Currently, the high prices of raw materials to feed birds, which represent up to 75 % of the cost of poultry production (Dal Bosco 2021Dal Bosco, A., Mattioli, S., Cartoni, A., Cotozzolo, E. & Castellini, C. 2021. "Extensive rearing systems in poultry production: The right chicken for the right farming system. A review of twenty years of scientific research in Perugia University, Italy". Animals, 11(5): 1281, ISSN: 2076-2615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11051281.), have led to the generation of new ideas to counteract these current problems. Thus, one of the nutritional strategies is the development and use of functional ingredients to improve the feeding efficiency of birds (Fang et al. 2017Fang, J., Martínez, Y., Deng, C., Zhu, D., Peng, H., Jienag, H. & Li, A. 2017. "Effects of dietary enzymolysis products of wheat gluten on the growth performance, serum biochemical, immune, and antioxidant status of broilers". Food and Agricultural Immunology, 28(6): 1155-1167, ISSN: 0954-0105. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540105.2017.1332009. and Fries-Craft et al. 2021Fries-Craft, K., Meyer, M. M. & Bobeck, E. A. 2021. "Algae-based feed ingredient protects intestinal health during Eimeria challenge and alters systemic immune responses with differential outcomes observed during acute feed restriction". Poultry Science, 100(9): 101369, ISSN: 0032-5791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2021.101369.). It is known that functional foods provide one or more differentiated components to improve the physiological functions of the animal organism (Teklić et al. 2021Teklić, T., Parađiković, N., Špoljarević, M., Zeljković, S., Lončarić, Z. & Lisjak, M. 2021. "Linking abiotic stress, plant metabolites, biostimulants and functional food". Annals of Applied Biology, 178(2): 169-191, ISSN: 1744-7348. https://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12651.). Also, the poultry industry has a wide interest in the use of functional products, especially as one of the nutritional strategies to eliminate growth-promoting antibiotics in these animals and improve the quality of the final product with a direct impact on the modern consumer (Camacho et al. 2019Camacho, F., Macedo, A. & Malcata, F. 2019. "Potential industrial applications and commercialization of microalgae in the functional food and feed industries: A short review". Marine Drugs, 17(6): 312, ISSN: 1660-3397. https://doi.org/10.3390/md17060312.). Although most studies are conducted on fast-growing birds (broilers), the use of these feeds can also improve the growth performance of growing and developing pullets, mainly because it directly influences the development of the gastrointestinal tract and the immune response (Ayodele et al. 2021Ayodele, A. D., Tayo, G. O., Olumide, M. D., Adeyemi, O. A. & Akanbi, A.S. 2021. "Haematological and serum biochemical responses of pullet chicks fed diets containing single and combined levels of turmeric and clove". Nigerian Journal of Animal Production, 48(3): 71-85, ISSN: 0331-2064. https://doi.org/10.51791/njap.v48i3.2962.).
While many functional feeds have been developed, few are derived from plant ingredients after a biotechnological process (Wang et al. 2021Wang, L. T., Lv, M. J., An, J. Y., Fan, X. H., Dong, M. Z. & Zhang, S. D. 2021. "Botanical characteristics, phytochemistry and related biological activities of Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit, and its potential use in functional foods: A review". Food Function, 12(4): 1432-1451, ISSN: 2042-650X. https://doi.org/10.1039/d0fo02603d.). The processed vegetable ingredient (MrFeed® Pro50 C) is derived from a biotechnological process without artificial preservatives, is highly digestible, and rich in metabolizable energy, proteins, essential amino acids, peptides, nucleotides, vitamins, and minerals (Martínez 2021Martínez, Y. 2021. Efecto de la inclusión de la dieta de un ingrediente vegetal procesado en el desempeño productivo, características de la canal, peso de los órganos inmunes e integridad intestinal de pollos de engorde. In: XLV Convención Virtual ANECA, Ciudad de México, México.). To obtain the processed vegetable ingredient (MrFeed Pro50® Poultry), three chemical processes are applied to an organic by-product, known as fermentation, hydrolysis, and oligomerization (Menon Renewable Products, Inc. 2020Menon. Renewable Products: “MrFeed® Pro50 C”. 2020. [cited 2021 June 15]. Available from: http://menon.us/mrfeed-pro50c/.).
