Introduction
⌅In recent decades, the global demand for the use of renewable energy sources has increased, with the aim of reducing the enormous environmental impacts and energy dependence currently caused by the excessive and indiscriminate use of fossil fuels (Zulqarnain et al. 2021Zulqarnain, A.M., Yusoff, M.H.M., Nazir, M.H., Zahid, I., Ameen, M., Sher, F., Floresyona, D. & Budi Nursanto, E. 2021. A comprehensive review on oil extraction and biodiesel production technologies. Sustainability, 13(2): 1-28, ISSN: 2071-1050. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020788.).
According to Nivia-Osuna et al. (2020)Nivia-Osuna, A., Ramírez-Peña A., Porras-Sánchez, C. J. & Marentes-Barrantes, D.L. 2020. Glycerol: dietary supplement and response in dairy cattle. Agronomía Mesoamericana, 31(3): 821-833, ISSN: 2215-3608. https://doi.org/10.15517/am.v31i3.39259. , with the rise of global biofuel production, especially biodiesel, as a sustainable source of a new energy resource, the alternative of its production from oilseed plants arises, which represent various benefits related to its biodegradability. These are cleaner plants and are part of a technological progress that seeks to limit greenhouse gas emissions and reduce environmental pollution.
Among the challenges that the biodiesel industry faces is the creation of new markets for the use of glycerol, a byproduct of the biodiesel manufacturing process in an amount of approximately 10 %, by weight of the triglycerides that make up the oils and fats used as raw matter (Melero et al. 2012Melero, J.A., Vicente, G., Paniagua, M., Morales, G. & Muñoz, P. 2012. Etherification of biodiesel-derived glycerol with ethanol for fuel formulation over sulfonic modified catalysts. Bioresource Technology, 103(1): 142-151 ISSN: 0960-8524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.09.105. ). Due to its properties, glycerol is a primary raw matter in the food, medical and cosmetic industries (Posada and Cardona 2010Posada-Duque, J.A. & Cardona-Alzate, C.A. 2010. Análisis de la refinación de glicerina obtenida como coproducto en la producción de biodiésel. Ingeniería y Universidad, 14(1): 9-27, ISSN: 0123-2126.). However, glycerol from biodiesel production has contaminants that make difficult its use in these industries that require high purity standards (Menéndez et al. 2023Menéndez, A., Quiñonez, N., García, S., García, G. & García, A. 2023. Obtención y purificación de glicerina mediante la transesterificación a partir de grasa residual de los asaderos de pollo. Journal Scientific MQRInvestigar, 7(1): 3-17, ISSN: 2588-0659. https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.1.2023.3-17.).
In 2006, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA 2006FDA (Food And Drug Administration). 2006. Code of Federal Regulations. Food and drug administration department of health and human services - sudchapter e- animal drugs, feeds and related products. 21:582-1320. U.S. Superintendent of Documents. Washintong DC 204002-001. http://bookstore.gpo.gov.) recognized glycerol as safe for use in concentrates for animal feeding. There are several studies that use this by-product as an alternative energy source in ruminants feeding, because it is available in the animal for the production of short-chain fatty acids at ruminal level (Ogborn 2006Ogborn, K.L. 2006. Effects of method of delivery of glycerol on performance and metabolism of dairy cows during the transition period. Thesis Degree of Master of Science. New York City, USA. Cornell University., Wang et al. 2009Wang, C., Liu, Q., Yang, W.Z., Huo, W.J., Dong, K.H., Huang, Y.X., Yang, X. M. & He, D.C. 2009. Effects of glycerol on lactation performance, energy balance and metabolites in early lactation Holstein dairy cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 151(1): 12-20, ISSN: 2321-1628. https://doi.org10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2008.10.009. , Van-Cleef et al. 2016Van-Cleef, E.H.C.B., J.B.D. Sancanari, Z.F. Silva, A.P. D’Aurea, V.R. Fávaro, F.O.S. Van-Cleef, A.C. Homem & J.M.B. Ezequiel, 2016. High concentrations of crude glycerin on ruminal parameters, microbial yield, and in vitro greenhouse gases production in dairy cows. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 96(4): 461-465, ISSN: 1918-1825. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2015-0170. and Nivia-Osuna et al. 2020Nivia-Osuna, A., Ramírez-Peña A., Porras-Sánchez, C. J. & Marentes-Barrantes, D.L. 2020. Glycerol: dietary supplement and response in dairy cattle. Agronomía Mesoamericana, 31(3): 821-833, ISSN: 2215-3608. https://doi.org/10.15517/am.v31i3.39259. ).
