Due to the own characteristics of tropical grasses, which has low digestible protein levels and a high fiber rate, the foliage of the shrubs it has been considered, in many cases, as a nutritional strategy in the ruminants supplementation in the tropic, with the purpose on improvement the productive and alimentary level of animals, mainly during the lack of forage periods (Verdecia et al. 2020Verdecia, D.M., Herrera, R.S., Ramírez, J.L., Leonard, I., Bodas, R., Andrés, S., Giráldez, F.J., Valdés, C., Arceo, Y., Paumier, M., Santana, A., Álvarez, Y., Méndez-Martínez, Y. & López S. 2020. "Effect of age of regrowth, chemical composition and secondary metabolites on the digestibility of Leucaena leucocephala in the Cauto Valley, Cuba". Agroforestry Systems, 94(4): 1247-1253, ISSN: 0167-4366. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-018-0339-y.). In this sense Tithonia diversifolia is one of the non legumes plants considered as promising for their use in the feeding of different animal’s species (Rivera et al. 2018Rivera, J.E., Chará, J., Gómez-Leyva, J.F., Ruíz, T. & Barahona, R. 2018. "Variabilidad fenotípica y composición fitoquímica de Tithonia diversifolia A. Gray para la producción animal sostenible". Livestock Research for Rural Development, 30 (12): 1-20, ISSN: 2521-9952.) and it use has been increasing in the last years (Li et al. 2020Li, Y., Konga, D., Fub, Y., Sussmand, M.R. & Wua, H. 2020. "The effect of developmental and environmental factors on secondary metabolites in medicinal plants". Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 148 (2020): 80-89, ISSN: 0981-9428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.01.006.).
It is important to taking into account an element that in certain circumstance can constitutes a limitation in the use of these resources and it is the presence of secondary metabolites. During millions of years most of this species of plants has been survived thanks to their ability for producing substances that will protect them of their predatory. Even when some of these compound (condensed tannins, phenols, alkaloids, oligosaccharides and saponins) are able to produce a violent and immediate reaction, in most of the cases has a refine effect which is show with the prolonged ingestion (Li et al. 2020Li, Y., Konga, D., Fub, Y., Sussmand, M.R. & Wua, H. 2020. "The effect of developmental and environmental factors on secondary metabolites in medicinal plants". Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 148 (2020): 80-89, ISSN: 0981-9428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.01.006.).
Secondary compounds as tannins, phenols, flavonoids and alkaloids constitutes defense mechanisms against the pathogen microorganisms and the predation by insects or herbivorous. Also, they are important in the interaction of the plant with its environment, when attracting organisms that pollinate and disperse the seeds (Isah 2019Isah, T. 2019. "Stress and defense responses in plant secondary metabolites production". Biological Research, 52(39): 1-25, ISSN: 0717-6287. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40659-019-0246-3.). These ones, however, affect the metabolic processes of the animal and the growth rate of some microorganisms after their intake (Guillén-Andrade et al. 2019Guillén-Andrade, H., Escalera-Ordaz, A.K., Torres-Gurrola, G., García-Rodríguez, Y.M., Espinosa-García, F.J. & Tapia-Vargas, L.M. 2019. "Identification of new secondary metabolites in Persea americana Miller variety Drymifolia". Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas, 23: 253-265, ISSN: 2007-9230. http://www.scielo.org.mx/pdf/remexca/v10nspe23/2007-0934-remexca-10-spe23-253-en.pdf.). In accordance with Martín (2017)Martín, D.A. 2017. "Los compuestos fenólicos: un acercamiento a su biosíntesis, síntesis y actividad biológica". Revista de Investigación Agraria y Ambiental, 9(1): 81-104, ISSN: 2145-6453. https://doi.org/10.22490/21456453.1968. and Isah (2019)Isah, T. 2019. "Stress and defense responses in plant secondary metabolites production". Biological Research, 52(39): 1-25, ISSN: 0717-6287. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40659-019-0246-3., the presence and concentration of these compounds can vary between species due to the effects of the biotic (Herrera et al. 2020Herrera, R.S., Verdecia, D.M. & Ramírez, J.L. 2020. "Chemical composition, secondary and primary metabolites of Tithonia diversifolia related to climate". Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 54(3): 425-433. ISSN: 2079-3480. https://www.cjascience.com/index.php/CJAS/article/view/976.) and abiotics factors, aspects which favor decrease of the photosynthetic activity of the plant and as a result the levels of the carbohydrates (glucose, fructose and sucrose) decreased and they are move for the production of secondary metabolites; as well as, the nitrogenous nutrients are also destined to the synthesis of more complex substances coming from the plant secondary metabolism as defense mechanism (Verdecia et al. 2021Verdecia, D.M., Herrera-Herrera, R.C., Torres, E., Sánchez, A.R., Hernández-Montiel, L.G., Herrera, R.S., Ramírez, J.L., Bodas, R., Giráldez, F.J., Guillaume, J., Uvidia, H. & López, S. 2021. "Primary and secondary metabolites of six species of trees, shrubs and herbaceous legumes". Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 55(1): 77-93, ISSN: 2079-3480 https://www.cjascience.com/index.php/CJAS/article/view/997.).