Studies conducted with this processed vegetable ingredient as a functional feed in broilers, tilapia, and shrimp diets found better feed efficiency and gut health, mainly due to the concentration of bioactive peptides less than 500 Daltons and nucleic acids, however, the results are inconsistent in dairy cow calves and growing pigs (McLean et al. 2020McLean, E., Barrows, F. T., Craig, S. R., Alfrey, K. & Tran, L. 2020. ";Complete replacement of fishmeal by soybean and poultry meals in Pacific whiteleg shrimp feeds: Growth and tolerance to EMS/AHPND and WSSV challenge". Aquaculture, 527: 735383, ISSN: 0044-8486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735383., Ordoñez 2020Ordoñez, M. F. 2020. Evaluación de la inclusión de MrFeed Pro 50 Ta en dietas para alevines de tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). (Dissertation). Tegucigalpa: Zamorano University. and Herrera and Moreno 2020Herrera, S. J. & Moreno, L. P. 2020. Evaluación nutricional del aditivo Mr. Feed® Pro50 Sw en cerdos de engorde desde la etapa de inicio hasta cosecha. [Dissertation]. Tegucigalpa: Zamorano University., Ponce 2021Ponce, O. M. 2021. Evaluación dietética de MrFeed Pro 10MRC® en el desempeño de terneras Holstein lactantes. (Dissertation). Tegucigalpa: Zamorano University. and Martínez 2021Martínez, Y. 2021. Efecto de la inclusión de la dieta de un ingrediente vegetal procesado en el desempeño productivo, características de la canal, peso de los órganos inmunes e integridad intestinal de pollos de engorde. In: XLV Convención Virtual ANECA, Ciudad de México, México.). Thus, the processed vegetable ingredient, due to its chemical composition, could be used in slow-growing birds to promote the body weight of these birds before laying. Therefore, the aim of the present trial was to evaluate the dietary use of a processed vegetable ingredient as a functional feed on growth performance of pullets.
Materials and Methods
⌅Experimental location. The experiment in a non-tunneled shed was developed located in the Poultry Research and Teaching Center of the Pan-American Agricultural School, Zamorano, located in the Yegüare Valley, San Antonio de Oriente, Francisco Morazán department, km 30 on the road of Tegucigalpa to Danlí, Honduras. At coordinates 1400’9 “N and 86059’31” W, 760 meters above sea level, with an average temperature of 26 °C.
Processed vegetable ingredient. The processed vegetable ingredient (MrFeed® Pro50 C) was supplied from the company Menon Renewable Products, Inc. (Escondido, California, USA). To obtain the processed vegetable ingredient, a by-product fermentation process was developed using a microbial inoculum to increase the concentration of nucleic acids. Followed by a specific enzymatic hydrolysis considering time, temperature, pH, and enzymes to carry out transformations of physicochemical properties, its main objective was the production of peptides. The third process consisted of an oligomerization, through catalysis to accelerate this process, then these are brought together to produce the different versions of the processed vegetable ingredient (MrFeed® Pro50 C) (Menon Renewable Products, Inc. 2020Menon. Renewable Products: “MrFeed® Pro50 C”. 2020. [cited 2021 June 15]. Available from: http://menon.us/mrfeed-pro50c/.). According to Menon Renewable Products, this processed vegetable ingredient (MrFeed® Pro50 C) has 51.9 % protein, 4.47 % lysine, 1.68 % methionine + cystine, 1.82 % threonine, 2.07 % valine and 19.49 MJ/kg of true metabolizable energy (Menon Renewable Products, Inc. 2020Menon. Renewable Products: “MrFeed® Pro50 C”. 2020. [cited 2021 June 15]. Available from: http://menon.us/mrfeed-pro50c/.).
Animals, experimental design, and treatments. A total of 1,500 one-day-old Hy-Line W36 pullets were randomized in two treatments, 15 repetitions and 50 pullets per repetition. The dietary treatments consisted of: Starter 1 (0-3 weeks): control (0 %) and 10 % the processed vegetable ingredient (PVI); Starter 2 (4-6 weeks): control (0 %) and 8 % PVI; Grower (7-12 weeks): control (0 %) and 5 % PVI; Development (13-15 weeks): control (0 %) and 3 % PVI; Pre-lay (16-17 weeks): control (0 %) and 3 % PVI according to the recommendations of Menon Renewable Products, Inc. (2020)Menon. Renewable Products: “MrFeed® Pro50 C”. 2020. [cited 2021 June 15]. Available from: http://menon.us/mrfeed-pro50c/.. The experimental diets are presented in table 1.
