Introduction
⌅Fructans are carbohydrates in which the links among fructose residues predominate. This definition is independent of molecule size, since there are fructans that contain from two to more than 106 units (Waterhouse and Chatterton 1993Waterhouse, A.L. & Chatterton, N.J. 1993. Glossary of fructan terms. In: Michio Suzuki, N. y J. Chatterton (eds.). Science and technology of fructans. CRC Press. Boca Raton, USA. Pp. 1-7. ISBN: 0-8493-5111-1.). There are different criteria for the classification of fructans. According to Waterhouse and Chatterton (1993)Waterhouse, A.L. & Chatterton, N.J. 1993. Glossary of fructan terms. In: Michio Suzuki, N. y J. Chatterton (eds.). Science and technology of fructans. CRC Press. Boca Raton, USA. Pp. 1-7. ISBN: 0-8493-5111-1., their grouping is based on three essential criteria: the predominant type of bond among fructose residues, degree of polymerization (DP) of the molecule and its origin. According to this, the most frequent terms that appear in the bibliography are: kestoses, inulin, levan, phlein and graminan, each described with its characteristic structures. Oligomeric fructans, which contain a saccharose linked to one or more fructose residues, are called fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and can be of microbial or plant origin.
Van den Ende (2013)Van den Ende, W. 2013. Multifunctional fructans and raffinose family oligosaccharides. Frontiers in Plant Science, 4: 1-11, ISSN: 1664-462X. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2013.00247. and Franco-Robles and López (2015)Franco-Robles, E. & López, M. 2015. Implication of Fructans in Health: Immunomodulatory and Antioxidant Mechanisms. The Scientific World Journal, 2015: 15, ISSN: 2356-6140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/289267. established a classification criterion based on the type of glycosidic bond present. These authors grouped fructans into inulins, levans, graminans and neofructans (neoinulins or neoseries inulins and neolevans or neoseries levans). There is a specific type of fructan, which is characterized by a highly branched complex structure, with an external glucose in the graminans and an internal one in the neofructans. These compounds are produced in agaves, which is why they are called agavins (Mancilla-Margalli and López 2006Mancilla-Margalli, N.A. & López, M.G. 2006. Water-Soluble Carbohydrates and Fructan Structure Patterns from Agave and Dasylirion Species. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(20): 7832-7839, ISSN: 1520-5118. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf060354v.).
In the plant kingdom Plantae, approximately 15 % of flowering plants are able to synthesize and store this compound in leaves, stems and roots, mainly in storage organs such as bulbs, tubers and rhizomes (Hendry 1993Hendry, G. 1993. Evolutionary origins and natural functions of fructans a climatological, biogeographic and mechanistic appraisal. New Phytologist, 123(1): 3-14, ISSN: 1469-8137. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1993.tb04525.x.). These plants are found in a small group of mono and dicotyledonous families: Amaryllidaceae, Poaceae, Asteraceae, Nolinaceae and Asparagaceae (Franco-Robles and López 2015Franco-Robles, E. & López, M. 2015. Implication of Fructans in Health: Immunomodulatory and Antioxidant Mechanisms. The Scientific World Journal, 2015: 15, ISSN: 2356-6140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/289267.).
