The sweet potato (Ipomoea batata) is a crop of great biomass production and adaptation to a variety of tropical edaphoclimatic conditions (Ruíz et al. 2012Ruíz, E., Aguilera, V. & Batista, A. 2012. Manual técnico para el cultivo de camote (Ipomoea batata. L.). Edited by IDIAP. Panamá. Available at: http://www.idiap.gob.pa/?wpdmdl=1256 ). Other important characteristic of this crop is that the tuber and the foliage can be use in cattle feeding (Solís et al. 2019Solís, C., Rodríguez, R., Marrero, Y., Elías, A., Moreira, O., Sarduy, L. & Ruiloba, M. 2019. "Efecto del ensilaje en la composición química y fermentación ruminal in vitro de mezclas integrales de camote (Ipomoea batatas L.)". Livestock Research for Rural Development, 31(art. 161). Available: http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd31/10/carlos31161.html.). On dry basis, the tuber has high content of sugars (8.3 - 31.6 %) and starch (60.0 - 70.0 %), low crude protein content (CP, 3.5 - 5.0 %) (Aliaga and Nieto 2009Aliaga, P. & Nieto, C. 2009. "Contenido de azúcares en raíces reservantes de 106 clones de camote (Ipomoea batatas ( L .) Lam.) de la colección de germoplasma". Anales científicos UNALM, 70(2): 1-10, ISSN: 2519-7398. https://dx.doi.org/10.21704/ac.v70i2.493. and DeBlas et al. 2010DeBlas, C., Mateos, G. & García, P. 2010. Patata dulce o batata. Ingredientes para piensos. Tercera Edición, FEDNA. Madrid, España. Available: http://www.fundacionfedna.org/ingredientes_para_piensos/patata-dulce-o-batata.), while the foliage show more content of CP(8.3 - 19.7 %), crude fiber (8.7 - 32.9 %) and ash (8.6 - 20.2 %) (Sologuren 2008Sologuren, M. 2008. Producción y calidad nutricional del follaje de camote nativo (Ipomoea batata), para alimentación de cuyes, bajo condiciones de Selva Alta - Satipo. Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú. Available: http://repositorio.uncp.edu.pe/bitstream/handle/UNCP/2979/SologurenVillanueva.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y. and Vélez 2019Vélez, J.R. 2019. Producción forrajera, composición química y Ensilabilidad del follaje de tres variedades de camote (Ipomoea batatas, L.). Editorial : Calceta: ESPAM MFL. 80 p. Available: http://repositorio.espam.edu.ec/bitstream/42000/1154/1/TTMV12.pdf.).The integral sweet potato silage( tuber + silage) have good fermentative and nutritional characteristics (Alvarado 2015Alvarado, E. 2015. Evaluación del valor nutricional del ensilaje de residuos de la cosecha de camote (Ipomoea batatas (L)). Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica. Available: http://bibliodigital.tec.ac.cr/handle/2238/6468. and Solís et al. 2019Solís, C., Rodríguez, R., Marrero, Y., Elías, A., Moreira, O., Sarduy, L. & Ruiloba, M. 2019. "Efecto del ensilaje en la composición química y fermentación ruminal in vitro de mezclas integrales de camote (Ipomoea batatas L.)". Livestock Research for Rural Development, 31(art. 161). Available: http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd31/10/carlos31161.html.), with CP levels from 4.2 to 9.2 % and in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDDM) from 64.9 to 90.2 %, depending on the tuber/foliage relation (Alvarado 2015Alvarado, E. 2015. Evaluación del valor nutricional del ensilaje de residuos de la cosecha de camote (Ipomoea batatas (L)). Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica. Available: http://bibliodigital.tec.ac.cr/handle/2238/6468. and Solís and Ruiloba 2017Arelovich, H. M., Bravo, R., Martínez, M. F. & Amela, M. I. 2012. "Recría de bovinos de carne con dietas basadas en granos de maíz o avena pelletizados". Revista Argentina de Producción Animal, 32(2): 125-134, ISSN: 2314-324X. ). In dairy cattle with high production, Quezada (2001)Quezada, E. 2001. Evaluación nutricional del ensilado de follaje y raíces de camote (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam) en la alimentación de vacas lecheras. M.Sc. Thesis. UNALM. introduced the integral sweet potato silage (ISPS) in the feeding, without prove adverse effects on live weight, food intake and milk production. In growing male cattle, Solís (2011)Solís, C. 2011. Sustitución del maíz por ensilaje integral de camote (Ipomoea batatas L.) como fuente energética en la alimentación de bovinos en crecimiento. MSc. Thesis.Universidad de Panamá, Panamá. achieved to substitute more than 90% of the metabolizable energy (ME) provided by the ground granule corn (GKC), without affecting the live weight gain (LWG). When considering the nutritional and productive characteristics of the integral sweet potato silage, the objective of this study was to evaluate the substitution of the ground granule corn by ISPS in an finishing diet for male cattle.