Starter 1 | Starter 2 | Grower | Developer | Pre-lay | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ingredients (%) | Basal diet | PVI | Basal diet | PVI | Basal diet | PVI | Basal diet | PVI | Basal diet | PVI |
Corn meal | 59.382 | 61.891 | 62.566 | 64.681 | 61.639 | 63.818 | 63.706 | 64.696 | 59.252 | 60.05 |
Soybean meal | 33.706 | 22.324 | 28.658 | 19.687 | 27.891 | 20.343 | 22.482 | 18.409 | 24.566 | 21.098 |
Wheat bran | 00.00 | 00.00 | 02.11 | 01.966 | 05.168 | 05.752 | 08.115 | 8.335 | 5.782 | 05.774 |
PVI | 00.00 | 10.00 | 00.00 | 08.00 | 00.00 | 05.00 | 00.00 | 3.00 | 0.00 | 03.00 |
Palm oil | 02.23 | 01.69 | 02.00 | 01.54 | 00.00 | 00.00 | 00.00 | 0.00 | 1.96 | 01.80 |
CaCo3 | 01.69 | 01.247 | 01.709 | 01.355 | 01.741 | 01.517 | 01.772 | 1.638 | 5.775 | 05.643 |
Molasses | 00.00 | 00.00 | 00.00 | 00.00 | 01.00 | 01.00 | 01.50 | 1.50 | 0.00 | 00.00 |
Biofos | 01.658 | 01.679 | 01.591 | 01.608 | 01.436 | 01.446 | 01.306 | 1.312 | 01.522 | 01.529 |
Sodium chloride | 00.268 | 00.299 | 00.228 | 00.277 | 00.239 | 00.24 | 00.237 | 0.238 | 00.291 | 00.292 |
Sodium bicarbonate | 00.248 | 00.206 | 00.262 | 00.198 | 00.245 | 00.243 | 00.28 | 0.279 | 00.215 | 00.213 |
Premixes | 00.23 | 00.23 | 00.23 | 00.23 | 00.23 | 00.23 | 00.23 | 0.23 | 00.23 | 00.23 |
DL-methionine | 00.211 | 00.161 | 00.194 | 00.153 | 00.164 | 00.148 | 00.129 | 0.118 | 00.158 | 00.143 |
Mycofix plus 5.0 | 00.15 | 00.15 | 00.15 | 00.15 | 00.15 | 00.15 | 00.15 | 0.15 | 00.15 | 00.15 |
L- treonine | 00.086 | 00.059 | 00.106 | 00.083 | 00.034 | 00.049 | 00.029 | 0.031 | 00.035 | 00.029 |
L-lysine | 00.078 | 00.00 | 00.131 | 00.004 | 00.00 | 00.00 | 00.00 | 0.00 | 00.00 | 00.00 |
L-tryptophan | 00.00 | 00.00 | 00.00 | 00.005 | 00.00 | 00.00 | 00.00 | 0.00 | 00.00 | 00.005 |
Coccidiostat | 00.05 | 00.05 | 00.05 | 00.05 | 00.05 | 00.05 | 00.05 | 0.05 | 00.05 | 00.05 |
Phytase | 00.01 | 00.01 | 00.01 | 00.01 | 00.01 | 00.01 | 00.01 | 0.01 | 00.01 | 00.01 |
Zn Bacitracin | 00.004 | 00.004 | 00.004 | 00.004 | 00.004 | 00.004 | 00.004 | 0.004 | 00.004 | 00.004 |
Nutritional contributions (%) | ||||||||||
ME (MJ/kg) | 12.46 | 12.46 | 12.46 | 12.46 | 12.26 | 12.26 | 12.05 | 12.05 | 12.05 | 12.05 |
Crude protein | 20.00 | 20.00 | 18.25 | 18.25 | 17.50 | 17.50 | 16.00 | 16.00 | 16.50 | 16.50 |
Ca | 01.05 | 01.05 | 01.00 | 01.00 | 00.95 | 00.95 | 00.90 | 0.90 | 02.50 | 2.50 |
Available phosphorus | 00.48 | 00.48 | 00.47 | 00.47 | 00.45 | 00.45 | 00.40 | 0.40 | 00.43 | 0.43 |
Lysine | 01.05 | 01.05 | 00.98 | 00.98 | 00.88 | 00.88 | 00.76 | 0.76 | 00.78 | 0.78 |
Methionine+cystine | 00.74 | 00.74 | 00.74 | 00.74 | 00.67 | 00.67 | 00.59 | 0.59 | 00.66 | 0.66 |
Treonine | 00.69 | 00.69 | 00.66 | 00.66 | 00.60 | 00.60 | 00.52 | 0.52 | 00.55 | 0.55 |
1Each kg contains: vitamin A 11,550 IU, vitamin D3 4,300 IU, vitamin E 27.5 IU, vitamin K3 3.85 mg, vitamin B1 2.75 mg, vitamin B2 9.9 mg, vitamin B6 3.85 mg, vitamin B12 22.0 Mcg, niacin 49.5 mg, pantothenic acid 15.4 mg, folic acid 1.38 mg, biotin 166 Mcg; selenium 0.09 mg, iodine 0.18 mg, copper 3.00 mg, iron 36.0 mg, manganese 54.0 mg, zinc 48.0 mg, cobalt 0.12 mg.