The most studied medicinal property of fructans is their prebiotic action (Ayala et al. 2018Ayala, M.M.A., Hernández, S.D., Pinto, R.R., González, M.S.S., Bárcena, G.J.R., Hernández, M.O. & Torres, S.N. 2018. Prebiotic effect of two sources of inulin on in vitro growth of Lactobacillus salivarius and Enterococcus faecium. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Pecuarias, 9(2): 346-361, ISSN: 2448-6698. http://dx.doi.org/10.22319/rmcp.v9i2.4488., Guillot 2018Guillot, C.C. 2018. Update in prebiotics. Revista Cubana de Pediatría, 90(4): 648, ISSN: 1561-3119. and Armas et al. 2019Armas, R.R.A., Martínez, G.D. & Pérez, C.E.R. 2019. Inulin-typefructans: effect on gut microbiota, obesity and satiety. Gaceta Médica Espirituana, 21(2): 134-145, ISSN: 1608-8921.). In addition, they are involved in the decrease of body mass index, the reduction of total body fat and triglycerides in obese individuals (Padilla-Camberos et al. 2018Padilla-Camberos, E., Barragán-Álvarez, C.P., Díaz-Martínez, N.E., Rathod, V. & Flores-Fernández, J.M. 2018. Effects of Agave fructans (Agave tequilana Weber var. azul) on body fat and serum lipids in obesity. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 73: 34-39, ISSN: 1573-9104. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-018-0654-5. ). They also reduce glycemic indicators in individuals with prediabetes and diabetes mellitus, prevent colorectal cancer, osteoporosis and have brain protection properties (Wang et al. 2019Wang, L., Yang, H., Huang, H., Zhang, C., Zuo, H.X., Xu, P., Niu, Y.M. & Wu, S.S. 2019. Inulin‑type fructans supplementation improves glycemic control for the prediabetes and type 2 diabetes populations: results from a GRADE‑assessed systematic review and dose-response meta‑analysis of 33 randomized controlled trials. Journal of Translational Medicine, 17(410): 1-19, ISSN: 1479-5876. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-019-02159-0. and Espinosa-Andrews et al. 2021Espinosa-Andrews, H., Urias-Silvas, J.E. & Morales-Hernández, N. 2021. The role of agave fructans in health and food applications: A review. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 114: 585-598, ISSN: 0924-2244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.06.022.). Fructans are incorporated into foods for their technological properties: emulsifiers, stabilisers, gelling agents and sweeteners (Verma et al. 2021Verma, D.K., Patel, A.R., Thakur, M., Singh, S., Tripathy, S., Srivastav, P.P. & Aguilar, C.N. 2021. A review of the composition and toxicology of fructans, and their applications in foods and health. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 99: 103884, ISSN: 1096-0481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103884. ). Furthermore, Agave tequilana agavins are used in the industrial production of beverages such as tequila and mezcal (Hernández 2018Hernández, J. de J. 2018. El mezcal como patrimonio social: de indicaciones geográficas genéricas a denominaciones de origen regional. EmQuestão, 24(2): 404-433, ISSN: 1808-5245. http://dx.doi.org/10.19132/1808-5245242.404-433.).
Nowadays, the use of fructans as prebiotic additives in animal production is increasing (de Lange et al. 2010de Lange, C.F.M., Pluske, J., Gong, J. & Nyachoti, C.M. 2010. Strategic use of feed ingredients and feed additives to stimulate gut health and development in young pigs. Livestock Science, 134(1-3): 124-134, ISSN: 1871-1413. https://doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2010.06.117.). García-Curbelo et al. (2018)García-Curbelo, Y., Ayala, L., Bocourt, R., Albelo, N., Nuñez, O., Rodríguez, Y. & López, M.G. 2018. Agavinas como prebióticos: su influencia en el metabolismo lipídico de cerdos. Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 52(4): 395-400, ISSN: 2079-3480. included Agave fourcroydes L. agavins in pig diet and obtained modifications in lipid metabolism, related to the decrease of total cholesterol, low-density lipoproteins and total lipids. Alvarado-Loza et al. (2017)Alvarado-Loza, E., Orozco-Hernández, R., Ruíz-García, I., Paredes-Ibarra, F. & Fuentes-Hernández, V. 2017. The 2% of Agave inulin level in the rabbit feed affect spositively the digestibility and gutmicrobia. Abanico Veterinario, 7(3): 55-62, ISSN: 2448-6132. http://dx.doi.org/10.21929/abavet2017.73.6., by supplying 2 % of Agave inulin in rabbit feed, reported its positive influence on digestibility and intestinal microbiota. In addition, Chávez-Mora et al. (2019)Chávez-Mora, I., Sánchez-Chiprés, D., Galindo-García, J., Ayala-Valdovinos, M.A., Duifhuis-Rivera, T. & Ly-Carmenatti, J. 2019. Efecto de oligofructosa de agave en dietas de gallinas ponedoras en la producción de huevos. Revista MVZ Córdoba, 24(1): 7108-7112, ISSN: 0122-0268. https://doi.org/10.21897/rmvz.1522. observed an increase in the percentage of laying and weight of the egg, as well as in its quality indices, in favor of treatments with Agave oligofructose.
