Introduction
⌅In Colombia, 45 % of the milk is produce in extensive systems based on grasses with great fiber content, low nutritive value and low biomass production (Blanco-Wells and Günther 2019Blanco-Wells, G. & Günther, M.G. 2019. On crises, ecologies, and transitions: Reflections on latinamerican social theory regarding global environmental change. Revista Colombiana de Sociología, 42(1): 19–40, ISSN: 0120-159X. https://doi.org/10.15446/rcs.v42n1.73190 and Ribeiro da Silva et al. 2021Ribeiro da Silva, T., Granja Salcedo, Y.T., Alvarado Vesga, D. & Duarte Messana, J. 2021. Fuentes Proteicas De Baja Degradación Ruminal Y Su Efecto En La Producción De Metano En Bovinos De Carne. Revista Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias -FAGROPEC, 12(2): 232–240, ISSN: 2539-178X. https://doi.org/10.47847/fagropec.v12n2a5). The use of concentrates in the tropics is prohibitive for the most of farmers, due to their high prices. The incorporation of foliages from trees species to conventional concentrates could be a more economic option. It is know that the use of these forages with energy sources of easily fermentation improve the ruminal fermentation patterns and increase the dry matter and organic matter digestibility (Díaz Echevarria et al. 2023Díaz Echeverría, V.F., Sánchez Ramos, A., Albores-Moreno, S., Lara Pérez, L.A., Valencia-Salazar, S.S., Ku-Vera, J.C. & Alayon-Gamboa, J.A. 2023. Valoración nutricional y fermentación in vitro de mezclas de follaje de árboles con harina de yuca en dietas para borregos. Acta Universitaria, 33: e3558, ISSN: 2007-962. http://doi.org/10.15174.au.2023.3558).
The technique of gas in vitro production is widely use in the evaluation of the nutritive value of new foods, supplements and additives, so it constitutes a less laborious and expensive procedure, require less time with respect to in vivo studies (Amanzougarene and Fondevila 2020Amanzougarene, Z. & Fondevila, M. 2020. Fitting of the in vitro gas production technique to the study of high concentrate diets. Animals, 10: 1935, ISSN: 2076-2615. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10101935) and it is combine with measurements of the degradability of the fermentation wastes which has high correlation with the in vivo degradability (Baffa et al. 2023Baffa, D.F., Oliveira, T.S., Fernandes, A.M., Camilo, M.G., Silva, I.N., Meirelles Júnior, J.R. & Aniceto, E.S. 2023. Evaluation of associative effects of in vitro gas production and fermentation profile caused by variation in ruminant diet constituents. Methane, 2: 344–360, ISSN: 2674-0389. https://doi.org/10.3390/methane2030023). Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of the inclusion of three forages native and adapted to the Amazonian piedmont on supplements for cattle.
Materials and Methods
⌅Preparation of the evaluated treatments
⌅All the forages were obtained in areas from Villa Lucero farm, located at coordinates 0°35'25.6"N 76°32'05.3"W, Puerto Asís municipality, Santana Locality, Putumayo Department, at the southwest of Colombia Republic, at a latitude of 256m.os.l. The climatic conditions corresponds to the region of tropical humid forest, with average temperature of 25.3 ºC, relative humidity of 85 % and annual rainfall of 3 355 mm (Ruiz and Melo 2022Ruiz, J.F. & Melo, J.Y. 2022. Informe de Predicción Climática a corto, mediano y largo plazo en Colombia. Grupo de Modelamiento de Tiempo y Clima, Subdirección de Meteorología – IDEAM, 10 pp. http://www.ideam.gov.co/documents/21021/120966722/01_Predicci%C3%B3n_Clim%C3%A1tica_Feb_Mar_Abr/7c6e8635-2575-4ea0-b7b0-2bc54256b680?version=1.0 [Consulted: September 25, 2023]).
Samples of Trichantera gigantea (Acanthaceae), Piptocoma discolor (Asteraceae) and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (Malvaceae) were collected from a forage bank established in the farm with one year old plants, to which agronomical management of pruning, control of insects and weeds were carried out. An establishment cut was made and the plants regrowth at 60d was collected by manual cut. The cut material was dried in an air forced oven at 60 ºC until reaching constant weight. Later, the dried material was homogenized and milled with a hammer mill of 1.0mm sieve.