Materials and Methods
⌅The study was carried out at the Centro Experimental El Ejido, from Instituto de Investigación Agropecuaria de Panamá (IDIAP), at 25 m.o.s.l, anual average temperature of 27.4 °C, rainfall of 1203 mm year-1, relative humidity of 75 % and annual average solar radiation of 1188.5 watt m-2. The Tainung 66 variety was used, due to its favorable yield of fresh biomass (86 t ha-1, 53.0 % tuber and 47.0 % foliage), according to Batista (2006)Batista, A. 2006. Evaluación agronómica de diferentes variedades de camote con tres densidades de siembra. Informe final de proyecto. Instituto de Investigación Agropecuaria (IDIAP), Gualaca, Chiriquí. reports. This variety was cultivated according to the methodology described by Ruíz et al. (2012)Ruíz, E., Aguilera, V. & Batista, A. 2012. Manual técnico para el cultivo de camote (Ipomoea batata. L.). Edited by IDIAP. Panamá. Available at: http://www.idiap.gob.pa/?wpdmdl=1256 and it was harvested at 125d after sowing The harvested material was left in the field for 48 h to facilitate the pre-drying (Solís 2011Solís, C. 2011. Sustitución del maíz por ensilaje integral de camote (Ipomoea batatas L.) como fuente energética en la alimentación de bovinos en crecimiento. MSc. Thesis.Universidad de Panamá, Panamá. ). The tuber and the foliage were simultaneously introduce in a mechanic chopper for achieving an homogeneous integral material and chop size between 0.5 and 2.5 cm for the foliage and 0.5 and 1.5 cm for the tuber. The material was ensiled in a trench type silo without additives and it began to use at 30 days after its manufacture.
Through a completely random design and factorial arrangement 2 x 2 two substitution levels of the GKC by ISPS (CS), dry basis, in a fattening diet of male cattle: 0.0 and 100.0% (CS0 and CS100) and two evaluation periods (EP1 and EP2) were studied. The experimental diets were iso-protein and iso-energetic (table 1).
Ingredients | Chemical composition | Diet composition, % | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
CP, % | ME* | NDF, % | CS0 | CS100 | |
GKC1 | 9.5 | 13.0 | 9.8 | 50.2 | 0.0 |
Swazi1 hay | 4.5 | 7.5 | 72.0 | 29.0 | 18.2 |
Soybean1 cake | 44.0 | 11.7 | 10.3 | 10.5 | 10.5 |
Coquito2 cake | 15.0 | 12.1 | 66.8 | 9.5 | 19.7 |
ISPS3 | 5.5 | 10.9 | 22.0 | 0.0 | 50.2 |
Urea | 270.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 |
Mineral salt | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.8 | |
Total | 100.0 | 100.0 | |||
CP, % | 12.0 | 12.0 | |||
ME* | 10.9 | 10.9 | |||
NDF, % | 33.20 | 38.40 |
ME: metabolizable energy, MJ kg DM1; NDF: neutral detergent fiber
1NRC (1996)NRC 1996. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Seventh Re. Washington, D.C. National Academy of Sciences. Available: http://nutrition.dld.go.th/nutrition/images/knowledge/beef-cattle.pdf., 2Vargas and Zumbado (2003)Vargas, E. & Zumbado, M. 2003. "Composición de los subproductos de la industrialización de la palma africana utilizados en la alimentación animal en Costa Rica". Agronomía Costarricense, 27(1): 7-18, ISSN: 2215-2202. , 3Solís and Ruiloba (2017)Solís, C. & Ruiloba, M. 2017. "Evaluation of different levels of integral silage of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) as energetic source for growing cattle". Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 51(1): 35-46, ISSN: 2079-3480.
A mealy corn, ground at 2.0 - 3.0 mm particle size was used. In order to balance the CP and ME levels in the diets, coquito cake and urea was included. The coquito cake is a byproduct from the mechanic extraction of the fruit oil of the African palm (Elaeis guineensis).
According to each treatment, the dry supplement base on GKC, soybean cake, coquito cake, urea and mineral salt was prepared. In CS0, the supplement was only offered in the feeder, while in the CS100 it was mixed with ISPS. In both treatments, the hay was offered whole in hanging feeders. It was included 5.0 % additional to the quantity corresponding to the ration to compensate the waste on the floor. The complete ration was offered at a rate of 3.0 and 6.0 kg fresh (2.70 kg DM) 100 kg LW d-1 for CS0 and CS100 in equal parts, twice a day (8:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m.) and water ad libitum.
A total of five male crossing animals Brahman-Brown Swiss per treatment were used, with weigh and average age at the start of the adaptation period of 386.8 (± 24.0) kg and17.0 months of age. They were management in their growing and developing stages under adequate feeding conditions in grazing. Initially, the animals received treatments against endoparasite and ectoparasite. Each group of animals was allocated in a 30 m2 covered pen. The study lasted 77d and included an adaptation period of 21 d and two evaluation periods of 28 d each (EP1 and EP2). At the beginning of the study and at the end of each period the animals were weighed in fasting, at 8:00 a.m. In the adaptation period, the amount of offered food was periodically increased until get to the established maximum level and in the evaluation periods was fitted every 14 d in function of the LW and the established intake level. In the first evaluation period, the LW was defined from the LWG estimate in accordance with the NRC (1996)NRC 1996. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Seventh Re. Washington, D.C. National Academy of Sciences. Available: http://nutrition.dld.go.th/nutrition/images/knowledge/beef-cattle.pdf., and in the second one based on the weight gain obtained in the first. The food intake was daily recorded per group, according to the amount offered and rejected. Every 14d, the average intake per animal was calculated. In addition, samples from the diets ingredients for the DM and CP determination were taken.