In Guantánamo province, Cuba, a research project is being carried out with financing from the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), which has among its purposes the promotion of integrated agricultural systems, in which biofuels and animal food are produced from non-edible oilseed plants, including J. curcas L., which stands out for its potential as a source of natural and renewable raw matters, is not classified as human or animal food and shows resistance to extreme natural conditions (Agrawal et al. 2023Agrawal, A., Jain, S.D. & Gupta, A.K. 2023. Effectiveness of Jatropha curcas as Biodiesel and Antiviral: A Review. International Journal of Newgen Research in Pharmacy & Healthcare, 1(1), ISSN: 2584-0096. https://doi.org/10.61554/ijnrph.v1i2.2023.46. ). The Guantanamo biodiesel plant produces 400 L of biodiesel/day, equivalent to 105,600 L/year. These production volumes generate approximately 9,715.2 kg of glycerol/year.
There are no basic studies available that offer safety about the nutritive value of glycerol, which would allow its use in ruminant feeding as a result of the biodiesel production process. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of crude glycerol, derived from J. curcas L. oil, on the production and quality of milk from Siboney de Cuba cows.
Materials and Methods
⌅Physicochemical characterization of crude glycerol from J. curcas L. oil
⌅The vegetable oil used in the process of obtaining glycerol came from J. curcas, originally from Cabo Verde, harvested in the southern coastal area of Guantánamo province. After harvesting, the ripe fruits were dried in the sun and shelled to obtain the seeds. For oil extraction, the seeds were pressed with an expeller machine with a power of 7.5 kW, speed of 1,400 rpm and capacity of 200 kg of seeds per hour. The crude oil obtained was filtered through a filter press, which guaranteed a product of 25 microns. Subsequently, the oil was subjected to a heating process at 105 ºC to extract all soluble and volatile impurities, including water (Piloto et al. 2021Piloto, R., Sotolongo, J.A., Díaz, Y. & Suárez, J. 2021. CAPÍTULO 2. Extracción de aceite de origen vegetal. En: Biodiésel: producción y uso. Editor: Dr.C. Ramón Piloto Rodríguez, Dr.C. Jesús Suárez Hernández y M.Sc. José Angel Sotolongo Pérez. ISBN: 978-959-7138-48-8.).
Glycerol was obtained during the biodiesel production process through an oil transesterification process, according to Sotolongo et al. (2021)Sotolongo, J.Á., Piloto, R., Díaz, A. & Hernández, J. 2021. Capítulo 4. Producción de biodiesel. En: Biodiésel: producción y uso. Editor: Dr.C. Ramón Piloto Rodríguez, Dr.C. Jesús Suárez Hernández y M.Sc. José Angel Sotolongo Pérez. ISBN: 978-959-7138-48-8., with methanol and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a catalyst, at the Paraguay Biodiesel Plant, belonging to LABIOFAM, in Guantánamo.
The physicochemical characterization study of glycerol was carried out at “Centro de Estudio de Energía y Refrigeración de la Facultad de Energía Mecánica e Industrial de la Universidad de Oriente”.The physicochemical and organoleptic properties determined, the test method, as well as the standards of the American Association of Materials Testing used, are shown in table 1. These properties were determined in triplicate.
