecto de la suplementación dietética de pigmentos naturales y sintéticos en el comportamiento del crecimiento de pollos de ceba jóvenes
Indicadores Tratamientos experimentales EEM± Valor de P
Control Bixa orellana Murraya koenigii Cantaxantina
PCI (g) 47.52 47.54 47.58 47.57 0.095 0.091
PCF (g) 258.48b 270.00a 203.16c 206.08c 6.314 0.001
CA (g) 198.15ab 210.25a 175.85b 176.5b 5.180 0.038
ICA 0.94b 0.95b 1.13a 1.11a 0.051 0.001
Viabilidad (%) 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

a,b,c Las medias en la misma fila con superíndices diferentes difieren significativamente (P<0.05)

PCI: peso corporal inicial; PCF: peso corporal final; CA: consumo de alimento; ICA: índice de conversión alimenticia

En este estudio, solo el polvo de semilla de Bixa orellana promovió el peso corporal, los demás ingredientes disminuyeron este indicador productivo (tabla 2). En este sentido, Moncayo y Ramírez (2020)Moncayo, T. & Ramírez. J.R. 2020. Efecto nutracéutico del achiote (Bixa orellana) sobre indicadores biológicos de pollos de engorde. Tesis presentada en opción a Ingeniero Agrónomo. Universidad de Zamorano. 48 pp. https://bdigital.zamorano.edu/handle/11036/6792. reportaron que el uso de 1.5 % de achiote en la dieta mejoró la eficiencia alimenticia de pollos de engorde hasta los 28 días de edad, debido a la presencia de bixina y norbixina en el achiote, que tiene un efecto antioxidante in vitro e in vivo (Ashraf et al. 2023Ashraf, A., Ijaz, M.U., Muzammil, S., Nazir, M.M., Zafar, S., Zihad, S.N.K. & Nayak, A.K. 2023. The role of bixin as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and skin protecting natural product extracted from Bixa orellana L. Fitoterapia, 169: 105612, ISSN: 1873-6971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105612.). Asimismo, Handayani et al. (2024)Handayani, I., Septiana, A. T. & Sustriawan, B. 2024. Natural pigments and antioxidants properties of annatto extract at various pH of distilled water solvent and extraction times. Food Research, 8(2): 489-494, ISSN: 2550-2166. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.8(2).394. reportaron que al probar diferentes carotenoides como antioxidante, la norbixina fue la única que inhibió el deterioro oxidativo de los lípidos. También, García et al. (2012)Garcia, C.E.R., Bolognesi, V.J., Dias, J.D.F.G., Miguel, O.G. & Cost, C.K. 2012. Carotenoids bixin and norbixin from annatto (Bixa orellana L.) as antioxidants in meat products. Ciência Rural, 42: 1510-1518, ISSN: 1678-4596. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-84782012000800029. mencionaron que la bixina y la norbixina en el achiote disminuyen la peroxidación lipídica en la carne. En un estudio de Nathan et al. (2019)Nathan, V.K., Rani, M.E., Rathinasamy, G. & Narayanan Dhiraviam, K. 2019. Antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of natural colouring pigment derived from Bixa orellana L. Seed Aril. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, 89: 137-143, ISSN: 2250-1746. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-017-0927-z. reportaron que la bixina y la norbixina, como principales componentes químicos del achiote, no presentan efectos cancerígenos y mutagénicos por métodos silico, además, los autores encontraron un marcado efecto bactericida contra enterobacterias. Al parecer, el efecto antioxidante y antimicrobiano del achiote benefició la productividad de las aves jóvenes (hasta 10 días de edad), considerando que los primeros días de edad es el momento más crítico para estos animales, que presentan baja actividad inmunológica, enzimática y antioxidante (Martínez et al. 2021bMartínez, Y., Altamirano, E., Ortega, V., Paz, P. & Valdivié, M. 2021b. Effect of age on the immune and visceral organ weights and cecal traits in modern broilers. Animals, 11(3): 845-858, ISSN: 2076-2615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030845.).