When finish the second evaluation period (EP2) and immediately after determine the final weight, the animals were taken to the slaughterhouse, where they were individually weighed when enter. Here they stay in resting and without food during 8h until their slaughter, moment in which the individual weight of the hot carcass was taken. The evaluation indicators included LWG, intake of DM, (DMI), CP, (CPI) and ME (MEI), DM conversion (DMC), CP (CPC) and ME (MEC), yield in hot carcass (YHC) and intake ration cost (IRC). The intake ration cost only included the ingredients cost. For the ground granule corn and integral sweet potato silage, was of $0.338 and 0.166/kg MS (American dollar, $).
The statistical analysis included the normality test (Shapiro and Wilk 1965Shapiro, S. & Wilk, M. 1965. "An analysis of variance test for normality (complete samples) ". Biometrika, 52(3-4): 591-611. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/52.3-4.591 ) and analysis of variance. In the case of the LWG, the initial live weight in the evaluation period as covariate was used. The analysis of variance of LWG included the effect of the independent variables CS and EP, the effect of the randomized variable nested animal in CS and the interaction CS*EP. For the DMI, CPI and MEI, the analysis only included CS and. The data were analyzed with the statistical program SAS (SAS 2010SAS 2010. User’s guide: Statistics. Version 9.3. Cary, N.C., USA. SAS Institute.).
Results and Discussion
⌅The sweet potato silage showed light brown color and typical smell of a lactic fermentation, characteristics similar to those obtained by Solís (2011)Solís, C. 2011. Sustitución del maíz por ensilaje integral de camote (Ipomoea batatas L.) como fuente energética en la alimentación de bovinos en crecimiento. MSc. Thesis.Universidad de Panamá, Panamá. when ensiling integral sweet potato with the silo-press technique. These characteristics showed enough availability of carbohydrates easily fermentative for an adequate fermentation activity in the ensilage process.
The variables of DM, CPAMD ME intake showed normal distribution (Pr > 0.0500). The DMI was not affected by the interaction CS*EP (p = 0.7472), CS (p = 0.6998) and EP (p = 0.5678).Table 2 show the DMI values in function of the CS and EP, with general average of 2.66 kg DM 100 kg LW d-1, very similar to the established feeding level, practically without rejection. The average intake of GKC and ISPS was similar between treatments, with values of 1.31 and 1.36 kg DM 100 kg LW d-1 for CS0 and CS100.With a control diet, based on granule corn, Solís and Ruiloba (2017)Solís, C. & Ruiloba, M. 2017. "Evaluation of different levels of integral silage of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) as energetic source for growing cattle". Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 51(1): 35-46, ISSN: 2079-3480. informed that the inclusion of ISPS up to 60 %, dry basis, did not affected the DMI of growing male cattle (2.64 kg DM 100 kg-1 LW d-1, as average), while with 73 % of ISPS, the DMI decreased 15.6 %, due to the rejection of silage, constituted in a large extent by its forage fraction (stems). When considering an average starch content for the GKC and ISPS (Corcuera et al. 2016Corcuera, V., Salmoral, E., Pennisi, M., Kandus, M. & Salerno, J. 2016. "Análisis composicional cuanti-cualitativo de los macronutrientes del grano de híbridos de maíz con valor mejorado (VEC) desarrollados para la industria alimentaria argentina". Revista de divulgación técnica agropecuaria, agroindustrial y ambiental / Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias UNLZ, 3 (2) : 37-51, ISSN: 2451-7747. and DeBlas et al. 2019DeBlas, C., García, P., Gorrachategui, M. & Mateos, G. 2019. Maíz Nacional. Tablas FEDNA de composición y valor nutritivo de alimentos para la fabricación de piensos compuestos. Cuarta Edición, FEDNA. Madrid, España. Available at: http://www.fundacionfedna.org/node/370.) and 44.3 % (Solís 2020Solís, C. 2020. Obtención y evaluación nutricional del ensilado integral de camote presecado (Ipomoea batata, L.) como sustituto energético del grano de maíz (Zea mays) en dietas para vacunos en crecimiento. Thesis DrC. Universidad Agraria de la Habana - Fructuoso Rodríguez. Mayabeque, Cuba.), it was estimated a starch intake of 0.87 and 0.60 kg 100 kg-1 LW d-1, which corresponded to 33.0 and 22.4 % of intake DM for CS0 and CS100,respectively.