So, it is important to know the effect of the regrowth age and content of primary metabolites (nitrogen, fructose, glucose and sucrose) on the estimation of secondary metabolites in Tithonia diversifolia.
Materials and methods
⌅Research area, climate and soil. The study was developed in areas from the Departamento Docente-Productivo de la Universidad de Granma, which is located in the southeast of Cuba, in Granma province, at 17.5 km from Bayamo city. Studies during two years were performed (2014-2015), and two seasons were considered, the rainy (May-October) and dry (November-April).
The soil was calcic haptustept (Soil Survey Staff 2014Soil Survey Staff. 2014. Keys to soil taxonomy. 12th ed. United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, United States. ISBN: 978-1-4296-8745-4. https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/class/taxonomy/?cid=nrcs142p2_053580.), with pH of 6.2. The content of P2O5, K2O and total N was 2.4, 33.42 and 3 mg/100g of soil, respectively, with 3.6 % of organic matter.
During the rainy season, the rainfalls were of 731.4 mm; the average, minimum and maximum temperature registered values of 26.73, 22.31 and 33.92 ºC, respectively and the average, minimum and maximum relative humidity was 80.78, 51.02 and 96.22 %, respectively. In the dry season, the rainfalls reached values of 270 mm; the temperature was 24.05, 18.29 and 31.58 ºC for the average, minimum and maximum, respectively and the minimum, average and maximum relative humidity with averages of 76.21, 44.16 and 97.03 %, values which corresponded with the historical mean for the region.
Treatment and experimental design. A random block design with four replications (plots) was used for taken the samples and the regrowth ages 60, 120 and 180 days were considered as treatments.
Procedures. For the established specie (T. diversifolia) at the beginning of each seasonal period a homogeneity cut was made at 15 cm above the soil. The samplings in each plot (0.0282 ha) were carried out taking 10 plants row eliminating the first one and the last one to avoid border effect in an area of 0.5. The sample was homogenized and later weighed manually separating leaves, petioles and stems, these latter with diameter less than 2cm considered as edible biomass. Later 1kg for each of the treatments was taken for the laboratory analysis. During the experimental stage irrigation and fertilization was not applied.
Chemical analysis. The samples were dried at room temperature in a dark and ventilated room for 12 days. Then they were milled 30 g for each repetition to a 1mm particle size. They were stored in amber bottles at room temperature until their analysis.
It was determined: nitrogen (N) in accordance with the AOAC (2016)AOAC, G. W. 2016. Official methods of analysis of AOAC International. 20th ed., Rockville, MD: AOAC International, ISBN: 978-0-935584-87-5, Available: http://www.directtextbook.com/isbn/9780935584875>. [Consulted: September 22, 2016]., while the contents of glucose, fructose and sucrose according to the titration method of Lane and Eynon, which is based on the reduction of Cu +2 to Cu +1 by the reducing sugars, using as indicator methylene blue (AOAC 2016AOAC, G. W. 2016. Official methods of analysis of AOAC International. 20th ed., Rockville, MD: AOAC International, ISBN: 978-0-935584-87-5, Available: http://www.directtextbook.com/isbn/9780935584875>. [Consulted: September 22, 2016].).
Models for the estimation of secondary metabolites. For the estimation of secondary metabolites, the multiple linear regression models obtained by Verdecia (2014)Verdecia, D.M. 2014. Composición química y metabolitos secundarios en seis variedades de árboles, arbustos y leguminosas volubles en el Valle del Cauto. Ph.D. Thesis. Universidad de Granma, Cuba, p. 100. (tables 1 and 2) were considered, as a way to validate the functioning of them, from the obtained results (of primary metabolites) at the ages of 60, 120 and 180 days previously described in chemical analysis. Those multiple regression equations are fallowing showed where the age and nitrogen, glucose, fructose and sucrose are related in both seasons of the year.