Tanto la cantaxantina como Murraya koenigii disminuyeron el consumo de alimento, lo que influyó negativamente en el peso corporal, aunque sin afectar la viabilidad de los pollos de engorde jóvenes (tabla 2). Varios estudios han demostrado el papel antioxidante de la cantaxantina en animales (Mathimaran et al. 2020Mathimaran, A., Kumar, A., Prajapati, G., Ampapathi, R.S., Bora, H.K. & Guha, R. 2020. Partially saturated canthaxanthin alleviates aging-associated oxidative stress in d-galactose administered male Wistar rats. Biogerontology, 22: 19-34, ISSN: 1573-6768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10522-020-09898-4.). En este sentido, von Lintig et al. (2020)von Lintig, J., Moon, J., Lee, J. & Ramkumar, S. 2020. Carotenoid metabolism at the intestinal barrier. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids, 1865(11): 158580, ISSN: 1879-2618. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.158580. afirmaron que la cantaxantina ha demostrado actividad antioxidante en varios sistemas modelo in vitro e in vivo, lo que puede mejorar la actividad antioxidante endógena y reducir el estrés oxidativo celular. Bonamigo et al. (2022)Bonamigo, D.V., Rosa, A.P., Paixão, S.J., Stefanello, F.S., Londero, A., Mariani, A.B. & Bittencourt, L.C. 2022. Performance, carcass yield and cuts of male broilers fed with canthaxanthin and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in the diet. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 283: 115173, ISSN: 1873-2216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115173. demostraron que las dietas que contienen cantaxantina asociada con 25-OH-D3 mejoraron la productividad y el desarrollo óseo en pollos de engorde. Sin embargo, Araújo et al. (2020)Araújo, I.C., Café, M.B., Mesquita, M.A., Caiado, B.N., Faria, A.M., Mello, H.H., Stringhini, J.H. & Leandro, N.S. 2020. Effect of a commercial product containing canthaxanthin for in ovo feeding to broiler embryos on hatchability, chick quality, oxidation status, and performance. Poultry Science, 99(11): 5598-5606, ISSN: 1525-3171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.044. no recomendaron el uso dietético de cantaxantina in ovo porque disminuyó la eficiencia alimenticia en pollos de engorde, a pesar de que este producto sintético aumentó los indicadores de eclosión y el estado oxidativo. Se necesitan más estudios para comprender el papel de la cantaxantina en la salud gastrointestinal y la capacidad antioxidante endógena en pollos de engorde jóvenes.

El efecto antioxidante de Murraya koenigii es conocido porque captura los radicales libres formados en el proceso de peroxidación lipídica (Bharathi et al. 2011Bharathi, P., Reddy, A.G., Reddy, A.R. & Alpharaj, M. 2011. A study of certain herbs against chlorpyrifos-induced changes in lipid and protein profile in poultry. Toxicology International, 18: 44-46, ISSN: 0976-5131. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-6580.75854.). Das et al. (2011)Das, A.K., Rajkumar, V. & Dwivedi, D.K. 2011. Antioxidant effect of curry leaf (Murraya koenigii) powder on quality of ground and cooked goat meat. International Food Research Journal, 18: 563-569, ISSN: 2231-7546. http://www.ifrj.upm.edu.my/18%20(02)%202011/(14)%20IFRJ-2010-056.pdf. comprobaron el efecto antioxidante de este producto natural al evaluar la formación de peróxidos lipídicos, ácidos grasos libres y sustancias del ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) en la carne. Aunque los estudios con pollos de engorde son escasos, Bharathi et al. (2011)Bharathi, P., Reddy, A.G., Reddy, A.R. & Alpharaj, M. 2011. A study of certain herbs against chlorpyrifos-induced changes in lipid and protein profile in poultry. Toxicology International, 18: 44-46, ISSN: 0976-5131. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-6580.75854. reportaron que el uso de 0.1% de Murraya koenigii podría reducir la toxicidad del clorpirifos (insecticida organofosforado) en pollos de engorde. Al parecer, el uso de Murraya koenigii al 1.0 % tuvo un efecto opuesto en la respuesta de los animales (tabla 2), por lo que estudios futuros deben considerar niveles menores de inclusión en la dieta de pollos de engorde.