Indicators | Unit | Test method | Crude glycerol (international standards) |
---|---|---|---|
Water content (Karl Fischer) | % (m/m) | UNE-EN 12937:2000UNE-EN 12937. 2000. Productos del petróleo. Determinación del contenido de agua. Asociación Española de Normalización. Madrid. https://www.en.une.org. | 4.3 |
Viscosity 40 ºC | mm2/s | ASTM D445-09 (ASTM International 2019ASTM International. 2019. Fuels and lubricants Handbook: Technology, properties, performance and testing. 2nd Edition. Editors: Totten, G. E., Shah, R.J. & Forester, D.R. ASTM: West Conshohocken PA, USA. DOI: 10.1520/MNL37-2ND-EB. ISBN-EB:978-0-8031-7090-2.) | 69.0 |
Density at 15 ºC | g/mL | ASTM D1198-99 (ASTM International 2019ASTM International. 2019. Fuels and lubricants Handbook: Technology, properties, performance and testing. 2nd Edition. Editors: Totten, G. E., Shah, R.J. & Forester, D.R. ASTM: West Conshohocken PA, USA. DOI: 10.1520/MNL37-2ND-EB. ISBN-EB:978-0-8031-7090-2.) | 1.2595 |
Ignition point °C | °C | ASTM D92-05ª (ASTM International 2019ASTM International. 2019. Fuels and lubricants Handbook: Technology, properties, performance and testing. 2nd Edition. Editors: Totten, G. E., Shah, R.J. & Forester, D.R. ASTM: West Conshohocken PA, USA. DOI: 10.1520/MNL37-2ND-EB. ISBN-EB:978-0-8031-7090-2.) | < 65 |
Refraction index at 20 ºC | NC ISO 6320. 2013NC ISO 6320. 2013. Aceites y grasas de origen animal y vegetal. Determinación del índice de refracción. Oficina de nacional de normalización; NC, La Habana. Cuba.. 202013220202013 | 1.47-1.57 | |
pH | NC 528.2009NC 528. 2009. Medidores de pH - Método y medios de verificación. Oficina de nacional de normalización; NC, La Habana. Cuba. | 4-9 | |
Cooper corrosion | ASTM D-130 (ASTM International 2019ASTM International. 2019. Fuels and lubricants Handbook: Technology, properties, performance and testing. 2nd Edition. Editors: Totten, G. E., Shah, R.J. & Forester, D.R. ASTM: West Conshohocken PA, USA. DOI: 10.1520/MNL37-2ND-EB. ISBN-EB:978-0-8031-7090-2.) | - | |
Humidity | % | NC ISO 662. 2001NC ISO 662. 2001 Aceites y grasas de origen animal y vegetal. Determinación del contenido de humedad y materias volátiles. Oficina de nacional de normalización; NC, La Habana Cuba. | 1- 28.70 |
Ashes | % (m/m) | ASTM D5468-95 (ASTM International 2019ASTM International. 2019. Fuels and lubricants Handbook: Technology, properties, performance and testing. 2nd Edition. Editors: Totten, G. E., Shah, R.J. & Forester, D.R. ASTM: West Conshohocken PA, USA. DOI: 10.1520/MNL37-2ND-EB. ISBN-EB:978-0-8031-7090-2.) | 5.1 |
Gross calorific value | MJ/kg | ASTM D5468-95 (ASTM International 2019ASTM International. 2019. Fuels and lubricants Handbook: Technology, properties, performance and testing. 2nd Edition. Editors: Totten, G. E., Shah, R.J. & Forester, D.R. ASTM: West Conshohocken PA, USA. DOI: 10.1520/MNL37-2ND-EB. ISBN-EB:978-0-8031-7090-2.) | 18.20 |
Glycerol content | % (m/m) | ASTM D7591(ASTM International 2019ASTM International. 2019. Fuels and lubricants Handbook: Technology, properties, performance and testing. 2nd Edition. Editors: Totten, G. E., Shah, R.J. & Forester, D.R. ASTM: West Conshohocken PA, USA. DOI: 10.1520/MNL37-2ND-EB. ISBN-EB:978-0-8031-7090-2.) | 79 |
Methanol content | % (m/m) | UNE-EN. 14110UNE-EN 14110. 2020. Derivados de aceites y grasas. Esteres metílicos de ácidos grasos. Determinación del contenido de metanol. Asociación española de normalización. Madrid. https://www.en.une.org. | 2.6 |
Organoleptic characteristics | Color Taste | NRSP312 Medicine of plant originNRSP 312. 1992. Norma Ramal. Medicamentos de origen vegetal. Extractos fluidos y tinturas. Métodos de ensayo. La Habana. MINSAP. pp.15-19. | Viscous liquid odorless |
Productive and milk quality indicators in cows supplemented with the mixture of wheat bran and glycerol
⌅Location
⌅The research was carried out at San Rafael dairy, km 18 on the highway to Santiago de Cuba, belonging to Unidad Empresarial de Base (UEB) Burene, Empresa Pecuaria Iván Rodríguez, Niceto Pérez municipality, Guantánamo province.
Animals
⌅A total of thirty multiparous dairy cows of Siboney de Cuba breed were used, with an average pre-parturition body condition of 3.04 and an average pre-parturition live weight of 487.87 kg. The animals had an average number of lactations of 3.17 and between seven and 21 days after the start of milking.
Treatments and experimental design
⌅A pre-experimental phase was carried out with the purpose of adapting the animals to the diets during 14 d and, subsequently, the research lasted 60 d. Analysis of variance was performed according to a completely random design with two treatments and 15 repetitions.