Metabolites | Models | R2 | Significance of the model |
---|---|---|---|
Total phenols | 17.91-0.03(age)-703.28(fructose) | 0.99 | P<0.001 |
Total tannins | 10.513-0.019(age)-626.99(glucose) | 0.99 | P<0.001 |
Total condensed tannins | 33.2-0.06(age)-0.35(nitrogen) | 0.81 | P<0.0001 |
Total bound tannins | 8.18+0.01(age)+197.12(fructose) | 0.99 | P<0.0001 |
Free condensed tannins | 0.67+0.01(age)+0.06(nitrogen)-84.97(fructose) | 0.99 | P<0.0001 |
Stachyose | 0.0015+0.000009(age)+0.21(fructose) | 0.99 | P<0.0001 |
Raffinose | 0.02-0.00005(age)+3.35(fructose)-1.47(sucrose) | 0.99 | P<0.0001 |
Flavonoids | 12.78+0.18(age)-0.27(nitrogen) | 0.99 | P<0.0001 |
Saponins | -0.17+0.01(age)+53.28(fructose) | 0.99 | P<0.0001 |
Alkaloids | 0.57+0.0026(age)+4.16(fructose) | 0.99 | P<0.0001 |
Triterpenes | 6.54+0.01(age)-73.89(glucose) | 0.99 | P<0.0001 |
Total steroids | 4.32+0.05(age) | 0.99 | P<0.0001 |
Metabolites | Models | R2 | Sig. model |
---|---|---|---|
Total phenols | 4.77+0.01(age) | 0.98 | P<0.001 |
Total condensed tannins | 8.88+0.02(age) | 0.90 | P<0.001 |
Total bound condensed tannins | 6.76+0.01(age)+162.30(glucose) | 0.99 | P<0.001 |
Free condensed tannins | -3.08+0.019(age)+543.39(glucose)-85.07(fructose) | 0.99 | P<0.001 |
Verbascose | 0.01-0.000032(age) | 0.94 | P<0.001 |
Flavonoids | 21.83+0.19(age)-0.37(nitrogen) | 0.99 | P<0.001 |
Saponins | 1.25+0.01(age) | 0.85 | P<0.001 |
Alkaloids | 1.30+0.0016(age)-0.01(nitrogen)-45.82(glucose) | 0.99 | P<0.001 |
Triterpenes | -0.73+0.04(age)+0.06(nitrogen)+279.72(glucose) | 0.99 | P<0.001 |
Total steroids | 5.01+0.055(age) | 0.99 | P<0.001 |
For the validation of these models the Giraldo et al. (1998)Giraldo, L.M., Lizcano, L., Gisjman, A.J., Rivera, B. & Franco, L.H. 1998. Adaptación del modelo DSSAT para simular la producción de Brachiaria decumbens. Pasturas Tropicales, 20(2): 2-12, ISSN: 2310-2799. https://www.tropicalgrasslands.info/public/journals/4/Elements/DOCUMENTS/1998-vol20-rev1-2-3/Vol20_rev2_98_art2.pdf. criteria were fallowed. For which the difference between observed and estimated values were established, as well as the relation of these ones and the variability. For the relation between both values (observed and estimated), when these one is near to the unit (1) and the variability (VC) is within the normal ranges (16) the model prediction is correct.
Statistical analysis and calculation. Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests were performed for the normal distribution of data (Massey 1951Massey, F.J. 1951. "The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for goodness of fit". Journal of the American Statistical Association, 4(543): 68-78, ISSN: 1537-274X. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2280095.), homogeneity of variances (Bartlett 1937Bartlett, M. 1937. "Properties of sufficiency and statistical tests". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 160(2): 268–282, ISSN: 1471-2946. http://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1937.0109.). The statistical program SPSS version 22 was used.
Results
⌅In table 3 are showed the results of the validation models for the content of secondary metabolites for Tithonia diversifolia during the rainy season where relations between estimated and observed values between 0.84 and 1.39 were found; as well as variation coefficients between 0.01-13 %; the highest values for VC at 60 days were found in total condensed tannins, raffinose and flavonoids (6.96, 8.63 and 8.17 %), 120 days Phenols condensed total and saponins (10.88 and 10.18 %) and 180 days phenols condensed tannins, raffinose and saponins (7.09, 12.37 and 9.03 %), respectively.