Agave genus is considered native to Mexico, where 272 species of the 310 reported are found. Of these, 135 are endemic (Mancilla-Margalli and López 2006Mancilla-Margalli, N.A. & López, M.G. 2006. Water-Soluble Carbohydrates and Fructan Structure Patterns from Agave and Dasylirion Species. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54(20): 7832-7839, ISSN: 1520-5118. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf060354v.).
In Cuba, this genus includes 16 native species (Greuter and Rankin 2017Greuter, W. & Rankin, R. 2017. The Spermatophyta of Cuba. A Preliminary Checklist. Second, updated edition of the The Spermatophyta of Cuba with Pteridophyta added. Botanischer Garten and Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, Berlín.). Agave offoyana Jacobi is commonly known as maguey. It is an endemic species (Romero-Jiménez et al. 2015Romero-Jiménez, M., Castañeda-Noa, I. & de las Mercedes, L. 2015. Origen y estado actual de la flora espermatófita en áreas naturales de cayo Las Brujas, Villa Clara. Revista del Jardín Botánico Nacional, 36: 31-46, ISSN: 2410-5546.) and is distributed on the Northern coast and some inland regions (de Zayas 1980de Zayas, A.A. 1980. Agave cajalbanensis: una nueva especie de Cuba occidental. Revista del Jardín Botánico Nacional, 1(2-3): 33-39, ISSN: 2410-5546.). It grows in evergreen forests, coastal and subcoastal microphylls. It is a local resource, used as a medicinal, honey-producing and ornamental plant (Romero-Jiménez et al. 2015Romero-Jiménez, M., Castañeda-Noa, I. & de las Mercedes, L. 2015. Origen y estado actual de la flora espermatófita en áreas naturales de cayo Las Brujas, Villa Clara. Revista del Jardín Botánico Nacional, 36: 31-46, ISSN: 2410-5546.).
Several species of Agave are used to obtain products for use in health, industry and human and animal food. However, they are not Cuban. Out of the 24 species that grow in Cuba, A. offoyana stands out for its size and could store fructans as a carbon source, as occurs in several Mexican species.
The objective of this study was to determine, using chromatographic methods, the presence of fructans in vegetative organs of the endemic species Agave offoyana (maguey).
Materials and Methods
⌅Plant material
⌅Specimens of Agave offoyana were collected in the Tres Ceibas de Clavellina managed floristic reserve, Matanzas province, Cuba (23º05’48.6” N and 81º39’20.5” W). For plant identification, the characteristics of this species, described in Flora de Cuba, first fascicle (León 1946León, H. 1946. Flora de Cuba, Gimnospermas, Monocotiledóneas. Vol. I Contribuciones ocasionales del Museo de Historia Natural del Colegio La Salle No 8. La Habana. 441 pp.), were used as a reference.
Samples were taken at two times of the year. The first, in December 2016, during dry period, and the second, in July 2017, rainy season. In December, nine plants were collected, three juveniles, three adults and three in bloom (early stage), close to four, eight and ten years of age, respectively. In July, three adult specimens close to ten years of age were studied.
From each plant collected in December, samples of roots, stems, and a leaf inserted in the base, middle, and apex of the stem, were taken. From those collected in July, only samples of the stem and the leaf inserted in the middle of the stem (fourth leaf from the base of the stem) were taken (figure 1). Samples were transported separately in plastic bags to the plant biotechnology laboratory of the Faculty of Agronomy, of the Agricultural University of Havana.
Determination of fructans by thin layer chromatography (TLC)
⌅For fructan extraction, the protocol followed by Wack and Blaschek (2006)Wack, M. & Blaschek, W. 2006. Determination of the structure and degree of polymerisation of fructans from Echinacea purpurea roots. Carbohydrate Research, 341(9): 1147-1153, ISSN: 1873-426X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2006.03.034. was modified. All collected samples were processed in the laboratory, where each organ was fractionated, sterilized and crushed separately. Leaves were sectioned at the base, middle and apex (figure 1). The organ segments (stem, leaves and roots) were weighed and sterilized separately, with water, in a 1:2 (w/v) ratio, in an autoclave, at 121 °C and 1 atm of pressure for 40 min. Then, they were crushed separately in a blender until a paste was obtained. They were placed in 1.5 mL tubes and centrifuged at 9000 rpm in a microcentrifuge to obtain the aqueous phase.