Each animal was considered a repetition, for a total of 15 per treatment. They were identified by the names and ear tags placed on the left ear. Each treatment was made up of representative animals with the same number of lactations, milking weeks and productive history, with the aim of reducing experimental error and variation factors not related to diet. The latter considered as the only factor of variation in productive results.
-
Treatment 1. Control group, each animal intake 1 kg of wheat bran during milking, without glycerol.
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Treatment 2. Each animal intake 1 kg of wheat bran during milking + 200 mL of glycerol during the first 15 d, a dose that was increased to 400 mL during the last 45 d of the test.
The wheat bran used in the research had 88 % dry matter (DM) and 14.8, 6.0, 0.12 and 0.8 % crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), respectively, as well as 4.60 MJ/kg DM of energy. Glycerol from treatment 2 was daily mixed, manually, with wheat bran to ensure adequate homogenization of both products.
Milking took place between 5:00 and 7:00 a.m. From that time until 5:00 p.m. the animals grazed in collective stables. The predominant grass in them was pitilla (Sporobolus indicus L.), whose nutritional composition was characterized by having 26.3 % of DM and 7.2, 28.5, 0.44 and 0.2 % of CP, FB, Ca and P, respectively, as well as 4.999 MJ/kg DM of energy.
Productive indicators
⌅Daily milk production was quantified for each animal in each treatment and then the production of each experimental group was averaged. While for total milk production all milk produced in the 60 d of experimentation for each treatment was added.
Milk quality indicators
⌅For milk quality studies, five random samples were taken from each treatment, to which potassium dichromate was added at a rate of 0.06 g/100 mL of milk and they were kept refrigerated for later sending to the laboratory. The acidity indicators were determined by titration with 0.1 N NaOH (NC 71, 2021NC 71. 2001. Leche. Determinación de acidez. Oficina Nacional de Normalización. NC, La Habana. Cuba.); pH, by potentiometry; density, using a Quevenne lactodensimeter (NC 119, 2022NC 119. 2002. Leche. Determinación de la densidad. Oficina Nacional de Normalización. Cuba.); total solids and fat percentage, using the near-infrared spectroscopy method (FIL-141:B,1997) using the MILKSan 104 A/S Foss Electric.
The productive indicators evaluated were analyzed using the statistical package SAS 9.2 (2010)SAS Institute. 2010. SAS/STAT 9.2. User`s Guide: Statistics, Version 9.2 Edition. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC..
Results and Discussion
⌅Physicochemical characterization of crude glycerol from Jatropha curcas oil
⌅The results of the physicochemical properties of crude glycerol from J. curcas oil and its comparison with the quality specification properties of crude glycerol reported in the literature are shown in table 2. Its composition does not differ from those reported in the international literature.
Indicators | Unit | Jatropha curcas L. oil Glycerol | Crude Glycerol (international standards) |
---|---|---|---|
Water content, karl Fischer | %, m/m | 3.80 ± 0.02 | 4.3 |
Viscosity, 40 ºC | mm, 2/s | 47.07 ± 0.50 | 42.41 - 69.01 |
Density, 15 ºC | g/mL | 1.02 ± 0.00 | 1.01- 1.26 |
Ignition point, °C | °C | 71.00 ± 1.00 | < 65 |
Refraction index, 20 ºC | 1.58 ± 0.00 | 1.47-1.57 | |
pH | 8.74 ± 0.04 | 4-9 | |
Cooper corrosion | 1a | - | |
Humidity | % | 18.00 ± 1.00 | 1- 28.70 |
Ashes | %, m/m | 4.50 ± 0.02 | 5.1 |
Gross calorific value | MJ/kg | 18.62 ± 0.00 | 18.20 |
Glycerol content | %, m/m | 76.50 ± 0.01 | 79 |
Methanol content | %, mm (m/m) | 2.6± 0.01 | 2.6 |
Organoleptic characteristics | Color Taste | Dark Brown Sweet | Dark coffee - dark Brown Sweet |
The physicochemical characteristics of crude glycerol have been widely described in the international literature (Nivia-Osuna et al. 2020Nivia-Osuna, A., Ramírez-Peña A., Porras-Sánchez, C. J. & Marentes-Barrantes, D.L. 2020. Glycerol: dietary supplement and response in dairy cattle. Agronomía Mesoamericana, 31(3): 821-833, ISSN: 2215-3608. https://doi.org/10.15517/am.v31i3.39259. and Jadan et al. 2023Jadan, S.M., Morejón, F.M., García, M.S., Burgos, B.G. & García, V.G. 2023. Obtención de biodiesel a partir de la transesterificacion de aceite vegetal residual. InfoANALITICA, 11(1): 31-51, ISSN: 2477-8788. https://doi.org/10.26807/ia.v1i1.242. ). Glycerol is classified as a stable and multifunctional compound. According to its physicochemical properties, it is considered a highly hygroscopic polyalcohol, with neutral pH, chemically stable under normal storage and handling conditions. It is odorless, viscous, sweet to the taste, soluble in water and other polar solvents, insoluble in hydrocarbons and of low environmental toxicity. In addition, it has humectants properties and high energy content. It has a high boiling point and viscosity, caused by the hydrogen bonds formed between its molecules (Jadan et al. 2023Jadan, S.M., Morejón, F.M., García, M.S., Burgos, B.G. & García, V.G. 2023. Obtención de biodiesel a partir de la transesterificacion de aceite vegetal residual. InfoANALITICA, 11(1): 31-51, ISSN: 2477-8788. https://doi.org/10.26807/ia.v1i1.242. ).