Age (days) | 60 | 120 | 180 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metabolites | Observed | Estimated | Relation Est/Obs | VC, % | Observed | Estimated | Relation Est/Obs | VC, % | Observed | Estimated | Relation Est/Obs | VC, % |
TF | 6.20 | 6.16 | 0.99 | 0.46 | 12.38 | 12.55 | 1.01 | 0.96 | 7.58 | 7.87 | 1.04 | 2.65 |
TT | 0.56 | 0.78 | 1.39 | 3.21 | 5.36 | 5.34 | 0.996 | 0.26 | 3.17 | 3.22 | 1.02 | 1.11 |
TCT | 14.29 | 15.77 | 1.10 | 6.96 | 13.66 | 15.01 | 1.10 | 6.66 | 14.56 | 13.17 | 0.90 | 7.09 |
TBCT | 11.37 | 11.57 | 1.02 | 1.23 | 9.54 | 9.87 | 1.03 | 2.40 | 10.79 | 11.28 | 1.05 | 3.14 |
FCT | 2.92 | 2.44 | 0.84 | 2.66 | 4.13 | 3.54 | 0.86 | 10.88 | 3.77 | 3.49 | 0.93 | 5.45 |
Stac | 0.005 | 0.0051 | 1.02 | 1.40 | 0.0032 | 0.0031 | 0.97 | 2.24 | 0.0046 | 0.0045 | 0.98 | 1.55 |
Raf | 0.02 | 0.0226 | 1.13 | 8.63 | 0.0096 | 0.0119 | 1.24 | 5.13 | 0.012 | 0.0143 | 1.19 | 12.37 |
Fla | 11.50 | 12.91 | 1.12 | 8.17 | 24.43 | 25.90 | 1.06 | 4.13 | 38.39 | 38.06 | 0.99 | 0.61 |
Sap | 1.26 | 1.18 | 0.94 | 4.64 | 1.34 | 1.16 | 0.87 | 10.18 | 2.25 | 1.98 | 0.88 | 9.03 |
Alk | 0.79 | 0.78 | 0.99 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.89 | 0.99 | 0.79 | 1.07 | 1.06 | 0.99 | 0.66 |
Trit | 6.24 | 6.13 | 0.98 | 1.26 | 7.68 | 7.40 | 0.96 | 2.63 | 8.30 | 7.78 | 0.94 | 4.57 |
ST | 7.46 | 7.32 | 0.98 | 1.34 | 10.70 | 10.32 | 0.96 | 2.56 | 13.80 | 13.32 | 0.97 | 2.50 |
TF: Total phenos; TT: Total tannins; TCT: Total condensed tannins; TBCT: Total bound condensed tannins; FCT: Free condensed tannins; Stac: Stachyose; Raf: Raffinose; Fla: Flavonoids; Sap: Saponines; Alk: Alkaloids; Trit: Triterpenes; ST: Total steroids
During the dry season (table 4) values of relation from 0.96 to 1.07 were obtained for the studied metabolites, except for verbascose, alkaloids and total steroids which were more away from the unit (1) with 0.64; 0.76 and 1.44, respectively. While, the variability was between 0.13 to 4.00 %, although for verbascose, saponine, alkaloid and steroid total were between 6 and 10 %, with the highest differences between the estimated and observed values in verbascose and the steroids of 0.0016 and 3.9 g kg-1.
Age (días) | 60 | 120 | 180 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metabolites | Observed | Estimated | Relation Est/Obs | VC, % | Observed | Estimated | Relation Est/Obs | VC, % | Observed | Estimated | RelationEst/Obs | VC, % |
TF | 5.36 | 5.37 | 1.00 | 0.13 | 5.82 | 5.97 | 1.03 | 1.80 | 6.47 | 6.57 | 1.02 | 1.08 |
TCT | 10.46 | 10.08 | 0.96 | 2.62 | 11.05 | 11.28 | 1.02 | 1.46 | 13.13 | 12.48 | 0.95 | 3.59 |
TBCT | 8.77 | 8.53 | 0.97 | 1.96 | 9.35 | 8.87 | 0.95 | 3.73 | 10.13 | 9.41 | 0.93 | 5.21 |
FCT | 1.69 | 1.65 | 0.98 | 1.69 | 1.70 | 1.66 | 0.98 | 1.68 | 3.00 | 2.94 | 0.98 | 1.43 |
Verb | 0.0071 | 0.0081 | 1.14 | 9.30 | 0.0043 | 0.0062 | 1.44 | 5.59 | 0.0032 | 0.0042 | 1.31 | 9.11 |
Fla | 15.68 | 16.05 | 1.02 | 1.65 | 28.55 | 29.14 | 1.02 | 1.45 | 44.71 | 45.29 | 1.01 | 0.91 |
Sap | 1.66 | 1.85 | 1.11 | 7.66 | 1.87 | 2.45 | 1.31 | 8.99 | 2.37 | 3.05 | 1.29 | 7.74 |
Alk | 0.79 | 0.60 | 0.76 | 9.33 | 0.99 | 0.82 | 0.83 | 3.28 | 1.19 | 1.06 | 0.89 | 8.17 |
Trit | 6.31 | 6.47 | 1.03 | 1.77 | 7.78 | 8.16 | 1.05 | 3.37 | 9.05 | 9.67 | 1.07 | 4.68 |
ST | 8.28 | 5.34 | 0.64 | 10.52 | 11.73 | 5.67 | 0.48 | 9.25 | 14.90 | 11.00 | 0.40 | 6.22 |
TF: Total phenols; TT: Total tannins; TCT: Total condensed tannins; TBCT: Total bound condensed tannins; FCT: Free condensed tannins; Stac: Stachyose; Raf: Raffinose; Fla: Flavonoids; Sap: Saponines; Alk: Alkaloids; Trit: Triterpenes; ST: Total steroids
Discussion
⌅sugars require advanced technology euipment and reagents with certain chemical There are evidences that with the use of adequate mathematical methods can save time and resources to calculate or predict certain variables. So, Herrera and Hernández (1986)Herrera, R.S. & Hernández, Y. 1986. Predicción de la digestibilidad de la Bermuda cruzada 1 a partir del análisis químico de sus constituyentes. Boletín técnico, Serie Pastos, No. 2. EDICA, La Habana. p.91. predicted the grass digestibility from their chemical constituents and Ramírez (2010)Ramírez, J.L. 2010. Rendimiento y valor nutritivo de cinco gramíneas en el Valle del Cauto. Tesis de Doctorado. Universidad de Granma, Cuba. 101 p. the digestibility of five tropical grasses from the structural and soluble components. Likewise, Verdecia (2014)Verdecia, D.M. 2014. Composición química y metabolitos secundarios en seis variedades de árboles, arbustos y leguminosas volubles en el Valle del Cauto. Ph.D. Thesis. Universidad de Granma, Cuba, p. 100. used the age and primary components for his prediction and Estrada-Jiménez et al. (2023)Estrada-Jiménez, P. M., Uvidia-Cabadiana, H. A., Herrera-Herrera, R. D. C., Hernández-Montiel, L. G., Verdecia-Acosta, D. M., Ramírez-de la Ribera, J. L. & Chacón-Marcheco, E. 2023. "Adaptability of regression algorithms to the behavior of protein plants". Enfoque UTE, 14(2): 20-34, ISSN: 1390-6542. https://doi.org/10.29019/enfoqueute.861. by artificial intelligence used regression algorithms.