La tabla 3 muestra el efecto de las dietas con pigmentos naturales y sintéticos en los cambios en el peso relativo de los órganos digestivos, viscerales e inmunes de pollos de engorde jóvenes. El grupo de cantaxantina incrementó (P<0.05) el peso relativo del timo y la bolsa de Fabricio en comparación con los otros tratamientos. Además, el peso relativo del bazo cambió significativamente (P<0.05) debido a este tratamiento (cantaxantina), lo que provocó diferencias con la dieta control y el grupo Murraya koenigii.

Además, el grupo Bixa orellana disminuyó (P<0.05) el peso relativo del proventrículo y ciego, aunque, este último órgano (ciego) no tuvo cambios significativos (P>0.05) con el grupo Murraya koenigii. Asimismo, este pigmento natural (Murraya koenigii) disminuyó (P<0.05) el peso relativo de la grasa abdominal y el hígado con respecto al control, tratamientos cantaxantina y Bixa orellana, respectivamente. El peso relativo de la molleja, páncreas y corazón no cambió debido a los tratamientos experimentales (P>0.05).

Tabla 3.  Efecto de la suplementación dietética de pigmentos naturales y sintéticos en el peso relativo de algunos órganos de pollos de engorde jóvenes
Indicadores (g/kg) Tratamientos experimentales EEM± Valor de P
Control Bixa orellana Murraya koenigii Cantaxantina
Proventrículo 1.04a 0.90b 0.97a 0.98a 0.035 0.048
Molleja 5.71 5.78 5.90 5.73 0.075 0.091
Páncreas 0.47 0.49 0.49 0.53 0.054 0.068
Hígado 3.03b 3.22ab 2.92c 3.26a 0.105 0.034
Bazo 0.06b 0.10ab 0.07b 0.16a 0.028 0.008
Timo 0.22b 0.22b 0.24b 0.30a 0.015 0.050
Bolsa de Fabricio 0.16b 0.18b 0.17b 0.24a 0.025 0.048
Corazón 0.67 0.60 0.60 0.62 0.037 0.059
Ciego 1.65a 1.07c 1.15bc 1.44b 0.156 0.034
Intestino delgado 9.83b 10.10ab 9.87b 11.05a 0.384 0.050
Grasa abdominal 0.36a 0.33ab 0.27b 0.36a 0.028 0.027

a,b,c Las medias en la misma fila con superíndices diferentes difieren significativamente (P<0.05)