The presence of fructans was determined by thin layer chromatography (TLC), according to the method proposed by Trujillo et al. (2004)Trujillo, T.L.E., Gómez, R.R., Banguela, C.A., Soto, R.M., Arrieta, S.J.G. & Hernández, G.L. 2004. Catalytical properties of N-glycosylated Gluconacetobacterdiazotrophicus levansucrase produced in yeast. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology, 7(2): 115-123, ISSN: 0717-3458. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-34582004000200005. . For this purpose, 1.5 μL of the aqueous phase extracted from roots, stems and leaves was applied to a TLC plate (silica gel on aluminum sheets, Fluka, Germany) and introduced three times into a closed chamber containing 10 mL of running solution (1-butanol, 2-propanol and water in a 3:12:0.5 ratio).
The plate was developed by applying a solution (saturated butanol 93 mL, orthophosphoric acid 85 % 7 mL and urea 3 g). Absolute ethanol was also added until the solution became transparent and it was incubated at 80 °C to accelerate the reaction. The combination of these reagents allowed the profiles and the fructose molecule to be visualized. An aqueous extract of onion bulbs (Allium cepa L.) was used as a molecular weight standard, as described by Vijn et al. (1998)Vijn, I., van Dijken, A., Lüscher, M., Bos, A., Smeets, E., Weisbeek, P., Wiemken, A. & Smeekens, S. 1998. Cloning of sucrose: sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase from onion and synthesis of structurally defined fructan molecules from sucrose. Plant Physiology, 117(4): 1507-1513, ISSN: 1532-2548. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.117.4.1507. .
Determination of fructans by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)
⌅To determine the presence of fructans, a stem sample from an adult plant collected in December was used and analyzed by HPLC, as described by Meyer (2010)Meyer, V.R. 2010. Practical High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, New York, USA. pp. 5-141. ISBN: 978-0-470-68218-0.. Prior to performing the HPLC, TLCs were performed on organs of the plants collected in December, which allowed to select the one used as sample.
The run was performed on a Nucleosil NH2 column (0.8 x 25.0 cm) (Sigma, USA) using 80% acetonitrile in water as the elution solution and a flow rate of 0.4 mL min-1 at 37 ºC. The eluted sugars were found with a differential refractometer (Knauer, Germany). For calibration of the equipment, the standards sucrose, 1-kestose and nystose, were used, prepared at 10 mg mL-1.
Results
⌅Product profiles obtained from organ samples from adult plants revealed that A. offoyana stores fructans as a carbon source. These carbohydrates were mainly accumulated in the stems and are found in lower concentrations in leaves. They were not found in the roots. Low and high molecular weight polymers were observed in both plant organs (figure 2a).
A. offoyana contains fructans in the leaves of juvenile, adult and flowering plants (figure 2b), although in the latter two the concentration is higher than in young plants. In the same figure, TLC also showed that the juvenile plant mainly produces low molecular weight fructans in leaves. However, in the adult and flowering plants, low and high degree of polymerization molecules were observed, which was evidenced by the dark spot present at the application point.
Figures 2c and 2d show that the presence of fructans in leaves inserted at the base and middle of the stem of adult and flowering plants was greater than in the leaves at the stem apex. Furthermore, when these leaves were divided into base, middle and apex, it was found that the concentration of fructans was greater in the areas at the base and middle than at the apex. As demonstrated in the figures, the presence of high molecular weight molecules in the basal area of leaves at the base, middle and stem apex was greater than in the middle. There was little representation of these molecules at the apex of leaves.
Young, adult and flowering plants stored similar amounts of fructans in stem samples taken during dry season (figure 2e). Besides, this figure shows the TLC and the presence of low and high molecular weight polymers during the three phases of plant growth. The concentration of carbohydrates increased slightly with the degree of plant development.