Verdecia (2014)Verdecia, D.M. 2014. Composición química y metabolitos secundarios en seis variedades de árboles, arbustos y leguminosas volubles en el Valle del Cauto. Ph.D. Thesis. Universidad de Granma, Cuba, p. 100. pointed out that the plants used a significant amount of the absorbed carbon, nitrogen and the energy to the synthesis of a wide varieties of organic molecules that didn’t seem to have a direct function in photosynthetic and respiratory process, nutrients assimilation, solute transport or synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates or lipids, and they named secondary metabolites and to the variability of these ones with the age.
Lineal multiple regression equations were established where the dependent variable were the secondary metabolites and the independent variable consisted on the age, nitrogen, glucose, fructose and sucrose. For the selection of the better expression and its goodness of fit were taking into account the criteria Keviste et al. (2002)Keviste, A., Álvarez, J.G., Rojo, A. & Ruíz, A.D. 2002. Funciones de crecimiento de aplicación en el ámbito forestal. Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología. Instituto de Investigaciones y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria. Madrid. España. 190pp., Guerra et al. (2003)Guerra, C., Cabrera, A. & Fernández, L. 2003. "Criteria for the selection of statistical models in scientific research ". Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 37(1): 3-9, ISSN: 2079-3480. and Torres and Ortiz (2005)Torres, V. & Ortíz, J. 2005. "Application of modelling and simulation to the production and feeding of farm animals". Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 39: 397-405, ISSN: 2079-3480 related with high value of the determination coefficient (R2), high signification of the expression and its indicators, low standard errors of the expression and its indicators, residues analysis and test of concordance between the observed and estimated values.
That is why for T. diversifolia (table1) in the rainy season there was not fit for the Verbascose, while in the dry season (table 2) the stachyose, raffinose and total tannins didn’t has fit in their models, the rest of metabolites has values of R2 higher than 0.85 and the total phenols, total bound condensed tannins, free condensed tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenes and total steroids were highlighted with values of 0.99.
The biosynthetic ways of the secondary metabolites of the plants is a topic that powerfully calls the attention. The synthesis of each compound tend to be restricted to specific states of the development of each organism, specialized cells and stress period caused by the lack of nutrients or by the attack of microorganisms. This phenomenon is due to the formation, dependent of phase, of the specific enzyme and their activity, which mean that the expression of the secondary metabolite is based on a differentiation process (Lozano and Pichón 2018Lozano, M.A.M., & Pichón, J.P.Z. 2018. "Ecología y aplicaciones de metabolitos secundarios de los géneros Dictyota, Padina y Sargassum (phaeophyta)". Ciencia e Ingeniería, 5(1): e065-e065, ISSN: 2389-9484. http://revistas.uniguajira.edu.co/rev/index.php/cei/article/view/117. and Cruz 2019Cruz, D.C. 2019. "Nitrógeno: ¿Elemento esencial? Importancia en la Química de los Productos Naturales". Naturaleza y Tecnología, 6(2): 1-6, ISSN: 2007-672X. http://repositorio.ugto.mx/bitstream/20.500.12059/6380/1/4_Nitr%c3%b3geno%20%c2%bfElemento%20esencial%c2%bf.pdf.).
