In many countries, working horses used for transport and draft contribute directly and indirectly to houses livelihood and benefit communities as a whole. Working horses can be used in productive and commercial activities. They also contribute to agricultural production and food security, for example by carrying water and forage for cattle, wood or other necessary items for houses, and agricultural products for markets. Likewise, they provide a draught force for agricultural work and transport, and can provide manure, milk, meat and hides for domestic use or for sale (OMSA 2024Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (OMSA). 2024. Capítulo 7.12 Bienestar de los équidos de trabajo. In: Código sanitario para los animales terrestres. Available at: https://www.woah.org/es/que-hacemos/normas/codigos-y-manuales/acceso-en-linea-al-codigo-terrestre/?id=169&L=1&htmfile=chapitre_aw_working_equids.htm [Consulted: September 01, 2024]. ).
In Cuba, there are draught horses that contribute to the economic support of some families and are subjected to forced labor such as loading carts. Some of these horses are owned by landless owners. Often, the welfare of working horses is poor, as their owners do not have sufficient resources to supply their needs or lack the appropriate knowledge to care for them. Some work environments, such as the construction industry or harsh environments, may have a particular risk to their welfare (OMSA 2024Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (OMSA). 2024. Capítulo 7.12 Bienestar de los équidos de trabajo. In: Código sanitario para los animales terrestres. Available at: https://www.woah.org/es/que-hacemos/normas/codigos-y-manuales/acceso-en-linea-al-codigo-terrestre/?id=169&L=1&htmfile=chapitre_aw_working_equids.htm [Consulted: September 01, 2024]. ).
Repeatedly, draught horses in rural areas of Cuba do not fulfill certain morphometric parameters necessary to perform tasks such as pulling loads in carts. This may affect the welfare of horses. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the height and live weight of draft horses in San José de las Lajas municipality and their relation with animal welfare.
The research was carried out in the North and South Consejo Popular from San José de las Lajas municipality, Mayabeque province, between January and May 2022. According to the Livestock Office from the Municipal Ministry of Agriculture, there are approximately 613 horses in this area with landless owners. Of these, it was of interest for the research to randomly select a total of120 horse- drawn cart.
Additional data collection was carried out through questionnaires to local horse owners. Relevant aspects were taking into account, such as the age of each animal, the approximate weight of the load in kilograms, the most common materials that they usually drag and the distance that the horses travel per day.
Biometric parameters such as height were taken and live weight was estimated taking into account the length from the ischial tuberosity to the tip of the shoulder and the thoracic circumference.
Body measurements of the animals were determined using a 3 m measuring tape, as described by García et al. (2009)García, N.A., Pérez, A. & Perrone, E. 2009. Estimación del peso corporal del caballo criollo mediante medidas morfométricas: Validación de ecuaciones publicadas para otras razas y desarrollo de nueva fórmula. Revista Electrónica de Veterinaria REDVET, 10(9): 6-7, ISSN: 1695-7504. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/636/63617144003.pdf. . The procedure is shown below:
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Height: measured with a measuring tape, from the lower surface of the hoof to the horse's withers, placing it linearly to these two points.
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Thoracic circumference: the measuring tape was placed around the thorax behind the back, the girth and the withers of the horse.
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Length from the ischial tuberosity to the tip of the shoulder: the distance between the point of contact and the ischial tuberosity was measured with a tape measure.
Based on the zoometric measurements obtained from the thoracic circumference and the length from the ischial tuberosity to the tip of the shoulder, the live weight was calculated using the formula defined by García et al. (2009)García, N.A., Pérez, A. & Perrone, E. 2009. Estimación del peso corporal del caballo criollo mediante medidas morfométricas: Validación de ecuaciones publicadas para otras razas y desarrollo de nueva fórmula. Revista Electrónica de Veterinaria REDVET, 10(9): 6-7, ISSN: 1695-7504. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/636/63617144003.pdf. :
where:
TC: thoracic circumference
L1: length from ischial tuberosity to tip of shoulder
Note: 11,689 is a constant and fits for all breeds
From the results of the measurement of heights, the body weight of the horses and the value of the ages collected in the questionnaires, a statistical analysis of proportions comparison Chi-square was performed, with Duncan (1955)Duncan, D.B. 1955. Multiple Range and Multiple F Tests. Biometrics, 11(1): 1-42, ISSN: 0006-341X. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478. test (P<0.05). For this, ComparPro 1.0 program was used (Font et al. 2007Font, H., Noda, A., Torres, V., Herrera, M., Lizazo, D., Sarduy, L. & Rodríguez, L. 2007. Paquete estadístico ComparPro versión 1. Instituto de Ciencia Animal, La Habana, Cuba.).
To evaluate the results regarding the heights and live weight of the 120 draft horses, the corresponding ranges between the lowest and highest measurements obtained were determined. In this way, the number and percentage of animals found in each interval were calculated to check for differences between them (table 1).
Variables | Range | Number of horses, u | % | SE (±), Signif. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Height, cm | 131-140 | 40 | 33.33b | 3.95, p=0.001 |
141-150 | 69 | 57.50a | ||
151-160 | 11 | 9.17c | ||
Live weight, kg | 200-300 | 4 | 3.33c | |
301-400 | 66 | 55.00a | ||
401-500 | 45 | 37.50b | ||
501-600 | 5 | 4.17c |
a,b,c Different letters per row significantly differ (Duncan 1955Duncan, D.B. 1955. Multiple Range and Multiple F Tests. Biometrics, 11(1): 1-42, ISSN: 0006-341X. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478.)