Experimental conditions. The pullets were housed in a 400 m2 commercial shed and in 1.6 × 3.7 m cages with ceiling fans and an artificial lighting system. Each 5.92 m2 cage (1.6 m front × 3.7 m deep), housed 50 pullets/pen and 8.78 pullets/m2. Water and feed were offered ad libitum in troughs and bell feeders. sixteen hours of light were provided each day and the wood chips were used as poultry litter, also, the temperature and relative humidity within the shed were controlled. Pre-experimental adaptation to the new diets was intentionally not used.
Growth performance. The indicators of the performance of the pullets were determined weekly. Viability was determined by live animals among those existing at the beginning of the experiment. Body weight was performed individually, on a Mettler Toledo® IND226 industrial scale with precision ± 1.00 g. Feed intake was calculated weekly using the offer and reject method. For the feed conversion ratio per week, the accumulated feed intake and the weight gain were considered. Uniformity was carried out in the period (0-17 weeks) according to the method ±10.
Experimental design and statistical analysis. The data were analyzed using the Student’s t test, according to a completely randomized design. Previously, the normality of the data was verified by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and the uniformity of the variance by the Bartlett test. The viability was determined by comparison of proportions. IBM® SPSS® Statistics version 23.0.1.2014 was used.
Results and Discussion
⌅Table 2 shows the effect of PVI as part of the diet on growth performance of Hy-Line W36 replacement layer pullets over 17 weeks. In the first two weeks old, no significant differences were found between treatments (P>0.05). However, from the third week, body weight increased (P<0.05) due to PVI diets, although with no notable changes in feed intake and viability (P>0.05).
Items | Experimental treatments | SEM± | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Processed vegetable ingredient | |||
Week 1 | ||||
Initial body weight (g) | 35.02 | 34.95 | 0.197 | 0.813 |
Final body weight (g) | 74.13 | 75.89 | 0.754 | 0.113 |
Feed intake (g) | 95.32 | 95.70 | 1.910 | 0.888 |
Viability (%) | 99.33 | 99.42 | 0.335 | 0.862 |
Feed conversion ratio | 2.44 | 2.34 | 0.048 | 0.059 |
Week 2 | ||||
Body weight (g) | 115.51 | 115.08 | 0.570 | 0.596 |
Feed intake (g) | 96.08 | 99.27 | 1.750 | 0.211 |
Viability (%) | 98.92 | 98.50 | 0.584 | 0.619 |
Feed conversion ratio | 2.32 | 2.53 | 0.079 | 0.052 |
Week 3 | ||||
Body weight (g) | 193.98 | 204.38 | 2.293 | 0.004 |
Feed intake (g) | 226.46 | 216.92 | 6.060 | 0.278 |
Viability (%) | 99.67 | 99.42 | 0.272 | 0.523 |
Feed conversion ratio | 2.89 | 2.42 | 0.091 | 0.038 |
It is known that the first week old of laying pullets is the most critical stage, since physiologically they cannot regulate their body temperature and have an immature digestive and immune system, thus the viability (99.33 to 99.42 %) in this experiment it was excellent. Furthermore, these results agree with Jung and Batal (2012)Jung, B. & Batal, A. B. 2012. "Effect of dietary nucleotide supplementation on performance and development of the gastrointestinal tract of broilers". British Poultry Science, 53(1): 98-105, ISSN: 1466-1799. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2012.659654. who found no significant changes in feed intake when they used nucleotide diets in the first 10 days old. PVI does not appear to cause any harm when used up to 10 % inclusion in diets. Other studies with the processed vegetable product in broilers, pigs, tilapia, shrimp, and dairy cows reported similar results in viability (McLean et al. 2020McLean, E., Barrows, F. T., Craig, S. R., Alfrey, K. & Tran, L. 2020. ";Complete replacement of fishmeal by soybean and poultry meals in Pacific whiteleg shrimp feeds: Growth and tolerance to EMS/AHPND and WSSV challenge". Aquaculture, 527: 735383, ISSN: 0044-8486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735383., Herrera and Moreno 2020Herrera, S. J. & Moreno, L. P. 2020. Evaluación nutricional del aditivo Mr. Feed® Pro50 Sw en cerdos de engorde desde la etapa de inicio hasta cosecha. [Dissertation]. Tegucigalpa: Zamorano University., Ponce 2021Ponce, O. M. 2021. Evaluación dietética de MrFeed Pro 10MRC® en el desempeño de terneras Holstein lactantes. (Dissertation). Tegucigalpa: Zamorano University. and Martínez 2021Martínez, Y. 2021. Efecto de la inclusión de la dieta de un ingrediente vegetal procesado en el desempeño productivo, características de la canal, peso de los órganos inmunes e integridad intestinal de pollos de engorde. In: XLV Convención Virtual ANECA, Ciudad de México, México.).