From collateral ways to the photosynthesis, the plants synthesized the secondary metabolites (Sieiro Miranda et al. 2020Sieiro Miranda, G. L., González Marrero, A. N., Rodríguez Lema, E. L. & Rodríguez Regal, M. 2020. "Efecto de los macroelementos primarios en la susceptibilidad a enfermedades". Centro Agrícola, 47(3):66-74, ISSN: 2072-2001. http://scielo.sld.cu/pdf/cag/v47n3/0253-5785-cag-47-03-66.pdf.), which has non nutritional functions, but very important for their survival. They are compounds that are used to protect from external factors, in which are the flavonoides, tannins, lignans, coumarisms, alkaloides, terpenes and saponines, among others. They are stored in some organelles of the cell. For example, the flavonoides, which are synthesized in the chloroplast and are transported to the endoplasmic reticulum and to the vacuoles (García Parra et al. 2018García-Parra, M. Á., Plazas-Leguizamón, N. Z., Rodríguez, D. C. C., Torrado, S. C. F., & Parra, J. D. 2018. "Descripción de las saponinas en quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) en relación con el suelo y el clima: una revisión". Informador Técnico, 82(2): 241-249, ISSN: 2256-5035. https://revistas.sena.edu.co/index.php/inf_tec/article/view/1451/1918.).
On the other hand, according to Verdecia et al. (2021)Verdecia, D.M., Herrera-Herrera, R.C., Torres, E., Sánchez, A.R., Hernández-Montiel, L.G., Herrera, R.S., Ramírez, J.L., Bodas, R., Giráldez, F.J., Guillaume, J., Uvidia, H. & López, S. 2021. "Primary and secondary metabolites of six species of trees, shrubs and herbaceous legumes". Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 55(1): 77-93, ISSN: 2079-3480 https://www.cjascience.com/index.php/CJAS/article/view/997. reports there is a close relation between the carbohydrates composition, age and the N content, on the secondary metabolites content. In accordance with this study, in addition of these ones, the conditions of soil and climate can determine the composition of some compounds, particularly the α-galactosides. The content of sucrose and verbascose could be genetically determined, while those of raffinose and stachyose depend, in less extension, of the environmental conditions, and mainly of the photosynthetic activity of the plants and the production of secondary metabolites.
Taking the relation of the secondary compounds with the age and the content of their precursors metabolites (nitrogen, glucose, fructose and sucrose). It is important to estimate from the models obtained by Verdecia (2014)Verdecia, D.M. 2014. Composición química y metabolitos secundarios en seis variedades de árboles, arbustos y leguminosas volubles en el Valle del Cauto. Ph.D. Thesis. Universidad de Granma, Cuba, p. 100. for establishing of a low cost and precise system, since, for the determination of secondary metabolites and sugars is require advanced technology equipments and reagents with certain chemical specification which make possible that their analysis will be difficult and limit the number of samples that can be performed. The country and in special the eastern region didn’t have the sufficient analytical basic for the quantification of the secondary metabolites, which is limited by the lack of material resources and financial availability to obtain them.
It could be studied other expressions, but the main objective was to determined by found models of relatively simplicity, easy to interpret and it was not of difficult management and interpretation by the technicians, specialists, researcher up to small and medium farmers and farmers.
It is of state that the models (tables 1 and 2) were specifics for each plant in each seasonal period and there was not uniformity in the amount of primary metabolites that integrate each expression and there was always significant effect of the age.
These models reaffirm the previous principles and showed that is necessary to develop future researchers which take into account guarantee these results in other edaphoclimatic conditions and in other species, as well as to develop researchers that allow to deep and to complement the obtained results. Hence that the results showed in tables 3 and 4 about the estimation from the models showed the close relation between the precursor metabolites (nitrogen, glucose, fructose and sucrose) and the age on the different secondary metabolites, since only the verbascose and steroids in T. diversifolia in the dry season, had not close relations to one which make difficult according to Giraldo et al. (1998)Giraldo, L.M., Lizcano, L., Gisjman, A.J., Rivera, B. & Franco, L.H. 1998. Adaptación del modelo DSSAT para simular la producción de Brachiaria decumbens. Pasturas Tropicales, 20(2): 2-12, ISSN: 2310-2799. https://www.tropicalgrasslands.info/public/journals/4/Elements/DOCUMENTS/1998-vol20-rev1-2-3/Vol20_rev2_98_art2.pdf. that the model prediction will be perfect.
The natural substances which are form in the plants are synthesized through many metabolic ways and are divided into primary and secondary metabolites, been these latter the most important regarding their applications in the nutrition and, animal and human health. The primary metabolites are considered essentials or precursors; they are nutritional molecules and can be used in the synthesis of compounds of high structural and chemical complexity. In this group are the soluble carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nitrogenous compounds, among others (Wang et al. 2020Wang, L., Cuia, J., Jina, B., Zhaoa, J., Xub, H., Lua, Z., Lia, W., Lid, X., Lie, L., Liangd, E., Raof, X., Wang, S., Fuh, C., Cao, F., Dixon, R.A. & Lin, J. 2020. "Multifeature analyses of vascular cambial cells reveal longevity mechanisms in old Ginkgo biloba trees". PNAS, 117(4): 2201–2210, ISSN: 0027-8424. http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1916548117.).