Por otro lado, la dieta con cantaxantina incrementó el peso relativo de los órganos linfoides primarios (bolsa de Fabricio y timo) y secundario (bazo) comparado con el control (tabla 3), aunque la eficiencia alimenticia disminuyó en pollos jóvenes. Otros estudios que desafiaron el lipopolisacárido encontraron un aumento en el índice morfométrico bursal en pollos de engorde al utilizar luteína+cantaxantina (Koutsos et al. 2003Koutsos, E.A., Calvert, C.C. & Klasing, K.C. 2003. The effect of an acute phase response on tissue carotenoid levels of growing chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A, 135(4): 635-646, ISSN: 1531-4332. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1095-6433(03)00158-2.). Por lo general, un mayor peso relativo de órganos inmunes como el timo, la bolsa de Fabricio y el bazo se relaciona con una mayor actividad inmunológica en etapas tempranas de pollos de engorde (Guo et al. 2021Guo, Y., Balasubramanian, B., Zhao, Z.H. & Liu, W.C. 2021. Marine algal polysaccharides alleviate aflatoxin B1-induced bursa of Fabricius injury by regulating redox and apoptotic signaling pathway in broilers. Poultry Science, 100: 844-857, ISSN: 1525-3171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2020.10.050.), debido a que los órganos linfoides primarios producen linfocitos B (bolsa de Fabricio) y T (timo) involucrados en la memoria y la defensa inmunológica, respectivamente (Aguilar et al. 2013Aguilar, Y., Yero, O., Liu, G., Ren, W., Bertot, R., Jiménez, F. & Nyachoti, C.M. 2013. Effect of dietary supplementation with Anacardium occidentale on growth performance and immune and visceral organ weights in replacement laying pullets. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 11: 1352-1357, ISSN: 1459-0263. https://doi.org/10.1234/4.2013.4855.). Sin embargo, en este experimento, parece que el peso relativo del timo, la bolsa de Fabricio y el bazo de pollos de engorde (10 días de edad) no es normal con el grupo de cantaxantina. En un estudio de Martínez et al. (2021b)Martínez, Y., Altamirano, E., Ortega, V., Paz, P. & Valdivié, M. 2021b. Effect of age on the immune and visceral organ weights and cecal traits in modern broilers. Animals, 11(3): 845-858, ISSN: 2076-2615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030845. sobre la alometría de órganos inmunes en pollos de engorde de hasta 10 días de edad, reportaron pesos medios relativos del timo, la bolsa de Fabricio y el bazo de 0.25, 0.18 y 0.11 %, respectivamente. Además, en aves aparentemente sanas, la hiperinmunidad conduce a un mayor costo energético para producir linfocitos y anticuerpos y para la actividad de macrófagos y mecanismos antiinflamatorios (Pålsson-McDermott y O’Neill 2020Pålsson-McDermott, E.M. & O’Neill, L.A. 2020. Targeting immunometabolism as an anti-inflammatory strategy. Cell Research, 30(4): 300-314, ISSN: 1748-7838. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41422-020-0291-z.), esto podría justificar la disminución del CA y la ganancia de peso de los pollos con la dieta de cantaxantina (tabla 2).

Varios estudios con productos naturales ricos en metabolitos secundarios benéficos han reportado que el crecimiento anormal de los órganos linfoides y otros órganos digestivos resulta en una disminución de la respuesta productiva, con mayor énfasis en pollos de engorde jóvenes (Aguilar et al. 2013Aguilar, Y., Yero, O., Liu, G., Ren, W., Bertot, R., Jiménez, F. & Nyachoti, C.M. 2013. Effect of dietary supplementation with Anacardium occidentale on growth performance and immune and visceral organ weights in replacement laying pullets. Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment, 11: 1352-1357, ISSN: 1459-0263. https://doi.org/10.1234/4.2013.4855. y Moncayo y Ramírez 2020Moncayo, T. & Ramírez. J.R. 2020. Efecto nutracéutico del achiote (Bixa orellana) sobre indicadores biológicos de pollos de engorde. Tesis presentada en opción a Ingeniero Agrónomo. Universidad de Zamorano. 48 pp. https://bdigital.zamorano.edu/handle/11036/6792.). En este sentido, la cantaxantina como pigmento sintético modificó el peso relativo del intestino delgado (tabla 3), este órgano tiene una correlación estadística con los órganos inmunes en las aves (Martínez et al. 2021bMartínez, Y., Altamirano, E., Ortega, V., Paz, P. & Valdivié, M. 2021b. Effect of age on the immune and visceral organ weights and cecal traits in modern broilers. Animals, 11(3): 845-858, ISSN: 2076-2615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030845.). Probablemente esta dieta provocó procesos inflamatorios intestinales postprandiales, que aumentaron la producción de linfocitos T y B e influyeron en el peso relativo de estos órganos hematopoyéticos en pollos de engorde jóvenes (Madej et al. 2024Madej, J.P., Graczyk, S., Bobrek, K., Bajzert, J. & Gaweł, A. 2024. Impact of early posthatch feeding on the immune system and selected hematological, biochemical, and hormonal parameters in broiler chickens. Poultry Science, 103(3): 103366, ISSN: 1525-3171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2023.103366.) como ocurrió en este estudio (tabla 3). Además, el grupo Murraya koenigii disminuyó el peso relativo de la grasa abdominal (tabla 3). El aporte de alcaloides por la inclusión dietética de este pigmento natural podría reducir la incorporación de grasa en esta porción, similar a los resultados que reportaron Sharma et al. (2021)Sharma, D., Biswas, A., Deo, C. & Tyagi, P.K. 2021. Effect of dietary supplementation of curry leaves powder on growth performance, immunity, serum biochemical and carcass traits of broiler chickens. Indian Journal of Poultry Science, 8: 80-89, ISSN: 0974-8180. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8180.2021.00009.X. .