From week 3 this functional product (PVI) promoted the body weight of the pullets (table 2), which could justify its use in poultry feed at all production scales. This processed vegetable product has 4800 mg/kg of nucleotides, the most quantified being cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMPs), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP) and uridine diphosphate (UDP) (Menon Renewable Products, Inc. 2020Menon. Renewable Products: “MrFeed® Pro50 C”. 2020. [cited 2021 June 15]. Available from: http://menon.us/mrfeed-pro50c/.). The positive effects observed with PVI could be because the nucleotides participate in the rapid cell proliferation and in the antioxidant activity of the organism, especially in young pullets due to the stress factors that affect the animals (Świątkiewicz et al. 2014Świątkiewicz, S., Arczewska-Włosek, A. & Józefiak, D. 2014. "Immunomodulatory efficacy of yeast cell products in poultry: a current review". World's Poultry Science Journal, 70(1): 57-68, ISSN: 0043-9339. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933914000051 ). In this sense, Esteve-García et al. (2007)Esteve-Garcia, E., Martinez-Puig, D., Borda, E. & Chetrit C. 2007. Efficacy of a nucleotide preparation in broiler chickens. In Proceedings 16th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition; 2007; Strasbourg, France. p. 511-14. found a better productive response in the third week (21 days) of life in broilers when they used a diet based on nucleotides as additives (500 mg/kg). However, these authors did not find a productive efficacy when they used up to 1 g/kg, which shows that an excess of nucleotides can have a negative effect.
Likewise, Nazeer et al. (2021)Nazeer, N., Uribe-Diaz, S., Rodriguez-Lecompte, J.C. & Ahmed, M. 2021. "Antimicrobial peptides as an alternative to relieve antimicrobial growth promoters in poultry". British Poultry Science, 62(5): 672-685, ISSN: 0007-1668. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2021.1919993. have reported with peptides to have antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of avian species. According to Menon Renewable Products, Inc. (2020)Menon. Renewable Products: “MrFeed® Pro50 C”. 2020. [cited 2021 June 15]. Available from: http://menon.us/mrfeed-pro50c/. this processed vegetable ingredient shows that of the total quantified peptides, 48 % have a low molecular weight between 25 to 30 kDA more than soymeal and fishmeal. Although there are contradictions if the molecular weight of peptides has a direct influence on gut health, it seems that this should also be associated with the type of peptides in poultry diets. Therefore, feed products rich in beta defensin as a low molecular weight microbial peptide in poultry diets have been shown to enhance the immune system, being expressed in leukocytes and epithelial cells (Jacob and Pescatore 2014Jacob, J. P. & Pescatore A. J. 2014. "Barley β-glucan in poultry diets". Annals of Translational Medicine 2(2), ISSN: 2305-5839. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2014.01.02 .). Also, more studies are needed to understand the exact concentrations of nucleotides and peptides in the diet, but it seems that PVI promotes the greatest contributions of these in the diets. These results could be the starting point to understanding the role of nucleotides in feeds and their contributions to diets.
Table 3 shows the effect of PVI on performance of laying pullets in the start phase 2. Body weight improved (P<0.05) with the use of functional feed (PVI), also this product decreased feed conversion ratio in weeks 4 and 5, without changes in feed intake and viability (P>0.05).