In contrast to other organisms, the plants destined great amount of the assimilated carbon and of the energy to the synthesis of wide variety of organic molecules that seems not to have a direct relation with the photosynthetic process, respiratory process, nutrients assimilation and solutes transport, among others (Giménez et al. 2020Giménez, B., Sanabria, M. & Salas, J. 2020. "Efecto del cultivo en dos pisos altitudinales sobre la síntesis de metabolitos secundarios en hojas de Stevia rebudiana Bertoni". Ciencia y Desarrollo, 23(2): 1-8, ISSN: 2409-2045. http://dx.doi.org/10.21503/cyd.v23i2.2092.).
These elements justify the reason for the primary metabolites (nitrogen, glucose, fructose and sucrose) were used in the predictions of secondary metabolites. The nitrogen is one of the elements of great importance in the yield and quality of plants because the influence on the synthesis of phenolic compounds. It has been showed that fertilization decreased these substances (Li et al. 2020Li, Y., Konga, D., Fub, Y., Sussmand, M.R. & Wua, H. 2020. "The effect of developmental and environmental factors on secondary metabolites in medicinal plants". Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 148 (2020): 80-89, ISSN: 0981-9428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.01.006.) in early stages of the plant development (Cartera et al. 2011Cartera, M.E., Francisco, M., Soengas, P. & Velasco, P. 2011. "Phenolic compounds in Brassica vegetables". Molecules, 16 (1): 251-280, ISSN: 1420-3049. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16010251.). These was reaffirm in Labisia pumila when increasing the fertilization from 0 to 270 g kg-1 of N ha-1 decreased the polyphenols (Ibrahim et al. 2011Ibrahim, M.H., Jaafar, H., Rahmat, A. & Rahmat, Z.A. 2011. "The relationship between phenolics and flavonoids production with total non-structural carbohydrate and photosynthetic rate in Labisia pumila Benth. Under high CO2 and nitrogen fertilization". Molecules, 16(1): 162-174, ISSN: 1420-3049. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules16010162.).
However, the clarification of the biosynthesis of phenolic compounds could provide the precise magnitude of the differences in the content of them between species and it tissues, and basically its ecological consequences and will evolve (Salminen and Karonen 2011Leyva, E., Navarro-Tovar, G., Loredo-Carrillo, S. & Santos, M. 2011. "Biosíntesis y actividad biológica de fitoestrógenos y fitoesteroides". Boletín de la Sociedad Química de México, 5(2,3): 35-43, ISSN: 1870-1809. http://bsqm.org.mx/pdf-boletines/V5/N1-3/08.-%20Leyva.pdf. ). Although it cannot discount that the future knowing of genes which codify this process (Hichri et al. 2011Hichri, I., Barrieu, F., Bogs, J., Kappel, C., Delrot, S. & Lauvergeat, V. 2011. "Recent advances in the transcriptional regulation of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway". Journal of Experimental Botany, 28(8): 442-451, ISSN: 1460-2431. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq442.) modified or clarified this variety of criteria.
Herlina et al. (2018)Herlina, T., Gaffar, S. & Widowati, W. 2018. "Cytotoxic activity of erypogein d from Erythrina poeppigiana (leguminosae) against cervical cancer (HeLa), breast cancer (MCF-7) and ovarian cancer (SKOV-3) cells". IOP Science. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1013(2018): 012198, ISSN: 1742-6596. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1013/1/012198. stated that the nitrogenous fertilization has effect on the alkaloids content. Optimums concentrations of this element stimulates the formation of vegetative organs and increase the alkaloids and flavonoids, while Herlina et al. (2019)Herlina, T., Haraswati, N., Apriani, R., Nishinarizki, V., Gaffar, S. & Supratman, U. 2019. "Cytotoxic Activity of Alpinumisoflavone from Erythrina poeppigiana (Leguminosae) Against Colon Cancer (WiDr), Cervical Cancer (Hela), and Hepatoma Cancer (HepG2) Cells". HAYATI Journal of Biosciences, 26(2): 96-100, ISSN: 2086-4094. https://doi.org/10.4308/hjb.26.2.96. showed that their high concentrations were found in fruits, roots, leaves and stems, in this order. However, recent studies Ryan et al. (2014)Ryan, G.D., Rasmussen, S., Xue, H., Pearson, J. & Newman, A. 2014. "Metabolites analysis of the effects of elevated CO2 and nitrogen fertilization on the association between tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus) and its fungal symbiotic Neotyphodium coenophialum". Plant, Cell and Environment, 37(1): 204-212, ISSN: 1365-3040. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.12146. showed that this response is influence by the concentration of CO2 in the environment.
For this, the relation C/N is frequently used as a general indicator of the levels of natural chemical protection of the plant against the impact of some biotic factors. The ingredients of the metabolism for the production of rich carbon substances are associated to the increase of the synthesis of defensive compounds as phenols and terpenoids (Karolewski et al. 2010Karolewski, P., Zadworny, M., Mucha, J., Napierala-Filipiak, A. & Oleksyn, J. 2010. "Link between defoliation and light treatments on root vitality of five understory with different resistance to insect herbivory". Tree Physiology, 30(8): 969-978, ISSN: 0829-318X. https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpq060.).