There were differences (p<0.05) between the proportions corresponding to the number of animals depending on the height (table 1). In previous studies carried out in the central area of Cuba, the lower limit for height was used, corresponding to 1.40 m or 140 cm (Castillo et al. 2006Castillo, J.C., Cepero, O., Silveira, E.A., Casanova, R., Quiñones, R., Monteagudo, E. & Gutiérrez, I. 2006. Caballos de tracción de la ciudad de Santa Clara, Cuba. I Algunos Parámetros Biométricos. Revista Electrónica de Veterinaria REDVET, 7(9): 1-6, ISSN: 1695-7504. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=63612675012. and Salado et al. 2006Salado, R.J., Cepero, R.O., Pentón, G.M.H. & Silveira, P.E.A. 2006. Caballos de tracción: Comportamiento en la ciudad de Sancti Spíritus, Cuba. Revista Electrónica de Veterinaria REDVET, 7(11): 1-14, ISSN: 1695-7504. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/636/63612653029.pdf. ). Both studies show that this should be the minimum height for horses -drawn carriages and carts. A lower height is a compromise for daily work.
As shown in table 1, the highest percentage of horses is between 141-150 cm. Therefore, the majority of the animals evaluated fullfil the required measurements. However, the percentage that includes the animals with heights below the established limit is not significant. The lack of knowledge of the owners of these animals may be one of the main reasons that influenced on their non-compliance. Finally, only a total of 11 animals were found in a higher range, with a lower difference in terms of quantity compared to the other two intervals.
It is important to highlight that height is not the only factor to consider when choosing a horse for pulling loads. Its health, fitness, strength, temperament and other factors are also essential to ensure safe and efficient work. In addition, the breed must be taken into account, since larger or smaller heights may be recorded depending on the lineage. The animals evaluated are mainly Creole crossbreeds, with heights that must correspond to the planned measurements for drawn carts.
There were differences (p<0.05) between the proportions, in terms of the number of horses according to their body weight (table 1). The scientific literature consulted does not provide updated information on the minimum live weight kilograms that a working horse in Cuba must have to carry out load tasks safely and effectively. In countries such as Colombia, the average weight established is 500 kg (García and Sarmiento 2016García, O.L.M. & Sarmiento, O.H.R. 2016. Movilidad del sistema de transporte equino en medio urbano. Caso de Estudio: ciudad de Pereira - Colombia. Arquetipo, 13: 115-136, ISSN: 2539-3936. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6118882. ). If this value is taken as a reference in comparison with the obtained results, more than half of the total animals are below the required weight (table 1).
Based on data collected through questionnaires from horse owners, it can be seen that horses drag around 1000 kg of weight per day. Among the materials they carry most frequently are construction materials: bags of cement, sand, gravel, blocks, and cavities, among others. In addition, on each trip they travel about 5 km of distance on uneven terrain, due to the unfavorable conditions of the roads. Therefore, if it is taking into account the kilograms of load that these horses drag daily, as well as the values obtained from live weight, it is evident that most horses drag approximately twice their body weight.
It is worth considering that the load a horse can drag also depends on its level of training, duration and frequency of pulling work. Therefore, the health and well-being of the animal must always be taken into account before demanding heavy work.
The biometric parameters of horses must correspond to their age, an important aspect to consider when subjecting the animal to work. There were differences (p<0.05) between proportions for the number of horses, according to the ages collected in the questionnaires (table 2). Most of the animals were in the range of 6-10 years. However, another considerable group had younger ages.
Age, years | Number of horses, u | % | SE (±), Signif. |
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1-5 | 37 | 17.50b | 3.95, p=0.001 |
6-10 | 62 | 44.17a | |
11-15 | 19 | 23.33b | |
16-20 | 2 | 4.17c |
a,b,c Different letters per row significantly differ (Duncan 1955Duncan, D.B. 1955. Multiple Range and Multiple F Tests. Biometrics, 11(1): 1-42, ISSN: 0006-341X. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478.)
The development of horses covers from birth to five years of age. Hence the need to take into accounts the relation between age and workload. The lifespan of horses generally begins at three years of age, but never before two. Young animals that are overworked are often injured when they reach adulthood and their productive life is reduced (OMSA 2024Organización Mundial de Sanidad Animal (OMSA). 2024. Capítulo 7.12 Bienestar de los équidos de trabajo. In: Código sanitario para los animales terrestres. Available at: https://www.woah.org/es/que-hacemos/normas/codigos-y-manuales/acceso-en-linea-al-codigo-terrestre/?id=169&L=1&htmfile=chapitre_aw_working_equids.htm [Consulted: September 01, 2024]. ).
Of the number of work horses that were still in the development stage, six of them were under three years old, and there is no control over the maximum load in kilograms that they must pull. For future studies, it would be necessary to establish a work manual for horse breeders in Cuba, where aspects such as age and biometric parameters are related to the maximum load capacity that they can pull, in addition to other aspects essential for animal welfare.
The results allow concluding that the biometric parameters evaluated in draft horses in San José de las Lajas municipality, Mayabeque, Cuba, are not fulfill to a significant extent, which threatens their well-being. The previous show that it is necessary to establish a training plan for the owners or holders of draft horses, in order to responsibly guarantee the care and well-being of these horses.