DM intake, kg 100 kg-1 LW d-1 | CP intake, kg 100 kg-1 LW d-1 | ME intake, MJ 100 kg-1 LW d-1 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | Evaluation period | Average | Evaluation period | Average | Evaluation period | Average | |||
1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | ||||
CS0 | 2.63 | 2.65 | 2.64 | 0.313 | 0.316 | 0.315 | 28.18 | 28.89 | 28.55 |
CS100 | 2.64 | 2.71 | 2.68 | 0.324 | 0.330 | 0.327 | 27.30 | 27.88 | 27.59 |
Average | 2.64 | 2.68 | 0.318 | 0.323 | 27.72 | 28.39 | |||
p | 0.5678 | 0.6998 | 0.6020 | 0.2072 | 0.3081 | 0.1605 |
p: probability
SE: standard error 0.003, 0.004 and 0.006 for DMI, CPI and MEI respectively
The CPI and MEI were not affected by the interaction and the independent variables studied (p ≥ 0.1607). The average values of CPI and MEI per treatments are show in table 2, with general average of 0.321 kg and 28.10 MJ 100 kg-1 LW d-1, respectively. Based on these intakes, the intake DM showed CP content of 11.93 and 12.20 % and the ME of 10.80 and 10.30 MJ kg-1 DM for CS0 and CS100, respectively. According to NRC (1996)NRC 1996. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Seventh Re. Washington, D.C. National Academy of Sciences. Available: http://nutrition.dld.go.th/nutrition/images/knowledge/beef-cattle.pdf. recommendations for animals with weight and LWG similar to this study, the CPI was higher in 16.4 %, performance that also depends on the quality of the protein sources used. The excessive CP intake led to an additional energetic expense, which can affect the animal response (Di Marco 2006DiMarco, O. 2006. "Eficiencia de utilización del alimento en vacunos". Revista Visión Rural, 13(61). Available at: http://www.produccion-animal.com.ar/informacion_tecnica/manejo_del_alimento/89-eficiencia_utilizacion_alimento.pdf.). Whereas, the MEI was equal to that indicate by the NRC (1996)NRC 1996. Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle. Seventh Re. Washington, D.C. National Academy of Sciences. Available: http://nutrition.dld.go.th/nutrition/images/knowledge/beef-cattle.pdf.. In terms of the MEI, the GKC and ISPS contribute 16.75 and 14.65 MJ 100 kg LW d-1, which corresponded to 59.0 and 52.2 % of the ME total intake that showed CS0 and CS100, respectively, although the LWG did not affected. The ISPS only replace 88.5 % of the ME provided by the GKC. The difference was covered with the coquito cake, with contribution of 10.2 and 23.5 % of MEI of CS0 and CS100, respectively. On the fat content of coquito cake of 13.2% , dry basis (Vargas and Zumbado 2003Vargas, E. & Zumbado, M. 2003. "Composición de los subproductos de la industrialización de la palma africana utilizados en la alimentación animal en Costa Rica". Agronomía Costarricense, 27(1): 7-18, ISSN: 2215-2202. ) in the diet CS0 and CS100, this one represented 1.25% and 2.60 of the intake DM. However, when considering the true contribution of the GKC, the fat level in the diet CS0 increased approximately 2.75%. In both diets, these levels did not has negative effects on the digestibility of DM and the fiber, due to there were lower to the 4.0% showed by Martínez et al. (2011)Martínez, A., Pérez, M., Pérez, L., Gómez, G. & Carrión, D. 2011. "Efecto de las fuentes de grasa sobre la digestión de la fibra en los rumiantes". Revista Electrónica de Veterinaria, 12(7): 1-22, ISSN: 1695-7504. as maximum level for do not affect this indicators.
In the adaptation period, the average live weight gain (LWG) was similar between treatments: 1.364 kg animal-1 d-1. In the evaluation periods, this variable was normal (Pr > 0.0500) and was not affected by the covariable LW (p = 0.4290), and neither by the interaction CS*EP (p = 0.2580) and variables nested animal in CS (p=0.4192), CS (p=0.2295) and EP (p = 0.4600), with general average of 1.836 kg animal d-1. With diets similar to those of this study Solís and Ruiloba (2017)Solís, C. & Ruiloba, M. 2017. "Evaluation of different levels of integral silage of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) as energetic source for growing cattle". Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 51(1): 35-46, ISSN: 2079-3480. did not obtained differences when substituting the ME of GKC by the one of the sweet potato silage in growing male cattle, although the average LWG was lower (1.400 kg animal d-1). The LWG obtained with the diet based on GKC (table 3) was similar to that informed with diets rich in granules for cattle finishing (Buckner et al. 2007Buckner, C., Erickson, G., Mader, T., Colgan, S., Karges, K. & Gibson, M. 2007. Optimum Levels of Dry Distillers Grains with Solubles for Finishing Beef Steers, Nebraska Beef Report. Nebraska. Available: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1067&context=animalscinbcr , Arelovich et al. 2012Arelovich, H. M., Bravo, R., Martínez, M. F. & Amela, M. I. 2012. "Recría de bovinos de carne con dietas basadas en granos de maíz o avena pelletizados". Revista Argentina de Producción Animal, 32(2): 125-134, ISSN: 2314-324X. and Vittone et al. 2015Vittone, J., Munilla, M., Lado, M., Corne, M., Ré, A., Biolatto, A. & Galli, I. 2015. Experiencias de recría y engorde con raciones secas en autoconsumo. INTA EEA Concepción del Uruguay, E. Ríos, Argentina. 45 p.).