Stem and leaves inserted in the middle of the stem of adult plants stored fructans during dry (December) and rainy (July) periods, although there was a slight increase in the accumulation in these organs during the dry period. The light spots on the dark background at the point of application of some samples indicate the saturation by high molecular weight fructans (figures 3a and 3b).
High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed the presence of fructans from molecules with DP 3 to DP 6. This technique does not allow the separation of molecules with higher DP, which are seen grouped in a single peak. The polymer with the highest concentration is the one composed of three fructose units (figure 4).
Discussion
⌅Fructans are found in several plant families as reserve carbohydrates. They also function as osmoprotective substances during drought and cold stress (Ritsema and Smeekens 2003Ritsema, T. & Smeekensm, S. 2003. Engineering fructan metabolism in plants. Journal of Plant Physiology, 160: 811-820, ISSN: 1618-1328. https://doi.org/10.1078/0176-1617-01029.). The studied A. offoyana plants contain more fructans in stems than in leaves. These polymers are the main reserve carbohydrate present in Agave stems (Mellado-Mojica et al. 2009Mellado-Mojica, E., López-Medina, T.L. & López-Pérez, M.G. 2009. Developmental Variation in Agave tequilana Weber var. Azul Stem Carbohydrates. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 3(1): 34-39, ISSN: 1749-0626. ). Fructans are also the most abundant carbohydrates in adult plants of Agave fourcroydes (García-Curbelo et al. 2009García-Curbelo, Y., López, M.G. & Bocourt, R. 2009. Fructanos en Agave fourcroydes, potencialidades para su utilización en la alimentación animal. Revista Cubana de Ciencia Agrícola, 43(2): 175-177, ISSN: 0034-7485.). Likewise, Agave tequilana has more fructans in stem than in leaves. In this species, the head or cone (stem and leaf bases) stores the largest amount of total non-reducing sugars, where inulin and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are predominant. This is followed by the base of leaves, where inulin and, to a lesser extent, FOS are also predominant (Montañez-Soto et al. 2011Montañez-Soto, J., Venegas-González, J., Vivar-Vera, M. & Ramos-Ramírez, E. 2011. Extracción, caracterización y cuantificación de los fructanos contenidos en la cabeza y en las hojas del Agave tequilana Weber var. Azul. Bioagro, 23(3): 199-206, ISSN: 1316-3361. and Ferrer-Serrano et al. 2023Ferrer-Serrano, C.M., Zumalacárregui-de-Cárdenas, B. & Mazorra-Mestre, M. 2023. Extracción de inulina a partir de piñas de desecho de henequeneras cubanas. Revista Cubana de Química, 35(2): 322-337, ISSN: 2224-5421.).
Leaves inserted at the base of the stem of A. offoyana are green, without mechanical damage. They grow on previously dead leaves or leaves in the senescence phase. They represent the most mature leaves of the plant and have the highest amount of fructans. However, in A. fourcroydes, intermediate leaves store the highest fructan concentration (García-Curbelo et al. 2009García-Curbelo, Y., López, M.G. & Bocourt, R. 2009. Fructanos en Agave fourcroydes, potencialidades para su utilización en la alimentación animal. Revista Cubana de Ciencia Agrícola, 43(2): 175-177, ISSN: 0034-7485.). In A. offoyana leaves, it occurred at the base of this organ. This coincides with what has been reported in adult plants of A. tequilana, where fructan content is equivalent to 68.6 %, with respect of that of the head or cone. The base of leaves constitutes the second fraction with the greatest contribution to the biomass of A. tequilana crop. It is mainly composed of inulin, FOS (to a lesser extent) and reducing sugars (Montañez-Soto et al. 2011Montañez-Soto, J., Venegas-González, J., Vivar-Vera, M. & Ramos-Ramírez, E. 2011. Extracción, caracterización y cuantificación de los fructanos contenidos en la cabeza y en las hojas del Agave tequilana Weber var. Azul. Bioagro, 23(3): 199-206, ISSN: 1316-3361. ). Also, in the lower leaves of Agave mapisaga, 68 % of FOS and 32 % of high molecular weight fructans were found (Plascencia et al. 2019Plascencia, A., Gutiérrez-Mora, A., Rodríguez-Domínguez, M., Castañeda-Nava, J., Gallardo-Valdez, J. & Camacho-Ruíz, R.M. 2019. Characterization of fructans extracted from Agave mapisaga leaves. In: Gutierrez Mora, A. (ed.). Sustainable and Integrated use of Agave. CONACYT / CIATEJ / Agared, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico. Pp. 101-106. ISBN: 978-607-8734-03-0.).