Items | Experimental treatments | SEM± | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Processed vegetable ingredient | |||
Week 4 | ||||
Body weight (g) | 252.34 | 279.37 | 2.956 | <0.001 |
Feed intake (g) | 226.63 | 219.62 | 8.277 | 0.556 |
Viability (%) | 99.17 | 97.92 | 0.775 | 0.266 |
Feed conversion ratio | 3.88 | 2.93 | 0.128 | 0.008 |
Week 5 | ||||
Body weight (g) | 324.23 | 365.89 | 1.689 | <0.001 |
Feed intake (g) | 204.66 | 217.67 | 8.499 | 0.291 |
Viability (%) | 99.50 | 99.42 | 0.325 | 0.858 |
Feed conversion ratio | 2.85 | 2.52 | 0.112 | 0.052 |
Week 6 | ||||
Body weight (g) | 373.27 | 401.95 | 5.150 | 0.001 |
Feed intake (g) | 298.71 | 298.75 | 11.302 | 0.708 |
Viability (%) | 99.42 | 98.08 | 0.818 | 0.359 |
Feed conversion ratio | 6.09 | 8.28 | 0.524 | 0.050 |
Pullet body weight increased by 27 and 28 g at weeks 4-5 on the PVI diets, respectively. It should be noted that the pullets have a weight similar to that reported by the genetic line, except in week 6 that the pullets of the control group had 93.02 % of the standard weight. Other authors such as Karimzadeh et al. (2016)Karimzadeh, S., Rezaei, M. & Teimouri-Yansari, A. 2016. "Effects of canola bioactive peptides on performance, digestive enzyme activities, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology and gut microflora in broiler chickens". Poultry Science Journal, 4(1): 27-36, ISSN: https://doi.org/10.22069/PSJ.2016.2969. found an increase in body weight in broilers when they used diets with peptides for the period of 29-42 days. Furthermore, Jung and Batal (2012)Jung, B. & Batal, A. B. 2012. "Effect of dietary nucleotide supplementation on performance and development of the gastrointestinal tract of broilers". British Poultry Science, 53(1): 98-105, ISSN: 1466-1799. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2012.659654. reported that nucleotide-based diets promoted weight gain compared to the control diet. Wu et al. (2018)Wu, C., Yang, Z., Song, C., Liang, C., Li, H. & Chen, W. 2018. "Effects of dietary yeast nucleotides supplementation on intestinal barrier function, intestinal microbiota, and humoral immunity in specific pathogen-free chickens". Poultry Science, 97(11), 3837-3846, ISSN: 0007-1668. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pey268. found that dietary inclusion with nucleotides increased the villi height of the gastrointestinal tract, which improved intestinal health. According to Wang et al. (2022)Wang, Z., Shao, D., Kang, K., Wu, S., Zhong, G., Song, Z. & Shi, S. 2022. "Low protein with high amino acid diets improves the growth performance of yellow feather broilers by improving intestinal health under cyclic heat stress". Journal of Thermal Biology, 105: 103219, ISSN: 0306-4565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103219. a rapid development of the intestinal mucosa increases the villi height, which improves the use of nutrients from an early age and in turn the development and growth.
In a study in broilers, this PVI markedly changed villus height (VH) and crypt depth (CD), relative to the basal diet. Also, in the duodenum and ileum, this alternative treatment (PVI) increased the VH:CD ratio (Martínez 2021Martínez, Y. 2021. Efecto de la inclusión de la dieta de un ingrediente vegetal procesado en el desempeño productivo, características de la canal, peso de los órganos inmunes e integridad intestinal de pollos de engorde. In: XLV Convención Virtual ANECA, Ciudad de México, México.). The ratio among villi and crypts is useful to estimate the digestion of nutrients and the absorptive capacity of the small intestine, a higher villus/crypt ratio translates into greater efficiency in the digestive process (Singh and Kim 2021Singh, A. K. & Kim, W. K. 2021. "Effects of dietary fiber on nutrients utilization and gut health of poultry: a review of challenges and opportunities". Animals, 11(1): 181.). In this sense, Ebeid et al. (2021)Ebeid, T.A., Al-Homidan, I. H. & Fathi, M. M. 2021. "Physiological and immunological benefits of probiotics and their impacts in poultry productivity". World's Poultry Science Journal, 77(4): 883-899, ISSN: 0043-9339. https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2021.1960239. reported that crypt and villus morphology is associated with intestinal health and growth in animals. Authors such as Dixon et al. (2022)Dixon, B., Kilonzo-Nthenge, A., Nzomo, M., Bhogoju, S. & Nahashon, S. 2022. "Evaluation of selected bacteria and yeast for probiotic potential in poultry production". Microorganisms, 10(4): 676, ISSN: https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10040676. informed a direct relationship between the villi height and the absorption of nutrients, which promotes growth, this effect seems to have occurred in this experiment, however further research is needed to justify this hypothesis.
The dietary inclusion with PVI promoted (P<0.05) the body weight of laying pullets in the productive phase of grower (7-12 weeks), however, at week 12, this functional product (PVI) increased feed conversion ratio (P<0.05). The other indicators did not change due to the effect of the experimental diets (table 4).