The physicochemical characteristics of the glycerol under study coincide with these properties. However, it was observed that its ignition point is slightly higher than that found in the literature with a magnitude higher than 65 0C (table 2). This could be related to the lower amount of methanol used in the transesterification process (Sotolongo et al. 2021Sotolongo, J.Á., Piloto, R., Díaz, A. & Hernández, J. 2021. Capítulo 4. Producción de biodiesel. En: Biodiésel: producción y uso. Editor: Dr.C. Ramón Piloto Rodríguez, Dr.C. Jesús Suárez Hernández y M.Sc. José Angel Sotolongo Pérez. ISBN: 978-959-7138-48-8.). The refraction index was very close to the upper limit of the values found in the literature.
The consulted literature contains pH values for glycerol from various vegetable oils, which are characterized by being acidic or alkaline with values below and above the range established by the quality specifications for crude glycerol (Zulqarnain et al. 2021Zulqarnain, A.M., Yusoff, M.H.M., Nazir, M.H., Zahid, I., Ameen, M., Sher, F., Floresyona, D. & Budi Nursanto, E. 2021. A comprehensive review on oil extraction and biodiesel production technologies. Sustainability, 13(2): 1-28, ISSN: 2071-1050. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13020788. and Menéndez et al. 2023Menéndez, A., Quiñonez, N., García, S., García, G. & García, A. 2023. Obtención y purificación de glicerina mediante la transesterificación a partir de grasa residual de los asaderos de pollo. Journal Scientific MQRInvestigar, 7(1): 3-17, ISSN: 2588-0659. https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.1.2023.3-17.). However, the pH of the glycerol under study was in the range of crude glycerol quality specifications with a basic or alkaline pH magnitude.
Copper corrosion was (a for crude glycerol from J. curcas, corroborating its basic or alkaline character, being a non-corrosive substance. There were no reports of this indicator in the available literature for glycerol from other vegetable oils.
The methanol content of glycerol from J. curcas oil was 2.6 % (table 2), a value that coincides with that referred to in the international standards. According to FDA (2006)FDA (Food And Drug Administration). 2006. Code of Federal Regulations. Food and drug administration department of health and human services - sudchapter e- animal drugs, feeds and related products. 21:582-1320. U.S. Superintendent of Documents. Washintong DC 204002-001. http://bookstore.gpo.gov., methanol contents higher than 0.5 % in diets for young and monogastric ruminants could be unsafe, due to its harmful effects, since methanol is metabolized in the liver, passing through formaldehyde, formic acid and finally, CO2 and water. The formic acid metabolism is slow, so it accumulates in the body and produces metabolic acidosis.
The toxic and limiting effect of methanol intake is most frequently seen on monogastric or preruminant animals (Galvani 2008Galvani, F. 2008. Alimentación de bovinos con subproducto de la industria del biodiesel. Trabajo final de nutrición. Buenos Aires, Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias. pp.28.). However, in older ruminants the possible use of methanol to produce methane from its fermentation in the rumen by some methanogenic bacteria has been showed (EFSA 2010EFSA. 2010. Scientific Opinion on the abiotic risks for public and animal health of glycerine as co-product from the biodiesel production from Category 1 animal byproducts (ABP) and vegetable oils. European Food Safety Authority Journal, 8(12): 1934 -1938, ISSN: 1831-4732. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1934. ). Since the levels mentioned above are metabolized by ruminal bacteria and transformed into methane, they do not cause damage to ruminant animals that intake the product.