A total of seven supplements were formulated, taking into account the NRC (2001)National Research Council (NRC). 2001. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th rev. ed. Natl. Acad. Press, Washington DC. recommendations. Each treatment consisted on the inclusion of 20 or 40 % of forage in the supplement and a commercial supplement as control. The fallowing treatments were evaluated:
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Commercial supplement [T1 Control]
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Commercial supplement with 20 % of T. gigantean inclusion [T2]
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Commercial supplement with 40 % of T. gigantea inclusion [T3]
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Commercial supplement with 20 % of P. discolor inclusion [T4]
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Commercial supplement with 40 % of P. discolor inclusion [T5]
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Commercial supplement with 20 % of H. rosa-sinensis inclusion [T6]
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Commercial supplement with 40 % of H. rosa-sinensis inclusion [T7]
A total of 5 kg of each treatment to be evaluated were prepared. From each samples for the laboratory analysis and in vitro studies were taking. The treatments were prepared in the biotechnology laboratory from Centro Agroforestal and Acuícola Arapaima del SENA, Putumayo.
In vitro experimental procedure
⌅The gas in vitro technique described by Theodorou et al. (1994)Theodorou, M.K., Williams, B.A., Dhanoa, M.S., McAllan, A.B. & France, J. 1994. Simple gas production method using a pressure transducer to determine the fermentation kinetics of ruminant feeds. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 48: 185-197, ISSN: 0377-8401. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(94)90171-6 was used. A total of 1.0 g of DM of each treatment was incubated in 110 mL amber bottles in culture media and a microbial inoculum (in 85:10 proportions). The ruminal content of three Holstein crossbreed heifers was used as inoculum, obtaining during the slaughter process in a beneficial center, according to the certificated standards of animal welfare. The animals were feed with a diet of tropical grasses and had free access to water and minerals salts. The ruminal content of each animal was collected and stored in closed vacuum flasks until go to the laboratory, where was filtered and mixture the inoculums in same proportions.
The bottles were sealed and incubated in water bath at controlled temperature (39 ºC). That moment was taking as the zero hour of incubation. A total of four bottles per treatment and four bottles without substrate as control were incubated.
The gas production was measured until 72 h of incubation by a pressure transducer (Autonics, PSA-1 model) with digital scanner. When each scanner finished, the bottles were manually shake. When the incubation ends, they were opened and their content were filter through nylon bags (45μm of porosity) previously tare in analytical scale (OHAUS, ax224/e, ± 0.0001). The bags with the fermentation wastes were dried until reach constant weight. A forced air oven with regulated temperature to 60 ºC during 72 h was used. The in vitro degradability of the dry matter (IVDDM) and the in vitro degradability of the organic matter (IVDOM) of the evaluated supplements were determined by gravimetry, understood as the difference of both indicators. This is: the difference between the incubated substrate and the fermentation waste expressed as the incubated substrate proportion and multiply by 100 (%), respectively.
Chemical analysis
⌅The dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), ether extract (EE) and crude protein (CP) was determined according to AOAC (2016)AOAC. Official methods of analysis of AOAC. 2016. International. 20. ed., Rockville MD: AOAC International, Latimer, George W. Jr. ISBN: 9780935584875. http://www.directtextbook.com/isbn/9780935584875. [Consulted: Octubre 15, 2023]. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were obtained using the procedure described by van Soest et al. (1991)Van Soest, P.J., Robertson, J.B. & Lewis, B.A. 1991. Methods for dietary fibre, neutral detergent fibre, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74(10): 3583–3597, ISSN: 1525-3198. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78551-2.
Statistical analysis
⌅To determine the effect of the forage species inclusion on the treatments, a complete randomized design with four repetitions was used, which corresponded to each bottle or bag by supplement. The results were analyzed by ANOVA through the statistical package InfoStat (Di Rienzo et al. 2012Di Rienzo, J.A., Casanoves, F., Balzarini, M.G., González, L., Tablada, M. & Robledo, C.W. 2012. InfoStat, versión 2012. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina. http://www.infostat.com.ar). When there were differences (P<0.05), the means of treatments were compared by the Duncan (1955)Duncan, D. B. 1955. Multiple Range and Multiple F Tests. Biometrics, 11(1): 1–42, ISSN: 0006-341X. http://doi.org/10.2307/3001478 multiple ranges test.