Items | Experimental treatments | SEM± | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Processed vegetable ingredient | |||
Week 7 | ||||
Body weight (g) | 470.96 | 503.19 | 5.699 | 0.001 |
Feed intake (g) | 309.93 | 319.02 | 20.858 | 0.761 |
Viability (%) | 100.00 | 100.00 | ||
Feed conversion ratio | 3.17 | 3.15 | 0.018 | 0.083 |
Week 8 | ||||
Body weight (g) | 571.68 | 602.98 | 6.725 | 0.003 |
Feed intake (g) | 518.80 | 502.04 | 10.105 | 0.253 |
Viability (%) | 99.17 | 98.83 | 0.582 | 0.689 |
Feed conversion ratio | 5.15 | 5.03 | 0.048 | 0.058 |
Week 9 | ||||
Body weight (g) | 646.94 | 681.54 | 6.721 | 0.001 |
Feed intake (g) | 560.14 | 558.40 | 19.033 | 0.949 |
Viability (%) | 98.17 | 98.75 | 0.769 | 0.597 |
Feed conversion ratio | 7.44 | 7.11 | 0.134 | 0.062 |
Week 10 | ||||
Body weight (g) | 711.98 | 746.47 | 5.600 | 0.001 |
Feed intake (g) | 498.35 | 502.72 | 10.930 | 0.780 |
Viability (%) | 99.50 | 99.50 | 0.261 | 0.999 |
Feed conversion ratio | 7.66 | 7.74 | 0.038 | 0.071 |
Week 11 | ||||
Body weight (g) | 805.72 | 844.72 | 7.098 | 0.001 |
Feed intake (g) | 567.73 | 613.20 | 18.083 | 0.089 |
Viability (%) | 99.50 | 98.92 | 0.337 | 0.233 |
Feed conversion ratio | 6.06 | 6.24 | 0.079 | 0.086 |
Week 12 | ||||
Body weight (g) | 870.27 | 905.75 | 9.176 | 0.012 |
Feed intake (g) | 559.47 | 580.52 | 15.691 | 0.353 |
Viability (%) | 99.42 | 99.75 | 0.283 | 0.414 |
Feed conversion ratio | 8.67 | 9.51 | 0.249 | 0.048 |
As well, at week 7 it is observed that body weight increased with dietary inclusion with PVI in 7.02 %, and these pullets have a body weight similar as recommended the genetic line. At week 8, the use of PVI marked a difference in body weight in relation to the control in 31.3 g. García et al. (2019)García, J., Mandalawi, H. A., Fondevila, G. & Mateos, G. G. 2019. "Influence of beak trimming and inclusion of sodium butyrate in the diet on growth performance and digestive tract traits of brown-egg pullets differing in initial body weight". Poultry Science, 98(9): 3937-3949, ISSN: 0032-5791. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez129. informed that pullets have a high growth rate that is related to rapid early development of the gastrointestinal tract, thus the use of nucleotides and peptides could increase the intestinal health and absorption of nutrients in pullets (Abdollahi et al. 2017Abdollahi, M.R., Zaefarian, F., Gu, Y., Xiao, W., Jia, J. & Ravindran, V. 2017. "Influence of soybean bioactive peptides on growth performance, nutrient utilization, digestive tract development and intestinal histology in broilers". Journal of Applied Animal Nutrition, 5(4): 1-7, ISSN: 1745-039X. https://doi.org/10.1017/JAN.2017.6.). Also, Martínez (2021)Martínez, Y. 2021. Efecto de la inclusión de la dieta de un ingrediente vegetal procesado en el desempeño productivo, características de la canal, peso de los órganos inmunes e integridad intestinal de pollos de engorde. In: XLV Convención Virtual ANECA, Ciudad de México, México. found that the inclusion with 5 % of PVI (0 to 10 days old) for broilers promoted a greater development of the bursa of Fabricius and the spleen, which could show a stimulation of immunity (He et al. 2019He, S., Yu, Q., He, Y., Hu, R., Xia, S. & He, J. 2019. "Dietary resveratrol supplementation inhibits heat stress-induced high-activated innate immunity and inflammatory response in spleen of yellow-feather broilers". Poultry Science, 98(12): 6378-6387, ISSN: 0032-5791. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez471.).
In weeks 9 and 10, it was found that the PVI modified live weight by 4.84 % in relation to the basal diet (table 4). Although no differences were observed between treatments for feed intake and viability (table 4). At week 11, it was found that the dietary use of PVI increased the body weight of the pullets by 39 g, with 97.01 % of body weight corresponding to the standard weight. These results confirm that peptide-based diets promote proper weight gain and nutrient digestibility and absorption. Studies by Karimzadeh et al. (2016)Karimzadeh, S., Rezaei, M. & Teimouri-Yansari, A. 2016. "Effects of canola bioactive peptides on performance, digestive enzyme activities, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology and gut microflora in broiler chickens". Poultry Science Journal, 4(1): 27-36, ISSN: https://doi.org/10.22069/PSJ.2016.2969. and Osho et al. (2019)Osho, S. O., Xiao, W. W. & Adeola, O. 2019. "Response of broiler chickens to dietary soybean bioactive peptide and coccidia challenge". Poultry Science, 98(11): 5669-5678, ISSN: 0032-5791. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez346. found that the use of 200 and 250 mg/kg of bioactive peptides in poultry diets decreased the count of gram-negative bacteria in the ileum and caecum compared to the control group, as well as improved feed nutrients digestibility. Also, Feng et al. (2007)Feng, J., Liu, X., Xu, Z. R., Wang, Y. Z. & Liu, J. X. 2007. "Effects of fermented soybean meal on digestive enzyme activities and intestinal morphology in broilers". Poultry Science, 86(6): 1149-1154, ISSN: 0032-5791. https://doi.org/10.93/ps/86.6.1149. and Landy et al. (2021)Landy, N., Kheiri, F. & Faghani, M. 2021. "Effects of periodical application of bioactive peptides derived from cottonseed on performance, immunity, total antioxidant activity of serum and intestinal development of broilers". Animal Nutrition, 7(1): 134-141, ISSN: 2405-6383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2020.06.008. found that the increase in growth in pullets may be due to higher enzymatic activity in the intestine due to the peptides supplemented in the ration.