Los aditivos propuestos en este estudio (mayor énfasis en Bixa orellana) disminuyeron el peso relativo del ciego (tabla 3), porción del intestino que es responsable de la salud intestinal, la fermentación de nutrientes y la modulación de la microbiota intestinal (Yadav y Jha 2019Yadav, S. & Jha, R. 2019. Strategies to modulate the intestinal microbiota and their effects on nutrient utilization, performance, and health of poultry. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 10: 1-11, ISSN: 2049-1891. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-018-0310-9.). Varios estudios han encontrado que algunos productos naturales tienen un efecto más evidente en el intestino delgado que en el ciego (Liu et al. 2021Liu, W., Rouzmehr, F., Wang, X. & Seidavi, A. 2021. Green tea dietary supplementation in broiler chickens: Effect on the development of chicken intestine. Food Science & Nutrition, 9(3): 1530-1541, ISSN: 2048-7177. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2126.). Es válido señalar que los resultados del efecto de los ingredientes ricos en metabolitos secundarios en este órgano no son concluyentes, porque depende de la concentración y el tipo de metabolitos secundarios, la salud intestinal, la dieta, la edad y las condiciones experimentales. Vase-Khavari et al. (2019)Vase-Khavari, K., Mortezavi, S.H., Rasouli, B., Khusro, A., Salem, A.Z. & Seidavi, A. 2019. The effect of three tropical medicinal plants and superzist probiotic on growth performance, carcass characteristics, blood constitutes, immune response, and gut microflora of broiler. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 51: 33-42, ISSN: 1573-7438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-018-1656-x. informaron que el uso de 0.5 % del polvo de Rhus coriaria, Heracleum persicum y Mentha piperita aumentó el peso relativo del ciego. Sin embargo, Liu et al. (2021)Liu, W., Rouzmehr, F., Wang, X. & Seidavi, A. 2021. Green tea dietary supplementation in broiler chickens: Effect on the development of chicken intestine. Food Science & Nutrition, 9(3): 1530-1541, ISSN: 2048-7177. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2126. no encontraron cambios en el peso relativo del ciego cuando utilizaron hasta 1 % de polvo de Camellia sinensis, aparentemente una disminución en el contenido cecal en pollos de engorde debido a que estos compuestos dietéticos en la microflora influyeron en los resultados de este estudio (tabla 3). Otros estudios encontraron que el uso de productos naturales con propiedades antimicrobianas disminuyó el contenido cecal y, a su vez, la carga de enterobacterias como Salmonella spp. y Campylobacter (Almuhayawi et al. 2023Almuhayawi, M.S., Alruhaili, M.H., Gattan, H.S., Alharbi, M.T., Nagshabandi, M.K., Almehayawi, M.S. & Alagawany, M. 2023. Evaluation of antimicrobial effect of olive leaves powder and its role in improving the broiler productivity, carcass traits, blood metabolites, and caecal microbiota. Poultry Science, 102(11): 103054, ISSN: 1525-3171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2023.103054.).