Results and Discussion
⌅Table 1 shows the chemical composition of the evaluated supplements. It was formulated on the base of making isoenergetic treatments with CP variation, which not exceeded 3 % between the supplements with low and high protein content. The relation protein/ME was between 9.8 and 11.6 g MJkg DM-1, aspect to be consider because a change in the protein contribution can influence on the cattle productive yield, when modifying the general level of nutrition.
| Treatments | T1 | T2 | T3 | T4 | T5 | T6 | T7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DM, % | 88.70 | 89.08 | 90.22 | 89.81 | 91.57 | 88.88 | 90.66 |
| OM, % | 96.87 | 96.30 | 94.04 | 96.20 | 95.00 | 97.14 | 95.82 |
| Ether extract, % | 4.96 | 6.44 | 9.32 | 6.98 | 7.98 | 2.72 | 5.65 |
| Crude protein, % | 11.53 | 11.50 | 12.49 | 11.78 | 13.95 | 11.50 | 11.54 |
| NDF | 49.03 | 50.56 | 52.57 | 45.83 | 52.12 | 53.99 | 53.98 |
| ADF | 28.32 | 26.81 | 28.06 | 28.27 | 29.27 | 28.90 | 31.76 |
| ME (MJkg-1 DM) | 11.79 | 11.50 | 11.50 | 11.76 | 11.98 | 11.51 | 11.83 |
| Relation CP/ME (g MJkg-1 DM) | 9.80 | 10.00 | 10.90 | 10.00 | 11.60 | 10.00 | 9.80 |
Figure 1 shows the gas in vitro accumulated production at 72 h of fermentation. The higher production corresponded to the control (T1), although did not showed differences with respect to the treatment with 40 % of Piptocoma (T5) (p=0.016). The lower values of gas accumulated production were obtained when including 20 % of Piptocoma (T4). These ones did not differ of the treatment with 40 % of this plant (T5) neither of the supplements with 20 % of Trichantera (T2) and with Hibiscus (T6 and T7).
The IVDDM and IVDOM are show in figures 2 and 3, respectively. The higher values of IDDM corresponded to the control (T1) and the supplements with 20 % of Trichantera inclusion (T2) and 20 and 40 % of hibiscus (T6 and T7) (p<0.008).The lower degradability value was observed when including 40 % of Piptocoma (T5). The supplement with 40 % of Trichantera did not showed differences regarding the supplements with Piptocoma (T4 and T5).
With respect to the IVDOM, the higher degradabilities were for the control and the supplements with 20 % of Trichantera (T2) and with Hibiscus (T6 and T7) (p<0.0001). The rest of the treatments had the fallowing performance: T4 >T3 >T5.
Often, the manipulation of the composition of the diet nutrients is propose as strategy to improve feeding to more competitive costs and the ruminal fermentation, as well as to increase energy efficiency or reduce the methane production (Baffa et al. 2023Baffa, D.F., Oliveira, T.S., Fernandes, A.M., Camilo, M.G., Silva, I.N., Meirelles Júnior, J.R. & Aniceto, E.S. 2023. Evaluation of associative effects of in vitro gas production and fermentation profile caused by variation in ruminant diet constituents. Methane, 2: 344–360, ISSN: 2674-0389. https://doi.org/10.3390/methane2030023). According to the scrubs characterization in the Amazonian piedmont, the species P. discolor, T. gigantea and H. rosa-sinensis has adequate content of proteins, energy and degradability (Riascos et al. 2020Riascos-Vallejos, A.R., Reyes, J.J. & Aguirre, L.A. 2020. Nutritional characterization of trees from the Amazonian piedmont, Putumayo department, Colombia. Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 54(2): 257-265, ISSN: 2079-3480).That is why, their inclusion in the supplements could reduce costs, without affecting their quality and even, to contribute moderate contents of secondary metabolites that will improved the ruminal fermentation and increased the partition of the degraded nutrients to high microbial synthesis and lower gas production per unit of fermented organic matter.
When jointly analyzing the three measured indicator, the control (T1) always showed the higher values of gas production, IVDDM and IVDOM, as it would be when including in the rest of the supplements a fibrous source (20 and 40 %). The supplements with 20 % of Trichantera (T2) and 40 % of Hibiscus (T7) showed high DM and OM degradabilities, but low gas productions regarding the control. A similar performance had the treatment with 20 % of Hibiscus inclusion (T6), so these ones and the previous should be considered to future studies under in vivo conditions.
When these supplements had similar degradabilities with respect to the control, the performance of the gas production showed that these two treatments promote higher synthesis of microbial biomass, which is a desirable thing when using this type of food. Makkar (2000)Makkar, H.P.S. 2000. Applications of the in vitro gas method in the evaluation of feed resources, and enhancement of nutritional value of tannin-rich tree/browse leaves and agro-industrial by-products. Proceeding Meeting IAEA Technical Cooperation Regional AFRA Project. Cairo, Egypt, pp. 23-40. stated that the foods should be selected by having true high degradability and low gas production per unit of degraded substrate.