In the study, glycerol was subjected to purification treatment, where the previously heated glycerol phase sample was neutralized with 40 % acetic acid until reaching pH 7. The neutralized sample was subsequently heated to 75 °C to eliminate the methanol content (Sotolongo et al. 2021Sotolongo, J.Á., Piloto, R., Díaz, A. & Hernández, J. 2021. Capítulo 4. Producción de biodiesel. En: Biodiésel: producción y uso. Editor: Dr.C. Ramón Piloto Rodríguez, Dr.C. Jesús Suárez Hernández y M.Sc. José Angel Sotolongo Pérez. ISBN: 978-959-7138-48-8.).
The organoleptic properties, such as color and taste of the crude glycerol under study, correspond to what has been reported in the literature and coincide with Menéndez et al. (2023)Menéndez, A., Quiñonez, N., García, S., García, G. & García, A. 2023. Obtención y purificación de glicerina mediante la transesterificación a partir de grasa residual de los asaderos de pollo. Journal Scientific MQRInvestigar, 7(1): 3-17, ISSN: 2588-0659. https://doi.org/10.56048/MQR20225.7.1.2023.3-17. studies, who evaluated these properties in glycerol resulting from the transesterification process of other vegetable oils.
The properties of crude glycerol, obtained in the transesterification process of J. curcas oil at LABIOFAM Enterprise in Guantanamo province, have physicochemical and organoleptic properties similar to those of crude glycerol from other vegetable oils and are in accordance with the international standards for specifying the quality of crude glycerol, so it can be used in animal feeding.
Productive and milk quality indicators in cows supplemented with the mixture of wheat bran and glycerol
⌅A vital indicator for assessing the effectiveness of a diet and the productivity of a dairy cow system is milk production. Table 3 shows the productive results in the dairy cows under study. The average milk production/cow/d and total milk production showed differences between the treatments. The highest value was observed in the treatment with the glycerol additive (P<0.05).
Indicators | Treatments | S.E ± | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Control + glycerol | |||
Average milk production/cow/d during the experiment, L | 2.20 | 3.43 | 0.11 | 0.0001 |
Total milk production per treatment, L | 1320.00 | 2058.00 | 13.78 | 0.0159 |
This result could be related to the gluconeogenic effect of glycerol as a food supplement, which induces an increase in energy availability for milk production from its fermentation in the rumen to propionate, mainly (Van Cleef et al. 2016Van-Cleef, E.H.C.B., J.B.D. Sancanari, Z.F. Silva, A.P. D’Aurea, V.R. Fávaro, F.O.S. Van-Cleef, A.C. Homem & J.M.B. Ezequiel, 2016. High concentrations of crude glycerin on ruminal parameters, microbial yield, and in vitro greenhouse gases production in dairy cows. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 96(4): 461-465, ISSN: 1918-1825. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2015-0170. ). This supplement can participate with 30-72 % for the synthesis of glucose in the liver tissue, a contribution that depends on the amount of non-structural carbohydrates contained in the diet and the dry matter intake (Melero et al. 2012Melero, J.A., Vicente, G., Paniagua, M., Morales, G. & Muñoz, P. 2012. Etherification of biodiesel-derived glycerol with ethanol for fuel formulation over sulfonic modified catalysts. Bioresource Technology, 103(1): 142-151 ISSN: 0960-8524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.09.105. ). In a study by Hidalgo-Hernández et al. (2018)Hidalgo-Hernández, U., Ortega-Cerrilla, M.E., Herrera-Haro, J.G., Ramírez-Mella, M. & Zetina-Córdoba, P. 2018. Glicerol una alternativa para la alimentación de rumiantes. Agro Productividad, 11(5): 124-129, ISSN: 2594-0252., it was shown that lipolytic bacteria, as well as Selenomonas ruminantium and S. dextrinosolvens, are the groups with the greatest participation in the fermentation of glycerol to propionic acid.