Substitution level of corn | LW, kg animal-1 | LWG, kg animal-1 d-1 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Initial | Final | Evaluation period | CS | ||
LWi1 | LWf2 | EP1 | EP2 | Average | |
CS0 (control) | 414.7 | 519.6 | 1.860 | 1.884 | 1.876 |
CS100 (diet with ISPS) | 415.3 | 515.3 | 1.850 | 1.740 | 1.795 |
Average | 415.0 | 517.4 | 1.855 | 1.812 | |
p | 0.9700 | 0.7502 | 0.4600 | 0.2295 |
1Live weight at starting the EP1, 2Live weight at finishing the EP2; SE: standard error, 6.900, 6.540 and 0.050 for LWi, LWf and LWG, respectively.
The interaction CS*EP was not significant for the DM conversions (p = 0.7328), CP (p = 0.4143) and ME (p = 0.1600). The conversion of DM (DMCO) and metabolizable energy (MECO) (table 4) were not affected by silage level and experimental period (table 4), with average of 6.85 kg and 72.01 MJ kg-1 of LW increase, respectively. In contrast, the CP has better conversion in the corn treatment (table 4), difference that could be related with the urea, although this one only contributed approximately 13.5 % of the ration CP, a very lower level to the maximum of 30.0 % recommended. With similar diets, Solís (2011)Solís, C. 2011. Sustitución del maíz por ensilaje integral de camote (Ipomoea batatas L.) como fuente energética en la alimentación de bovinos en crecimiento. MSc. Thesis.Universidad de Panamá, Panamá. did not obtained effect of the ISPS level on these conversions, with average values of 6.18, 0.790 and 16.48 for DMCO, CPCO and MECO, respectively.
DM conversion (DMCO), kg 100 kg-1 LW d-1 | CP conversion (CPCO), kg 100 kg-1 LW d-1 | ME conversion (MECO), MJ 100 kg-1 LW d-1 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Treatment | Evaluation period | Average | Evaluation period | Average | Evaluation period | Average | |||
1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | ||||
CS0 | 5.98 | 7.34 | 6.66 | 0.709 | 0.883 | 0.796 | 63.89 | 80.80 | 72.34 |
CS100 | 6.28 | 7.81 | 7.04 | 0.771 | 0.927 | 0.849 | 64.94 | 78.50 | 71.72 |
Average | 6.13 | 7.58 | 0.740 | 0.905 | 64.39 | 79.63 | |||
p | 0.0016 | 0.1214 | 0.0001 | 0.0066 | 0.0001 | 0.5313 |
p: probability; SE: standard error, 0.009, 0.005 and 0.125 for DMI, CPI and MEI, respectively
The weight of hot carcass was not affected for the CS (p = 0.6921) with average of 272.4 and 266.5 kg animal-1 for zero level and 100% of substitution, respectively, result that validate the effect recorded when using ISPS in the weight and gain of LW at finishing.
In energetic terms, ISPS contribute much of the ME of the diet, mainly starch, although sugars too, despite in the silage process part of the sugars are fermented (Fondevila 2015Fondevila, M. 2015. La importancia de los azúcares en la alimentación de los rumiantes. in I jornada FEDNA-ANEMBE. Zaragoza, España, p. 38. Available: http://www.vacunodeelite.es/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/La_importancia_de_los_azucares.pdf.). However, the sweet potato was ensiled in relatively big pieces (0.5 - 1.5 cm), which could limit the fermentative action of the bacteria on these compounds, favorable effect to the energetic contribution of ISPS of the diet. In the silage, sugars and starches were mainly providing by the tuber.
Under in vitro conditions, 1.0 mm particle size and 24h of incubation, Solís (2020)Solís, C. 2020. Obtención y evaluación nutricional del ensilado integral de camote presecado (Ipomoea batata, L.) como sustituto energético del grano de maíz (Zea mays) en dietas para vacunos en crecimiento. Thesis DrC. Universidad Agraria de la Habana - Fructuoso Rodríguez. Mayabeque, Cuba. obtained average degradabilities for the starch of the integral sweet potato mixture, pre-drying and ensiled of 86.4 and 82.9 %, respectively, difference attributed to the silage process. LI Jian-nan et al., (2014)LI Jian-nan, Qiu-feng, L., Yan-xia, G., Yu-feng, C., Jian-guo, L. & Yun-qi, L. 2014. "Effect of Ensiling on Degradability of Dry Matter and Starch in Rumen about Potato Residues and Sweet Potato Residues". China Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 41(6): 89-93, ISSN: 1671-7236. reported that the silage process decreased the in situ ruminal degradability of the starch from the silage sweet potato tuber of 83.8 to 54.5% at 24h of incubation. This performance could be attibuted to that during the silage process the fermentated starch mainly corresponded to the degradable fraction, which proporcionally increased the resistant fraction. Englyst et al. (1999)Englyst, K., Englyst, H., Hudson, G., Cole, T. & Cummings, J. 1999. "Rapidly available glucose in foods: An in vitro measurement that reflects the glycemic response". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69(3): 448-454, ISSN: 1938-3207. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/69.3.448. showed that the most of starches have a fraction quickly digestible, slowly digestible and other resistant. Solís (2020)Solís, C. 2020. Obtención y evaluación nutricional del ensilado integral de camote presecado (Ipomoea batata, L.) como sustituto energético del grano de maíz (Zea mays) en dietas para vacunos en crecimiento. Thesis DrC. Universidad Agraria de la Habana - Fructuoso Rodríguez. Mayabeque, Cuba. also refers that at 24h of in vitro incubation the starch of GKC and ISPS was degraded 75.0 and 67.0 %, while at 24 h of incubation 90.1 and 82.9 %, with degradability rate of 2.48 and 2.01 %/h, respectively. At a rate of passage of 0.06 %/h was reported for the starch of the granule corn that the average effective ruminal degradability was of 61.9 % (Offner et al. 2003Offner, A., Bach, A. & Sauvant, D. 2003. "Quantitative review of in situ starch degradation in the rumen". Animal Feed Science and Technology, 106(1-4): 81-93, ISSN: 0377-8401. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(03)00038-5., Jiang 2005Jiang, Z. 2005. Dissertation: Study on Kinetics of Starch Degradability of Common Used Feed for Ruminants. Animal Nutrition and Feed Science. Course: Animal Nutrition and Feed Science. Hunan Agricultural University, China. Available: https://www.dissertationtopic.net/doc/89579.1 and Calsamiglia 2016Calsamiglia, S. 2016. "Consideraciones sobre el uso de almidones en el racionamiento del vacuno lechero". Frisona Española, (210): 100-103, ISSN: 2310-2799. ) and for the sweet potato tuber of 54.9 % (Jiang 2005Jiang, Z. 2005. Dissertation: Study on Kinetics of Starch Degradability of Common Used Feed for Ruminants. Animal Nutrition and Feed Science. Course: Animal Nutrition and Feed Science. Hunan Agricultural University, China. Available: https://www.dissertationtopic.net/doc/89579.1 ).These results not only show low ruminal fermentation level of the ISPS starch, also make possible high bypass level to the low parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Other authors (Dreher et al. 1984Dreher, M., Dreher, C., Berry, J. & Fleming, S. 1984. "Starch digestibility of foods: A nutritional perspective". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 20(1): 47-71, ISSN: 1549-7852. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398409527383., Offner et al 2003Offner, A., Bach, A. & Sauvant, D. 2003. "Quantitative review of in situ starch degradation in the rumen". Animal Feed Science and Technology, 106(1-4): 81-93, ISSN: 0377-8401. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(03)00038-5., Tecson 2007Tecson, E. 2007. "Development of Functional Foods in the Philippines". Food Science and Technology Research, 13(3): 179-186, ISSN: 1881-3984. https://doi.org/10.3136/fstr.13.179. and Calsamiglia 2016Calsamiglia, S. 2016. "Consideraciones sobre el uso de almidones en el racionamiento del vacuno lechero". Frisona Española, (210): 100-103, ISSN: 2310-2799. ) informed ruminal degradability values for the corn starch higher to that indicate for the sweet potato tuber.
The starch degradation depends on its type or nature, but also of own physiological aspects and of external components which surround the granule (Giuberti et al. 2014Giuberti, G., Gallo, A., Masoero, F., Ferraretto, L., Hoffman, P. & Shaver, R. 2014. "Factors affecting starch utilization in large animal food production system: A review. Starch/Starke, 66(1-2): 72-90, ISSN:1521-379X. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/star.201300177. y Faccio et al. 2020Faccio, C., Guerrero, F., Pozo, C., Mibach, M., Kozloski, G., DeOliverira, L., Schmitt, E., Rabassa, V., Burkert, F., Nunez, M. & Cassal, C. 2020. "In vitro fermentation of diets containing sweet potato flour as a substitute for corn in diets for ruminants". Ciência Rural, Santa María, 50(8): e20181055, ISSN: 1678-4596. https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20181055.). If it is compare with the corn starch, the granule of the sweet potato starch have high content of CP and ash, low fiber content and equal content of lipids and N free extract (Hernández et al. 2008Hernández, M., Torruco, J., Chel, L. & Betancur, D. 2008. "Caracterización fisicoquímica de almidones de tubérculos cultivados en Yucatán, México". Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, 28(3): 718-726, ISSN: 2236-6717. and Alvani et al. 2011Alvani, K., Qi, X., Tester, R. & Snape, C. 2011. "Physico-chemical properties of potato starches". Food Chemistry, 125(3): 958-965, ISSN: 1873-7072. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.09.088. ). Starches can form insoluble complex between phospholipids and amylose or the amylopectin ramified chain, with reduction effect of the enzymatic hydrolysis of this carbohydrates, as has been informed with several cereals (Crowe et al. 2000Crowe, T., Seligman, S. & Copeland, L. 2000. "Inhibition of enzymic digestion of amylose by free fatty acids in vitro contributes to resistant starch formation". Journal of Nutrition, 130(8): 2006-2008, ISSN: 1541-6100. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/130.8.2006. and Singh et al. 2010Singh, J., Dartois, A. & Kaur, L. 2010. "Starch digestibility in food matrix: a review". Trends in Food Science and Technology, 21(4): 168-180, ISSN: 0924-2244. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2009.12.001.).During the silage process, the starches has enzymatic hydrolysis, effect that in the sweet potato tuber can mainly occur on the amylopectin (Knowles et al. 2012Knowles, M., Pabón, M. & Carulla, J. 2012. "Use of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and other starchy non-conventional sources in ruminant feeding". Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias, 25(3): 488-499, ISSN: 2265-2958. ),with increase in the amylose/pectin proportion, which decreased the starch degradability (Bednar et al. 2001Bednar, G., Patil, A., Murray, S., Grieshop, C., Merchen, N. & Fahey, G. 2001. "Nutrient metabolism: Starch and fiber fractions in selected food and feed ingredients affect their small intestinal digestibility and fermentability and their large bowel fermentability in vitro in a canine model". Journal of Nutrition, 131(2): 276-286, ISSN: 1541-6100. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.2.276. and Brewer et al. 2012Brewer, L., Cai, L. & Shi, Y. 2012. "Mechanism and enzymatic contribution to in vitro test method of digestion for maize starches differing in amylose content". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60(17): 4379-4387, ISSN: 1873-7072. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf300393m.). Solís (2020Solís, C. 2020. Obtención y evaluación nutricional del ensilado integral de camote presecado (Ipomoea batata, L.) como sustituto energético del grano de maíz (Zea mays) en dietas para vacunos en crecimiento. Thesis DrC. Universidad Agraria de la Habana - Fructuoso Rodríguez. Mayabeque, Cuba.) results showed that the silage process produce 11.0 % of starch loss in the sweet potato integral mixture, via enzymatic hydrolysis and effluents. It is also point out that the amylopectin have higher molecular weight and superficial area than the amylose (Singh et al. 2010Singh, J., Dartois, A. & Kaur, L. 2010. "Starch digestibility in food matrix: a review". Trends in Food Science and Technology, 21(4): 168-180, ISSN: 0924-2244. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2009.12.001. and Tetlow and Bertoft 2020Tetlow, I. & Bertoft, E. 2020. "A review of starch biosynthesis in relation to the building block-backbone model". International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(19): 7011, ISSN: 1422-0067. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21197011.), characteristic that make it more sensitive to amylolitic attack. The hydration is a characteristic of the starch granule, which increase with temperature (Hernández et al. 2008Hernández, M., Torruco, J., Chel, L. & Betancur, D. 2008. "Caracterización fisicoquímica de almidones de tubérculos cultivados en Yucatán, México". Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, 28(3): 718-726, ISSN: 2236-6717. ).In the silage, this process can occur with the granule breaking, situation that will favor the starch hydrolysis and sugars release for the fermentation .
The morphological aspect of the granule can also affect the starch hydrolysis. The granule of the starch corn has polygonal shape and those of the sweet potato, spherical shape (Hernández et al. 2008Hernández, M., Torruco, J., Chel, L. & Betancur, D. 2008. "Caracterización fisicoquímica de almidones de tubérculos cultivados en Yucatán, México". Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, 28(3): 718-726, ISSN: 2236-6717. ). This allow higher superficial area and possibility of amylolitic attack to the corn starch. Regardless the size, the granule of corn starch and sweet potato has dimensions of 15.0 and 12.4 microns, respectively (Hernández et al. 2008Hernández, M., Torruco, J., Chel, L. & Betancur, D. 2008. "Caracterización fisicoquímica de almidones de tubérculos cultivados en Yucatán, México". Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, 28(3): 718-726, ISSN: 2236-6717. ). As higher size, lower specific area per occupied volume, which showed that the sweet potato granule has higher superficial area and sensitive to amilolitic attack. The characteristics of the granule surface can also affect the enzymatic hydrolysis level of the starch. The corn granule has small holes or pores that allow the amylose inlet, facilitating the starch hydrolysis (Dreher et al. 1984Dreher, M., Dreher, C., Berry, J. & Fleming, S. 1984. "Starch digestibility of foods: A nutritional perspective". Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 20(1): 47-71, ISSN: 1549-7852. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398409527383.). Whereas, in plain surfaces, like the granule of the potato (Singh et al. 2010Singh, J., Dartois, A. & Kaur, L. 2010. "Starch digestibility in food matrix: a review". Trends in Food Science and Technology, 21(4): 168-180, ISSN: 0924-2244. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2009.12.001.), the enzyme has to break it or eroded for penetrate its inside, situation which can be similar in the sweet potato and other tubers. This can cause great resistance to the enzymatic hydrolysis.