For the understanding of these results it was necessary to start with the collection of essential aspects related with the synthesis of secondary metabolites and some factors that influence, on their content due to the diversity of criteria that there are about these topics.
The performance of secondary metabolites in T. diversifolia according to Verdecia et al. (2021)Verdecia, D.M., Herrera-Herrera, R.C., Torres, E., Sánchez, A.R., Hernández-Montiel, L.G., Herrera, R.S., Ramírez, J.L., Bodas, R., Giráldez, F.J., Guillaume, J., Uvidia, H. & López, S. 2021. "Primary and secondary metabolites of six species of trees, shrubs and herbaceous legumes". Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 55(1): 77-93, ISSN: 2079-3480 https://www.cjascience.com/index.php/CJAS/article/view/997. is due to the characteristics of each species and the effects of the edaphoclimatic conditions in which the culture is developed. Herrera et al. (2017b)Herrera, R.S., Verdecia, D.M., Ramírez, J.L., García, M. & Cruz, A.M. 2017b. "Relation between some climatic factors and the chemical composition of Tithonia diversifolia". Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 51 (2): 1-9, ISSN: 2079-3480. https://www.cjascience.com/index.php/CJAS/article/view/719. found in this plant between 0.43 and 2.6 g kg-1 of total phenol and of 3 .1 up to 4.9 g.kg-1 of condensed tannins. While, Paumier et al. (2020)Paumier, M., Méndez-Martínez, Y., Torres, E., Sánchez, A.R., Ramírez, J.L., Herrera, R.S., Santana, A. & Verdecia, D.M. 2020. "Indicators of Yield of Tithonia diversifolia in the Zone of Granma Province, Cuba". Modern Concepts & Developments in Agronomy, 6(4): MCDA. 000645, ISSN: 2637-7659. https://doi.org/10.31031/MCDA.2020.06.000645. and Herrera et al. (2017aHerrera, R.S., Verdecia, D.M., Ramírez, J.L., García, M. & Cruz, A.M. 2017a. "Secondary metabolites of Leucaena leucocephala. Their relationship with some climate elements, different expressions of digestibility and primary metabolites". Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 51 (1): 107-116, ISSN: 2079-3480. http://cjascience.com/index.php/CJAS/article/view/690. and 2020)Herrera, R.S., Verdecia, D.M. & Ramírez, J.L. 2020. "Chemical composition, secondary and primary metabolites of Tithonia diversifolia related to climate". Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 54(3): 425-433. ISSN: 2079-3480. https://www.cjascience.com/index.php/CJAS/article/view/976. reported of 6.4 to 8.7 g kg-1 total phenols, although the triterpenes and total steroids were higher with 10.2 to13.9 and of 25.4 to 29.2 g kg-1 of dry matter, respectively.
In most of the cases these compounds have defensive functions and their concentrations depends on the nutritional and physiological status of the plant, and the proportion of phenolic compounds derived of the lignin which take part of the fibrous fraction (Cabrera-Carrión et al. 2017Cabrera-Carrión, J.L., Jaramillo-Jaramillo, C., Dután-Torres, F., Cun-Carrión, J., García, P.A. & Rojas-de Astudillo, L. 2017. "Variación del contenido de alcaloides, fenoles, flavonoides y taninos en Moringa oleifera Lam en función de su edad y altura". Bioagro, 29(1): 53-60, ISSN: 1316-3361. https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/857/85750098006.pdf and Hernández-Espinosa et al. 2020Hernández-Espinoza, D.F., Lagunes-Espinoza, L.C., López-Herrera, M.A., Ramos-Juárez, J.A., González-Garduño, R. & Oliva-Hernández, J. 2020. "Edad de rebrote de Erythrina americana Miller y concentración de compuestos fenólicos en el follaje". Madera y Bosques, 26(1): e2611826, ISSN: 2448-7597. https://doi.org/10.21829/myb.2020.2611826.).
The results of the estimation of secondary metabolites from the age and precursor metabolites are similar to those obtained by Verdecia (2014)Verdecia, D.M. 2014. Composición química y metabolitos secundarios en seis variedades de árboles, arbustos y leguminosas volubles en el Valle del Cauto. Ph.D. Thesis. Universidad de Granma, Cuba, p. 100. that when grouping different species of trees, shrubs and leguminous during the rainy and dry season the evaluated species in this research (T. diversifolia) showed the best results integrally with the lower concentrations of phytochemical compounds.
Conclusions
⌅It was showed that the estimation of secondary metabolites from the multiple linear regression models in both season of the year, can be applied as result that independently of the different criteria about the biochemical pathways for the synthesis of these ones, their precursors will be the primary metabolites by the dependence on the content of nitrogen, glucose, fructose and sucrose, age and plant phenology.