Glycerol, as an energy supplement, has been evaluated in diets for dairy cattle, at different stages of lactation, mainly in the transition period (Ogborn 2006Ogborn, K.L. 2006. Effects of method of delivery of glycerol on performance and metabolism of dairy cows during the transition period. Thesis Degree of Master of Science. New York City, USA. Cornell University. and Carvalho et al. 2011Carvalho, E.R., Schmelz-Roberts, N.S., White, H.M., Doane, P.H. & Donkin, S.S. 2011. Replacing corn with glycerol in diets for transition dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 94 (2): 908- 916, ISSN: 0019-5146. https://www.journalofdairyscience.org. ) and early and mid lactation (Wang et al. 2009Wang, C., Liu, Q., Yang, W.Z., Huo, W.J., Dong, K.H., Huang, Y.X., Yang, X. M. & He, D.C. 2009. Effects of glycerol on lactation performance, energy balance and metabolites in early lactation Holstein dairy cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 151(1): 12-20, ISSN: 2321-1628. https://doi.org10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2008.10.009. ), as energy supplement (Gaillard et al. 2018Gaillard, C., Sørensen, M.T., Vestergaard, M., Weisbjerg, M.R.., Larsen, M.K., Martinussen, H., Kidmose, U. & Sehested, J. 2018. Effect of substituting barley with glycerol as energy feed on feed intake, milk production and milk quality in dairy cows in mid or late lactation. Livestock Science, 209(1): 25-31, ISSN: 1871-1413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2018.01.006. ). However, the effects of glycerol feeding on milk production and composition have not been sufficiently conclusive (Nivia-Osuna et al. 2020Nivia-Osuna, A., Ramírez-Peña A., Porras-Sánchez, C. J. & Marentes-Barrantes, D.L. 2020. Glycerol: dietary supplement and response in dairy cattle. Agronomía Mesoamericana, 31(3): 821-833, ISSN: 2215-3608. https://doi.org/10.15517/am.v31i3.39259. ).
Several studies show that there is variability in the effect of glycerol administration on ruminal pH and the proportion of acetate, propionate, butyrate and valerate, which affects milk production. However, its response depends on the dose and the rate of disappearance at ruminal level (Van Cleef et al. 2016Van-Cleef, E.H.C.B., J.B.D. Sancanari, Z.F. Silva, A.P. D’Aurea, V.R. Fávaro, F.O.S. Van-Cleef, A.C. Homem & J.M.B. Ezequiel, 2016. High concentrations of crude glycerin on ruminal parameters, microbial yield, and in vitro greenhouse gases production in dairy cows. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 96(4): 461-465, ISSN: 1918-1825. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2015-0170. ).
Lee et al. (2011)Lee, S.Y., Lee, S.M., Cho, Y.B., Kam, D.K., Lee, S.C., Kim, C.H. & Seo, S. 2011. Glycerol as a feed supplement for ruminants: in vitro fermentation characteristics and methane production. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 166-167 (4): 269-274, ISSN: 0377-8401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.070. provide 200 g of glycerol to rumen-cannulated steers fed a diet of alfalfa and corn silage. These authors found a decrease in the acetate:propionate ratio, due to higher propionate production.
According to Ogborn (2006)Ogborn, K.L. 2006. Effects of method of delivery of glycerol on performance and metabolism of dairy cows during the transition period. Thesis Degree of Master of Science. New York City, USA. Cornell University., the effects of glycerol on milk production are observed when levels higher than 6 % are used. However, Bodarski et al. (2005)Bodarski, R., Wertelecki, T., Bommer, F. & Gosiewski, S. 2005. The Changes of Metabolic Status and Lactation Perform in Dairy Cows Under Feeding TMR With Glycerin (Glycerol) Supplement at Periparturient Period. Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities, 8 (4): 1-9, ISSN: 1505-0297. https://www.ejpau.media.pl/volume8/issue4/art-22.html. increased milk production with small doses of glycerol in cows during the first 10 weeks of lactation, which could be related to the increase in dry matter intake.
The results obtained in this research are in agreement with those obtained by Olivares-Palma et al. (2013)Olivares-Palma, S.M., Meale, S.J, Pereira, L.G., Machado, F.S., Carneiro, H., Lopes, F.C., Mauricio, R.M. & Chaves, A.V. 2013. In vitro fermentation, digestion kinetics and methane production of oilseed press cakes from biodiesel production. Asian Australasian Journal of Animal Science, 26(8): 1102-1110, ISSN: 1011-2367. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2013.13098. , who showed that supplementation with 1500 g of crude glycerol produced an increase of approximately 8 % more in milk production. Khalid and Al-Anbari (2023)Khalid, W.A. & Al-Anbari, N.N. 2023. Effect of glycerol on milk yield, its quality and blood parameters of Holstein cows. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 54 (96): 1520-1528, ISSN: 0075-0530. also found an increase in milk production with the addition of 150 mL of glycerol in Holstein cows.
There were no differences in any of the milk components studied at the beginning of the experiment before supplying glycerol (table 4), nor after 60 d of experimentation (table 5).