El efecto de los pigmentos naturales y sintéticos en las características cecales de pollos de engorde jóvenes se muestra en la tabla 4. Las dietas con los pigmentos disminuyeron el pH cecal, con mayor énfasis en el grupo con Bixa Orellana, lo que provocó una reducción (P<0.05) de coliformes totales, Enterobacteriaceae y E. coli en relación con la dieta control y los otros grupos de pigmentos. Asimismo, no se encontró Salmonella spp. cecal en los pollos de engorde alimentados con los pigmentos propuestos (tabla 4). Por otra parte, el grupo Murraya koenigii incrementó (P<0.05) la población de bacterias ácido lácticas y el grupo cantaxantina disminuyó (P<0.05) la cuantificación de levaduras cecales en comparación con la dieta control. Además, las dietas experimentales no cambiaron (P>0.05) la población de hongos cecales (tabla 4).

Tabla 4.  Efecto de la suplementación dietética de pigmentos naturales y sintéticos en los caracteres cecales de pollos de engorde jóvenes.
Indicadores (Log UFC/g) Tratamientos experimentales EEM± Valor de P
Control Bixa orellana Murraya koenigii Cantaxantina
pH 6.79a 5.99c 6.17b 6.22b 0.159 0.034
Coliformes totales 6.14c 6.00d 6.63a 6.36b 0.333 0.050
Enterobacteriaceae 6.21b 6.05c 6.49a 6.24b 0.108 0.008
E. coli 6.14c 6.04d 6.45a 6.33b 0.127 0.043
Salmonella spp. Presente Ausente Ausente Ausente
BAL totales 6.64b 6.81ab 8.56a 8.43ab 0.449 0.044
Levadura 2.84a 2.49ab 2.54ab 2.26b 0.149 0.016
Hongos 3.02 3.49 3.10 3.62 0.489 0.786

a,b,c,d Las medias en la misma fila con superíndices diferentes difieren significativamente (P<0.05). BAL: bacterias ácido lácticas

El efecto bacteriostático de los productos naturales y sintéticos utilizados en la industria avícola tiene un impacto directo en la salud intestinal y la respuesta productiva del huésped (Arena et al. 2020Arena, J.S., Merlo, C., Defagó, M.T. & Zygadlo, J.A. 2020. Insecticidal and antibacterial effects of some essential oils against the poultry pest Alphitobius diaperinus and its associated microorganisms. Journal of Pesticide Science, 93: 403-414, ISSN: 1349-0923. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-019-01141-5.). La disminución del pH intestinal podría deberse a que el producto utilizado tuvo un pH ácido, al crecimiento de BAL cecales o a una disminución de la población bacteriana patógena, ya que el producto final de la fermentación bacteriana son ácidos grasos volátiles que emiten protones y reducen el pH (Scicutella et al. 2021Scicutella, F., Mannelli, F., Daghio, M., Viti, C. & Buccioni, A. 2021. Polyphenols and organic acids as alternatives to antimicrobials in poultry rearing: a review. Antibiotics, 10(8): 1010, ISSN: 2079-6382. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10081010.). Así, Al-Tarazi y Alshawabkeh (2003)Al‐Tarazi, Y.H. & Alshawabkeh, K. 2003. Effect of dietary formic and propionic acids on Salmonella pullorum shedding and mortality in layer chicks after experimental infection. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 50: 112-117, ISSN: 2314-6966. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0450.2003.00644.x. encontraron una disminución del pH cecal al incluir un pigmento fitobiótico en las dietas de pollos de engorde. En este sentido, Nathan et al. (2019)Nathan, V.K., Rani, M.E., Rathinasamy, G. & Narayanan Dhiraviam, K. 2019. Antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of natural colouring pigment derived from Bixa orellana L. Seed Aril. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, 89: 137-143, ISSN: 2250-1746. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40011-017-0927-z. demostraron que Bixa orellana tiene un importante efecto bactericida contra bacterias oportunistas como Salmonella spp. y E. coli. Hasta donde se conoce, este es el primer estudio que demuestra el efecto bactericida de Bixa orellana en pollos de engorde, ya que este grupo experimental redujo notablemente los coliformes totales, Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli y Salmonella spp. en el ciego, aunque sin cambios en la población de bacterias ácido lácticas.