Fructan accumulation in A. offoyana occurs from the juvenile phase until the beginning of flowering. Likewise, carbohydrate content is directly related to the age and physiological stage of A. tequilana. The highest concentrations were observed in adult plants, while the lowest concentrations were quantified in juveniles (Mellado-Mojica et al. 2009Mellado-Mojica, E., López-Medina, T.L. & López-Pérez, M.G. 2009. Developmental Variation in Agave tequilana Weber var. Azul Stem Carbohydrates. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 3(1): 34-39, ISSN: 1749-0626. ). In a study with plants of Agave angustifolia Haw. and Agave potatorum Zucc., from one to six years old, it was determined that the concentration of simple carbohydrates was higher in young plants and that fructans with a higher DP predominated in adult plants for both species (Márquez‐López et al. 2022Márquez-López, R.E., Santiago-García, P.A. & López, M.G. 2022. Agave Fructans in Oaxaca’s Emblematic Specimens: Agave angustifolia Haw. and Agave potatorum Zucc. Plants, 11(14): 1834, ISSN: 2223-7747. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11141834.).
A. offoyana specimens were collected in a natural area. Stems and leaves of juvenile plants (approximately four years old) showed less accumulation of fructans, of low and high DP, compared to adult plants and at the beginning of flowering. In stems and base of the leaves of different Agave species, plants from two to four years old exhibited the highest concentrations of free sugars and fructans with low DP. On the contrary, plants aged 10 to 12 years old showed low fructan concentration with higher DP (Aldrete-Herrera et al. 2019Aldrete-Herrera, P.I., López, M.G., Medina-Torres, L., Ragazzo-Sánchez, J.A., Calderón-Santoyo, M., González-Ávila, M. & Ortiz-Basurto, R.I. 2019. Physicochemical composition and apparent degree of polymerization of fructans in five wild Agave varieties: potential industrial use. Foods, 8(9): 404, ISSN: 2304-8158. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8090404.).
Contrary to the previous result, in A. fourcroydes cones, a greater quantity of sugars was obtained in 12-year-old plants, compared to those of seven years (Ferrer-Serrano et al. 2023Ferrer-Serrano, C.M., Zumalacárregui-de-Cárdenas, B. & Mazorra-Mestre, M. 2023. Extracción de inulina a partir de piñas de desecho de henequeneras cubanas. Revista Cubana de Química, 35(2): 322-337, ISSN: 2224-5421.). Similarly, in A. tequilana, aged four years, lower concentrations of fructans are shown compared to those of six and eight years. Those corresponding to ten years hydrolyze fructose to supply the energy demand of the flowering stage (Mellado-Mojica et al. 2009Mellado-Mojica, E., López-Medina, T.L. & López-Pérez, M.G. 2009. Developmental Variation in Agave tequilana Weber var. Azul Stem Carbohydrates. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 3(1): 34-39, ISSN: 1749-0626. ).