Indicators | Treatments | S.E± | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Control + glycerol | |||
Acidity | 0.139 | 0.144 | 0.010 | 0.3513 |
Density, g/L | 1.033 | 1.035 | 0.020 | 0.6272 |
pH | 7.10 | 7.10 | 0.03 | 0.3495 |
Total solids , % | 11.40 | 11.43 | 0.12 | 0.5290 |
Fat, % | 3.50 | 3.50 | 0.2 | 0.3814 |
Indicators | Treatments | S.E ± | P | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Control + glycerol | |||
Acidity | 0.141 | 0.148 | 0.010 | 0.3824 |
Density, g/L | 1.033 | 1.035 | 0.020 | 0.6751 |
pH | 7.20 | 7.20 | 0.01 | 0.3425 |
Total solids, % | 11.41 | 11.45 | 0.13 | 0.6780 |
Fat, % | 3.50 | 3.50 | 0.02 | 0.3637 |
In the scientific literature consulted, it was observed that the milk components are generally not affected by the use of glycerol, with the exception of some researchers where effects on the percentage of milk fat have been found.
Shin et al. (2012)Shin, J.H., Wang, D., Kim, S.C., Adesogan, A.T. & Staples, C.R. 2012. Effects of feeding crude glycerin on performance and ruminal kinetics of lactating Holstein cows fed corn silageor cottonseed hull-based, low-fiber diets. Joural of Dairy Science, 95(7): 4006-4016, ISSN: 0019-5146. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2011-5121. modified the fat concentration, with higher values when using 5 % glycerol. Meanwhile, Suarez Ariza (2020)Suarez Ariza, A. 2020. Suplementación con glicerina cruda: efectos sobre la producción, composición y calidad de la leche y metabolitos en sangre de vacas GYR x Holstein. Tesis presentada en opción al título de Master en Ciencias Pecuarias. Universidad de Tolima, Colombia. https://repository.uy.edu.co/handle/001/3474., when evaluating the effect of glycerol on cows whose basal diet consisted of Brachiaria decumbes grazing and corn silage, there were no found changes in the composition and quality of the milk. Khalid and Al-Anbari (2023)Khalid, W.A. & Al-Anbari, N.N. 2023. Effect of glycerol on milk yield, its quality and blood parameters of Holstein cows. Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 54 (96): 1520-1528, ISSN: 0075-0530. were no found changes in the percentages of milk components and recently Da Rosa et al. (2024)Da Rosa, D., Ulsenheimer, B.C., Pereira, E.A., Gonzalez da Silva, J.A., Baroni, J.I., Naetzold, S., de Oliveira, L., Huttra, A.P. & Viégas, J. 2024. Milk Composition and Productivity of Holstein Cows in Ryegrass Grazing and Crude Glycerin in the Diet. Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental, 18(2): 1-11, ISSN: 1981-982X. https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n2-077. , when evaluating the effect of glycerol on grazing cows of Lolium multiflorum Lam. also there were no found changes in the composition and quality of milk at different lactation periods.
The percentage of fat obtained in the research corresponds to the values reported for the crosses (Holstein × Zebu) and the expected response with a basically fibrous diet, with predominance of acetic fermentation at the ruminal level (Hernández and Ponce 2003Hernández, R. & Ponce, P. 2003. Caracterización de la composición láctea en Cuba y factores asociados a su variación. Revista electrónica de Veterinaria, 4(11): 10-16, ISSN: 1695-7504. www.veterinaria.org/revistas/redvet/n111103.html. ). The amount of forage in the cow's diet is a determining factor in the concentration of fat in milk and its importance lies in the fact that it is the main means of ensuring the precursors of fat synthesis at satisfactory levels. These precursors are obtained from diet and adipose tissue. The SCFA are synthesized in the mammary gland from acetate and β-hydroxybutyrate (Mayburgh et al. 2012Mayburgh, J., Osthoff, G., Hugo, A., de Wit, M. Nel, K. & Fourie, D. 2012. Comparison of de milk composition of free-ranging indigenous Africa cattle breeds. South African. Journal of Animal Science, 42 (1): 1-14, ISSN: 222-4062. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v42i1.1. ), both compounds derived from the fermentation of the main fibrous component of the diet.
Conclusions
⌅It is concluded that the crude glycerol obtained in the transesterification process of J. curcas oil has physicochemical and organoleptic properties that make it suitable for their use in animal feeding as an additive. Its use increased milk production in Siboney de Cuba cows, without affecting quality indicators. Its application in production conditions and the development of new studies in other categories and species of animals are recommended.