Por otro lado, Murraya koenigii tiene una alta concentración de alcaloides carbazol (principalmente mahanimbina, murrayanol y mahanine), que en pequeñas concentraciones tienen un efecto microbiano contra Staphylococcus epidermidis (Handral et al. 2012Handral, H.K., Pandith, A. & Shruthi, S.D. 2012. A review on Murraya koenigii: multipotential medicinal plant. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 5: 5-14, ISSN: 2455-3891. https://pharmainfo.in/jpsr/Documents/Volumes/vol11issue07/jpsr11071935.pdf.). Curiosamente, el uso de 1 % de Murraya koenigii en dietas para pollos de engorde disminuyó el pH cecal debido al aumento de la población de BAL en esta porción intestinal, sin embargo, este grupo experimental exacerbó el crecimiento de coliformes totales, Enterobacteriaceae y E. coli. Al parecer, el exceso de estos metabolitos secundarios (alcaloides) provocó trastornos intestinales, confirmados por la disminución de la eficiencia productiva, sin exclusión competitiva cecal, lo que afecta el crecimiento selectivo de algunas bacterias patógenas y benéficas (tabla 4). Asimismo, no se encontraron estudios que hicieran referencia al efecto bactericida in vitro e in vivo de Murraya koenigii contra enterobacterias comunes como E. coli y Salmonella spp. Sin embargo, son necesarias más investigaciones para confirmar esta hipótesis.

El estudio encontró además que el pigmento sintético (cantaxantina) disminuyó el pH cecal y la población de levaduras cecales e incrementó la población de coliformes totales y E. coli en comparación con el grupo control (tabla 4). Por lo tanto, la mayor población de bacterias patógenas cecales podría haber influido en la disminución de la respuesta de las aves jóvenes en este tratamiento experimental (tabla 2). Además, la menor población de levaduras cecales podría provocar disbiosis microbiana, ya que la pared celular de la levadura sirve como sustancia nutritiva para las bacterias lácticas cecales (Hernández-Ramírez et al. 2021Hernández-Ramírez, J.O., Merino-Guzmán, R., Téllez-Isaías, G., Vázquez-Durán, A. & Méndez-Albores, A. 2021. Mitigation of AFB1-related toxic damage to the intestinal epithelium in broiler chickens consumed a yeast cell wall fraction. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8: 677965, ISSN: 2297-1769. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.677965.), que estimulan la respuesta inmune cuando se ven desafiadas por enterobacterias oportunistas (Bonato et al. 2020Bonato, M., Borges, L.L., Ingberman, M., Fávaro, C., Mesa, D., Caron, L.F. & Beirão, B.C. 2020. Effects of yeast cell wall on immunity, microbiota, and intestinal integrity of Salmonella-infected broilers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 29: 545-558, ISSN: 1537-0437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japr.2020.03.002.). Esta investigación demuestra que el pigmento sintético (cantaxantina) no tiene efecto antimicrobiano en las Enterobacteriaceae cecales comunes en pollos de engorde jóvenes.

Conclusiones

 

La suplementación dietética con 1 % de Bixa orellana como pigmento natural tuvo un efecto promotor del crecimiento y un evidente efecto antimicrobiano in vivo en pollos de engorde jóvenes, sin afectar el peso relativo de los órganos digestivos, viscerales e inmunes.