Plants store polysaccharides during the vegetative period to provide the necessary energy during the reproductive stage (Pérez and Martínez-Laborde 1994Pérez, F. & Martínez-Laborde, J.B. 1994. Utilización y transporte de los fotoasimilados. In: Pérez García, F. y J. B. Martínez-Laborde (eds.). Introducción a la Fisiología Vegetal. Ediciones Mundi-Prensa. Madrid, España. Pp. 87-94. ISBN: 84-7114-471-9.). However, A. offoyana accumulates these carbohydrates even during the beginning of flowering in a similar way to the adult phase, which could be due to the asexual reproduction mechanism that follows the sexual one, and that takes place in the same inflorescence (García-Beltrán et al. 2017García-Beltrán, J.A., Granado, P.L. & Bécquer, E.R. 2017. Las familias de las angiospermas de la flora de Cuba: visión diagnóstica desde los sistemas filogenéticos. Revista del Jardín Botánico Nacional, 38: 65-117, ISSN: 2410-5546.). Unlike A. offoyana, the concentrations of this carbohydrate decreased in A. tequilana plants that were in the flowering stage (Mellado-Mojica et al. 2009Mellado-Mojica, E., López-Medina, T.L. & López-Pérez, M.G. 2009. Developmental Variation in Agave tequilana Weber var. Azul Stem Carbohydrates. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 3(1): 34-39, ISSN: 1749-0626. ). In most of the studies carried out on species of Agave genus, plants were harvested before flowering, because the main function of the storage of fructose polymers is their use during flowering and fruiting (García-Curbelo et al. 2009García-Curbelo, Y., López, M.G. & Bocourt, R. 2009. Fructanos en Agave fourcroydes, potencialidades para su utilización en la alimentación animal. Revista Cubana de Ciencia Agrícola, 43(2): 175-177, ISSN: 0034-7485., Arrizon et al. 2010Arrizon, J., Morel, S., Gschaedler, A. & Monsan, P. 2010. Comparison of the water-soluble carbohydrate composition and fructan structures of Agave tequilana plants of different ages. Food Chemistry, 122(1): 123-130, ISSN: 2590-1575. http://doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.02.028., García-Curbelo et al. 2015García-Curbelo, Y., López, M. G., Bocourt, R., Collado, E., Albelo, N. & Nuñez, O. 2015. Structural characterization of fructans from Agave fourcroydes (Lem.) with potential as prebiotic. Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 49(1): 75-80, ISSN: 2079-3480. and Godínez-Hernández et al. 2016Godínez-Hernández, C.I., Aguirre-Rivera, J.R., Juárez-Flores, B.I., Ortiz-Pérez, M.D. & Becerra-Jiménez, J. 2016. Extraction and characterization of Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm-Dyckfructans. Revista Chapingo Serie Ciencias Forestales y del Ambiente, 22(1): 59-72, ISSN: 2007-3828. https://doi:10.5154/r.rchscfa.2015.02.007.). As the reproductive stage begins, the development of photosynthetically active leaves is suppressed and the leaves and stems start to age, indicating that carbohydrate reserves were used for the reproductive phase (Delgado et al. 2012Delgado, S.S.D.C., Abraham, J.M.J. & Simpson, J. 2012. Agave tequilana MADS genes show novel expression patterns in meristems, developing bulbils and floral organs. Sexual Plant Reproduction, 25(1): 11-26, ISSN: 0934-0882. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-011-0176-x.).
The stem and leaves of adult A. offoyana plants stored fructans in both periods of the year, although a slight increase in their accumulation was evident in the dry season (figures 3a and 3b). In Cuba, there are two seasonal periods (rainy and dry) with specific characteristics. More than 80% of the annual precipitation accumulates in rainy season (ONEI 2021ONEI. 2021. Anuario estadístico de Cuba 2020. Medio Ambiente. Oficina Nacional de Estadística e Información. Cuba. 60 pp.). Dry season does not favor the vegetative development of plants due to the scarcity of water. Daily accumulation rate increases when there are high temperatures during the day and low temperatures at night (Taiz and Zeiger 2002Taiz, L. & Zeiger, E. 2002. Respiration and Lipid Metabolism. In: Taiz, L. y E. Zeiger (eds.). Plant physiology. Sinauer Associates Inc. Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA. Pp. 245-247. ISBN: 0-87893-823-0.). These results coincide with those obtained in A. tequilana, in Mexico, where total reducing sugar values (23.68 to 30.80 %) were reported in dry and rainy periods (27.08 to 32.69 %). Agave cones have a higher fructan content in dry season, because the juice contains less water, so sugars are concentrated. In humid period, the content decreases due to the increase in the amount of water within the juice (Bautista-Justo et al. 2001Bautista-Justo, M., García-Oropeza, L., Salcedo-Hernández, R. & Parra-Negrete, L.A. 2001. Azúcares en agaves (Agave tequilana Weber) cultivados en el estado de Guanajuato. Acta Universitaria, 11(1): 33-38, ISSN: 2007-9621. https://doi.org/10.15174/au.2001.325.).