It is known that in the corn, the starch is surrounded by the protein matrix which affects or retard their enzymatic hydrolysis (Bednar et al. 2001Bednar, G., Patil, A., Murray, S., Grieshop, C., Merchen, N. & Fahey, G. 2001. "Nutrient metabolism: Starch and fiber fractions in selected food and feed ingredients affect their small intestinal digestibility and fermentability and their large bowel fermentability in vitro in a canine model". Journal of Nutrition, 131(2): 276-286, ISSN: 1541-6100. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.2.276. and Gómez et al. 2016Gómez, L., Posada, S. & Olivera, M. 2016. "Starch in ruminant diets: a review". Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias, 29(2): 77-90, ISSN: 2265-2958. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.rccp.v29n2a01.), obstacle that the sweet potato did not has. It has been showed a reverse relation between the amylose-amylopectin proportion and starch degradability (Bednar et al. 2001Bednar, G., Patil, A., Murray, S., Grieshop, C., Merchen, N. & Fahey, G. 2001. "Nutrient metabolism: Starch and fiber fractions in selected food and feed ingredients affect their small intestinal digestibility and fermentability and their large bowel fermentability in vitro in a canine model". Journal of Nutrition, 131(2): 276-286, ISSN: 1541-6100. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/131.2.276. and Brewer et al. 2012Brewer, L., Cai, L. & Shi, Y. 2012. "Mechanism and enzymatic contribution to in vitro test method of digestion for maize starches differing in amylose content". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60(17): 4379-4387, ISSN: 1873-7072. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf300393m.), product of high amount of hydrogen bonds that the amylose make, situation which made it more compact with less surface per molecular area (Brewer et al. 2012Brewer, L., Cai, L. & Shi, Y. 2012. "Mechanism and enzymatic contribution to in vitro test method of digestion for maize starches differing in amylose content". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 60(17): 4379-4387, ISSN: 1873-7072. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf300393m.) and more resistance to enzymatic action. As average, the amylose-amylopectin relation of the corn is higher than those of the sweet potato, with values of 27.4:72.6 and 22.1:77.9 %, respectively (Hernández et al. 2008Hernández, M., Torruco, J., Chel, L. & Betancur, D. 2008. "Caracterización fisicoquímica de almidones de tubérculos cultivados en Yucatán, México". Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, 28(3): 718-726, ISSN: 2236-6717. , Gómez et al. 2016Gómez, L., Posada, S. & Olivera, M. 2016. "Starch in ruminant diets: a review". Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias, 29(2): 77-90, ISSN: 2265-2958. https://doi.org/10.17533/udea.rccp.v29n2a01. and Manzanillas 2018Manzanillas, L. 2018. Evaluación de las propiedades fisicoquímicas y funcionales de féculas de tres variedades de camote (Ipomoea batata) para aplicaciones alimentarias. Universidad Técnica de Ambato. Available: https://repositorio.uta.edu.ec/bitstream/123456789/28375/1/AL680.pdf.). However, there is not information of this proportion for the starch of the sweet potato silage, process that can increase it due to the starch loss, possibly as consequence of high enzymatic hydrolysis of the amylopectin. Another aspect to be considered is the possibly presence of amylose inhibitors, as has been informed in beans, rye, wheat and oat (Singh et al. 2010Singh, J., Dartois, A. & Kaur, L. 2010. "Starch digestibility in food matrix: a review". Trends in Food Science and Technology, 21(4): 168-180, ISSN: 0924-2244. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2009.12.001.), although there is not information for the sweet potato.
There are many factors which can affect the starch hydrolysis, ones in favor of corn, but others in favor of sweet potato. However, results available in vitro and in situ show low ruminal degradability for sweet potato starch, situation that can represent low energetic availability for the microbial activity, but high availability at intestinal level as glucose. Other aspect in favor of a diet with ISPS is that a lower energetic contribution of starch at ruminal level could be compensating by the sugars in the tuber. It is also to consider that the silage approximately contribute 30.0 % of NDF of the diet, which contribute to the ruminal energetic production. This is maintain in in vivo and in vitro studies (Solís 2011Solís, C. 2011. Sustitución del maíz por ensilaje integral de camote (Ipomoea batatas L.) como fuente energética en la alimentación de bovinos en crecimiento. MSc. Thesis.Universidad de Panamá, Panamá. and Solís et al. 2021Solís, C., Rodríguez, R., Marrero, Y., Moreira, O., Medina, Y., González, N. & Ruiloba, M. 2021. "Efecto del ensilado integral de camote (Ipomoea batata) como sustituto del grano de maíz en la producción de gas in vitro y otros indicadores de la fermentación ruminal". Livestock Research for Rural Development, 33(2, Art. #20). Available: http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd33/2/carlo3320.html.), where there were obtained degradabilities for the NDF of 64.0 % for a diet high in ISPS, similar to the one of this study, and 33.0 % for ISPS only, respectively.
The lower ruminal degradability of the starch could represent high flow of this one to the low parts of the gastrointestinal tract, but in absolute terms depends on the amount intake, degradability rate and ruminal passage. With ISPS is possible that certain amount of sugars be bypass and reach the intestine. This carbohydrates are use more efficient intestinal way than ruminal (Owens et al. 1986Owens, F., Zinn, R. & Kim, Y. 1986. "Limits to starch digestion in the ruminant small intestine". Journal of Animal Science, 63(5): 1634-1648. https://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas1986.6351634x.), performance that favors the use of intake energy in the diet with ISPS.
Some of the qualities or characteristics stated in terms of sugars, starch and NDF explain the capacity of diets based on integral sweet potato silage to generate LW gains equals or similar to those reached with ground granule corn, as took place in this study and was previously informed with similar diets in developing beef cattle (Solís and Ruiloba 2017Solís, C. & Ruiloba, M. 2017. "Evaluation of different levels of integral silage of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) as energetic source for growing cattle". Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 51(1): 35-46, ISSN: 2079-3480. ).
The intake ration cost (RC) was of 3.69 and 2.90 $ animal-1 d-1 for CS0 and CS100, respectively, which show decrease of 21.4 %, in favor of the diet with silage. This economic result and the productive indicators analyzed show the viability of the integral sweet potato silage, as competitive alternative for the substitution of the granule corn in finishing diets of male cattle.
Conclusions
⌅The substitution of granule corn by integral sweet potato silage reduce the feeding cost, allow similar live weight gains, did not affect the intake and conversion of dry matter, metabolizable energy and of the weight in hot carcass.