Otherwise, the supplement with 20 % of Piptocoma showed lower values of IVDDM, IVDOM and gas production. This performance show that this inclusion level of the tropical forage affects the nutritive value of this treatment, so it was rejected as feed option. The same happen with the treatment with 40 % of inclusion of this plant. This performance could be due, probably; to the presence of secondary metabolites that affects the ruminal fermentation. It is know that this species has secondary metabolites that could affects the ruminal fermentation, like polyphenols, alkaloids and, in less amount saponins (Riascos et al. 2020Riascos-Vallejos, A.R., Reyes, J.J. & Aguirre, L.A. 2020. Nutritional characterization of trees from the Amazonian piedmont, Putumayo department, Colombia. Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 54(2): 257-265, ISSN: 2079-3480). Likewise, the inclusion of P. discolor granules in ruminal activators showed that the blocks with high levels of this trees had lower IVDDM (Riascos et al. 2024Riascos-Vallejos, A.R., Vargas-Muñoz, D.P., Narvaez-Herrera, J.P. & Quintero-Quintero, L.Y. 2024. Pellets de melaza como activadores ruminales en bovinos en la llanura amazónica del departamento del Putumayo. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 36: Article #7, ISSN: 0121-3784. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd36/1/3607jupa.html).
The tropical forages species show variation in their nutrients and secondary metabolites content according to their phenological state, age or exposition to biotic and abiotic stress. These changes influence on the fermentation dynamic and the nutrient digestibility (Pérez-Can et al. 2020Pérez-Can, G.E., Tzec-Gamboa, M., Albores-Moreno, S., Sanginés-García, J., Aguilar-Urquizo, E., Chay-Canul, A., Canul-Solis, J., Muñoz-Gonzalez, J., Díaz-Echeverria, V. & Piñeiro-Vázquez, A.T. 2020. Degradabilidad y producción de metano in vitro del follaje de árboles y arbustos con potencial en la nutrición de rumiantes. Acta Universitaria, 30: e2840, 1-13, ISSN: 2007-9621. https://doi.org/10.15174/au.2020.2840). Future studies should deep on these aspects, in a way that can obtain supplements that, in addition to contribute nutrients with low production costs, improve the ruminal fermentation of the basic grass.
It has been proved that the supplementation with protein foliages with a fast availability source energy make more efficient the nitrogen metabolism in the rumen (Arjona-Alcocer et al. 2020Arjona-Alcocer V.A., Aguilar-Pérez C.F., Ku-Vera J.C., Ramírez-Avilés, L. & Solorio-Sánchez, F.J. 2020. Influence of energy supplementation on dietary nitrogen utilization and milk production in cows fed foliage of Leucaena leucocephala. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 52(5): 2319–2325, ISSN: 1573-7438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-020-02254-1). Luna (2021)Luna, M.A.A. 2021. Digestibilidad in vitro de dietas para ovinos de engorda suplementadas con follaje de Tithonia diversifolia. Tesis de Maestría. Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Tizimín, 76 pp report under in vitro conditions improvement in the nitrogen availability and in the energy contribution in diets with T. diversifolia, due to high protein solubility and to the increase in the concentration of non structural carbohydrates in the diet. In this study, the supplements showed high energy content and CP values that exceeded 11.5 %, which guaranteed protein availability by energy unit higher than 9.8 g, although it has been to evaluate in the future the effect of the trees inclusion on the solubility of these proteins in the rumen and their availability at intestinal level.
In addition, the inclusion at 20 and 40 % of trees in the supplements did not caused tannins concentrations that exceeded the 50 g kg-1 DM, level which is consider lower to those that should be correspond to these metabolites has beneficial effects, and also affects the growing of microorganisms in the rumen, the ruminal metabolism and the diet digestibility (Díaz Echevarría et al. 2023Díaz Echeverría, V.F., Sánchez Ramos, A., Albores-Moreno, S., Lara Pérez, L.A., Valencia-Salazar, S.S., Ku-Vera, J.C. & Alayon-Gamboa, J.A. 2023. Valoración nutricional y fermentación in vitro de mezclas de follaje de árboles con harina de yuca en dietas para borregos. Acta Universitaria, 33: e3558, ISSN: 2007-962. http://doi.org/10.15174.au.2023.3558). Therefore, in the case of piptocoma, these metabolites could be the cause of the recorded effects on the degradability of the supplements. These could be due to the particular reactivation of these phenolic compounds that, despite their moderate contents, can have an effect higher than other tannins to same concentrations.
Conclusions
⌅The inclusion of 20 % de T. gigantea and 20 and 40 % de H. rosa-sinensis in the concentrate did not affect the DM and OM degradability of the supplement and improved the nutrition partition as to high deposition of the fermented matter as microbial biomass, when decreasing the gas production with respect to the concentrate without trees.