Agave fructans are a complex mixture of FOS and high DP fructans (Márquez‐López et al. 2022Márquez-López, R.E., Santiago-García, P.A. & López, M.G. 2022. Agave Fructans in Oaxaca’s Emblematic Specimens: Agave angustifolia Haw. and Agave potatorum Zucc. Plants, 11(14): 1834, ISSN: 2223-7747. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11141834.). Thus, high-performance liquid chromatography showed polymers of three and up to six fructose units in A. offoyana, although this technique did not allow the separation of molecules with DP greater than seven. Similar results were found in the head or cone of adult plants of Agave salmiana and A. tequilana, where fructans superior to four DP were identified (Pérez-López et al. 2021Pérez-López, A.V., Simpson, J., Clench, M.R., Gomez-Vargas, A.D. & Ordaz-Ortiz, J.J. 2021. Localization and Composition of Fructans in Stem and Rhizome of Agave tequilana Weber var. Azul. Frontiers in Plant Science, 11: 1-16, ISSN: 1664-462X. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.608850. and Regalado et al. 2021Regalado, E., Godínez-Hernández, C.I., Aguirre Rivera, J.R., Camacho, R.M. & Juárez, B.I. 2021. Characterization of fructans from stems of Agave salmiana Otto ex Salm-Dyck and A. tequilana F.A.C. Weber at full physiological maturity. Botanical Sciences, 9(2): 388-397, ISSN: 2007-4476. https://doi.org/10.17129/botsci.2641.). In a study to search for fructans with different molecular structures, mutant plants of A. tequilana were recorded, which stored trisaccharide neokestose in the stem, which has greater nutritional value with respect to 1-kestose (Ángeles-Espino et al. 2020Ángeles-Espino, A., Dimas-Estrada, H.E., Ramírez-Alvarado, D., Cruz-Rubio, J.M., Palmeros-Suárez, P.A. & Gómez-Leyva, J.F. 2020. Molecular characterization of Agave tequilana mutants induced with gamma radiation Co60 and its effect in the fructooligosaccharides accumulation. Acta Universitaria, 30: 1-11, ISSN: 2007-9621. http://doi.org/10.15174/au.2020.2696.).
Other important metabolites are generated in the stem and leaves of Agaves, such as inulin, saponins and flavonoids, which are important for food and pharmaceutical industries (Trujillo-Ramírez et al. 2023Trujillo-Ramírez, D., Bustos-Vázquez, M.G., Martínez-Velasco, A. & Torres-de los Santos, R. 2023. Integral use of Henequen (Agave fourcroydes): applications and trends-a review. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 26(2): 1-18, ISSN: 1870-0462. http://doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.4619. ). The A. offoyana species also produces other secondary metabolites, such as saponins, which were found in the inflorescence and leaves (Pérez et al. 2013Pérez, A.J., Calle, J.M., Simonet, A.M., Guerra, J.O., Stochmal, A. & Macías, F.A. 2013. Bioactive steroidal saponins from Agave offoyana flowers. Phytochemistry, 95: 298-307, ISSN: 0031-9422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.06.020. and Pérez et al. 2014Pérez, A.J., Simonet, A.M., Calle, J.M., Pecio, L., Guerra, J.O., Stochmal, A. & Macías, F.A. 2014. Phytotoxic steroidal saponins from Agave offoyana leaves. Phytochemistry, 105: 92-100, ISSN: 0031-9422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.05.014. ).
It is concluded that the Cuban endemic species A. offoyana stores fructans as a carbon source. These carbohydrates are present in stem and leaves, but not in the roots of the plant. Adult plants and those at the beginning of flowering accumulate a greater quantity of fructans in the stem. This species stores fructans in the stem and synthesizes them in leaves, mainly in those inserted at the base of the stem and in the area closest to this organ. These carbohydrates accumulate throughout the year, although a slight increase was found in dry season. The polymer with the greatest presence in the stems of adult plants is made up of three fructose units. The plant can be used to obtain fructans with possible uses as prebiotic in human and animal health and feeding.