Among the alternatives to the adaptation and survival to water stress are the agricultural practices climatically intelligent metabolomic (Patel et al. 2020Patel, M.K., Kumar, M., Li, W., Luo, Y., Burritt, D.J., Alkan, N. & Tran, L.S.P. 2020. Enhancing salt tolerance of plants: from metabolic reprogramming to exogenous chemical treatments and molecular approaches. Cells, 9: 2492, ISSN: 2073-4409. https://doi.org/10.3390/CELLS9112492.). These practices are necessaries in some regions from Peru, as Tacna, located in the head of Atacama, second bigger and dry desert of the world due to their hyper dryness. The water resource in this geographical zone is limited for the development of the agricultural activity (Pino and Chávarri 2022Pino, V.E. & Chávarri, V.E. 2022. Evidencias de cambio climático en la región hiperárida de la costa sur de Perú, cabecera del desierto de Atacama. Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua, 13(1): 333–376, ISSN: 2007-2422. https://doi.org/10.24850/j-tyca-2022-01-08.), where the traditional and commercial breeding of guinea pig (Cavia porcellus Linnaeus, 1758) constitutes one of the more widespread alternatives due to their easy reproduction, palatability and high nutritional value. To guarantee the viability and productivity of the animals (Tellez et al. 2022Tellez, V.R., Flores, A.H., Padilla, M.M.A., Ramos, M.L.A. & Rodríguez, P.H. 2022. Efecto de la suplementación de selenio orgánico y vitamina E sobre parámetros productivos del cuy (Cavia porcellus). Revista de Investigación en Ciencias Agronómicas y Veterinarias, 6(18): 436–440, ISSN: 2664-0902. https://doi.org/10.33996/revistaalfa.v6i18.177.) there are animal health practices, based on the supplementation of mineral elements and vitamins. However, the guinea pig feeding requires the high forage intake, extensive land demand and requirement of excessive volumes of water. Therefore, faced the water lack and the exhaustion of the agricultural frontier, the hydroponic green forage (HGF) constitutes one of the sustainable technologies for the guinea pigs feeding in Tacna region (Ibtissame et al. 2021Ibtissame, E., Rachida, A.A., Khaoula, T. & Abdelaziz, M. 2021. Hydroponic and aquaponic farming: comparative study based on internet of things IoT technologies. Procedia Computer Science, 191: 499–504, ISSN: 1877-0509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2021.07.064.). Despite of the excellent quality in carbohydrates, protein level and sugars content in the short production of HGF (Narváez and Guerrero 2021Narváez, J. & Guerrero, E.M. 2021. Forraje verde hidropónico y organopónico de maíz como suplemento nutricional para ovinos del piedemonte amazónico. Revista de Investigación Agraria y Ambiental, 13(1): 253–266, ISSN: 2145-6097. https://doi.org/10.22490/21456453.4535.), it may that the biomass yield of the guinea pigs be limited during the first stages in the breeding.
The objective of this technical note was to analyze the total weight of guinea pigs under feeding conditions with hydroponic green forage of barley, corn husk and concentrate.
The study was carried out in Santa Rosa Farm, Pocollay district, Tacna (Peru), located in the coordinate 17°56’28 of latitude and an altitude of 702 m o.s.l.
The hydroponic green forage (HGF) with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and corn husk (Zea mays) (table 1) was considered for guinea pigs feeding. The barley seed corresponded to the mutant variety Centenario, unbreakable, free of straw, ground and disinfectant. Each seed was weighed, washed and disinfected in 1% sodium hypochlorite solution for 24h. Later, was twice rinsed with distilled water and aired for their sowing. In the case of the concentrate, it was formulated in the veterinary foods production enterprise VITAPRO, S.A. This concentrate provides the following nutrients: protein (16 %), potassium (1.3 %), magnesium (0.3 %), calcium (1.0 %), phosphorous (0.6 %) and fiber (10.0 %). In addition of having DL-methionine (0.20 %), L-threonine (10.0 %), L-lysine (0.1 %), PrimeEQH 101 (3.5 %), Quantum blue (0.01 %), Mycoadaz (0.1 %) and Antigen (0.5 %).
| Feeding | Indicators | Value, % |
|---|---|---|
| Hydroponic green forage with barley | Digestibility | 80-92 |
| Crude protein | 13-20 | |
| Crude fiber | 12-25 | |
| Fat | 2.8-5.37 | |
| Nitrogen free extract | 46-67 | |
| Total digestible nutrients | 65-85 | |
| Calcium | 0.11 | |
| Phosphorous | 0.30 | |
| pH | 6.0-6.5 | |
| Dry matter | 12-20 | |
| Vitamin C | 45.1-154 mg/kg | |
| Vitamin A | 25.1 UI/kg | |
| Vitamin E | 26.3 UI/kg | |
| Dry matter | 89.0 | |
| Lysine | 0.40 | |
| Linoleic acid | 0.65 | |
| Corn husk | Humidity | 82.00 |
| Dry matter | 18.00 | |
| Crude protein | 10.45 | |
| Crude fiber | 25.70 | |
| Nitrogen free extract | 41.30 | |
| Ash | 10.30 | |
| Phosphorous | 0.22 | |
| Potassium | 0.26 | |
| Calcium | 0.03 |
A shelf of four levels as bracket and greenhouse structure was build (1.8 m length x 0.70 m width x 1.8 height). The distance between each level was 0.4 m, with longitudinal and transversal slope of 10 % for the water drainage in the trays. The culture trays were of dark plastic boxes (0.6 m length x 0.40 de width).
For the guinea pigs breeding, the shed has adobe walls and windows with meshes with polypropylene curtains to guarantee the lighting and airing. In each shed, there was four breeding cages (1.20 m x 0.90 m), equipped with feeders and water trough. The breeding cages were replicated in two, and each of them had 12 experimental units (2 males and 10 females from Inti breed). The experimental treatments for the feeding analysis were four:
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T1 = HGF with free barley (230 g/d) + limited concentrate (30 g/d)
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T2 = HGF with limited barley (200 g/d) + free concentrate (40 g/d)
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T3 = limited corn husk (200 g/d) + free concentrate (40 g/d)
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T4 = free corn husk (230 g/d) + limited concentrate (30 g/d)
The initial intake of HGF with barley and corn husk was100 g, while the concentrate consisted in 10g. The experimental period lasted four weeks. The food restriction was based on rations of three daily supplies every 8h, with 10g less and the free feeding was the same amount of grams during 24h. As the weeks goes, the diet was increased at double (National Research Council 1985National Research Council. 1995. Nutrient Requeriments of Laboratory Animals; Guinea Pig. Washington, D.C., National Academy Press. 176 p). The initial total weight of guinea pigs was measured with a gram digital scale Patrick´s AM3 (precision = 1 g). The initial weight (g) in each treatment was: 273.33±0.88, 275±6.56, 274.44±3.47 and 275.89±4.55 for T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively.
The total weight of guinea pigs considering the type of feeding in the pure experimental design, although, a validity control was not indicated, it was analyzed with the statistical program Statgraphics Centurion 18® (Versión 18.1.16). The normality of data was considered by the Shapiro and Wilk (1965)Shapiro, S.S. & Wilk, M.B. 1965. An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika, 52(3-4): 591–611, ISSN: 1464-3510. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/52.3-4.591. test. The comparison between the average of the experimental treatments was performed through the analysis of variance and the homogeneity among groups by the Duncan Multiple Range test (Duncan 1955Duncan, D.B. 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11(1): 1-42, ISSN: 1541-0420. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478.). The data were considered significant when p<0.05.
The bioethics aspects of the research were fulfilled with the biosafety protocols. There was not animal manipulation that caused their stress. The paraphrases construction was adequate from the consulted scientific theory. The statistical treatment was justified from the biometrics.
After the fourth week, Shapiro and Wilk (1965)Shapiro, S.S. & Wilk, M.B. 1965. An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples). Biometrika, 52(3-4): 591–611, ISSN: 1464-3510. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/52.3-4.591. test was performed, based on the comparison of quartiles from the normal distribution, fitted to the data for the experimental treatments. The P-values were higher to the significance level (0.05). Therefore, the total weights of guinea pigs come from a distribution rule with 95.0 % of confidence:
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T1= .998 (statistical), .912 (significance)
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T2 = .775 (statistical), .055 (significance)
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T3 = 1.000 (statistical), .965 (significance)
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T4 = .998 (statistical), .912 (significance)
Table 2 show the final weight of guinea pigs. There were significant differences between the experimental treatments. T1 and T4 were homogeneous to each other. Their total weights at fourth week were lower than the experimental treatments T2 and T3, respectively.
| Experimental treatment | Average, g | Standard error | Variation coefficient, % | Homogeneity of groups | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 | 499.56 | 4.82 | 1.67 | a | ≤ 0.001 |
| T2 | 644.77 | 9.95 | 2.67 | b | |
| T3 | 661.33 | 27.24 | 7.13 | b | |
| T4 | 474.33 | 4.44 | 1.62 | a |
Legend: letters a, b shows significant differences between the experimental treatments, according to Duncan (1955)Duncan, D.B. 1955. Multiple range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11(1): 1-42, ISSN: 1541-0420. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478. for p<0.05
Taboada (2022)Taboada, M.V.H. 2022. Evaluación de forraje hidropónico de cebada (Hordeum vulgare) en sistemas de alimentación durante el crecimiento del cuy (C. porcellus). Tesis para optar el Título Profesional de Ingeniero Zootecnista. Facultad de Zootecnia, Universidad Agraria La Molina. Lima, Perú. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12996/5280. showed that during the growing stage of guinea pigs, the HGF with barley can be used without needing to feed the animal with corn husk, even, when the guinea pigs growing was compared it was recorded low weight in the feeding systems with HGF of barley and fresh forage of corn husk. This result coincides with the analysis of T1 and T4 treatments, in which the total weight gain responded to the combination with the limited concentrate.
Yanchaliquin (2022)Yanchaliquin, T.J.W. 2022. Forrajes hidropónicos en la alimentación de cuyes. Tesis para optar por grado académico de Ingeniero Zootecnista. Facultad de Ciencias Pecuarias, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo. Riobamba, Ecuador. http://dspace.espoch.edu.ec/handle/123456789/17088., in his curricular integration study with hydroponic forages in guinea pigs feeding, showed that the higher weight and best yield of the carcass for the guinea pigs was recorded with HGF of barley and HGF of corn, but with the concentrates supply, which correspond with the results find in this study.
The lower total weight of guinea pigs in the experimental treatments T1 and T4 compared with T2 and T3, maybe should due to the decrease of protein level during the production cycle of HGF. This loss could influence on the adequate feeding of guinea pigs, although in this study it was not previously measured this production cycle to start the optimum feeding of animals.
The concentrate, when having high percentage of protein, potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorous and fiber, in addition of supplying free, generates in treatments T2 and T3 higher total weight for the guinea pigs. It is possible that the chemical composition of the HGF with barley and corn husk did not fulfill the nutritional requirements in the treatments T1 and T4. However, is not possible to finance the feeding based on concentrate. Face the water stress that there is in Tacna region, the agricultural practice with HGF allow their mitigation and the guinea pigs, has been herbivorous species, need a diet wit forage.