At week 12, 35.48 g was observed as the difference found between treatments for these pullets when PVI were used as function feed, the pullets had 95.26 % of the ideal weight of the line. Apparently, the increase in feed conversion ratio with PVI was due to the non-significant increase in feed intake with this natural product (PVI), even though PVI increased body weight (35.48 g). In this sense, Osho et al. (2019)Osho, S. O., Xiao, W. W. & Adeola, O. 2019. "Response of broiler chickens to dietary soybean bioactive peptide and coccidia challenge". Poultry Science, 98(11): 5669-5678, ISSN: 0032-5791. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez346. found an increase in gain:feed when they used peptide diets in broiler diets.
Like the other results, table 5 indicates that the PVI modifies the body weight of the pullets (P<0.05), also, at weeks 14 and 15 it increased feed intake (P<0.05), and the feed conversion ratio varied between treatments (P<0.05).
Items | Experimental treatments | SEM± | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Processed vegetable ingredient | |||
Week 13 | ||||
Body weight (g) | 967.05 | 1019.48 | 8.230 | <0.001 |
Feed intake (g) | 565.97 | 583.48 | 15.919 | 0.445 |
Viability (%) | 99.08 | 99.25 | 0.332 | 0.726 |
Feed conversion ratio | 5.85 | 5.13 | 0.159 | 0.038 |
Week 14 | ||||
Body weight (g) | 1034.00 | 1066.38 | 8.535 | 0.015 |
Feed intake (g) | 566.56 | 587.49 | 2.584 | <0.001 |
Viability (%) | 98.00 | 99.17 | 0.589 | 0.175 |
Feed conversion ratio | 8.46 | 12.53 | 1.038 | 0.008 |
Week 15 | ||||
Body weight (g) | 1109.09 | 1148.67 | 9.945 | 0.010 |
Feed intake (g) | 565.98 | 582.66 | 2.401 | <0.001 |
Viability (%) | 99.25 | 98.92 | 0.541 | 0.667 |
Feed conversion ratio | 7.54 | 7.08 | 0.131 | 0.048 |
At week 13, PVI increased body weight by 52.43 g in correspondence with the control. As well, the pullets have a body weight like the genetic line for week 13. At week 14, body weight and feed intake were the majority for the group with PVI at 32 g and 20.93 g, respectively. The pullets had 97.80 % of the ideal line weight for week 14. It is known that PVI has a peptide profile of less than 500 Dalton (Martínez 2021Martínez, Y. 2021. Efecto de la inclusión de la dieta de un ingrediente vegetal procesado en el desempeño productivo, características de la canal, peso de los órganos inmunes e integridad intestinal de pollos de engorde. In: XLV Convención Virtual ANECA, Ciudad de México, México.). According to Hou et al. (2017)Hou, Y., Wu, Z., Dai, Z., Wang, G. & Wu, G. 2017. "Protein Hydrolysates in animal nutrition: Industrial production, bioactive peptides, and functional significance". Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 8: 24, ISSN: 2049-1891. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104017-0153-9. a smaller size of peptides causes positive results in growth and intestinal health due to better absorption compared to other free amino acids. Furthermore, Xue et al. (2021)Xue, H., Han, J., He, B., Yi, M., Liu, X., Song, H. & Li J. 2021. "Bioactive peptide release and the absorption tracking of casein in the gastrointestinal digestion of rats". Food & Function, 12(11): 5157-5170, ISSN: 2042-650X. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1FO00356A. indicated that smaller peptides increase the number and size of villi in the small intestine compared to other complete proteins.
This is consistent with this study where PVI peptide molecules are small, confirming that PVI peptides may be involved in intestinal health and nutrient absorption. At week 15, 39.58 g and 16.68 g were the difference found for body weight and feed intake, respectively, in the group of pullets that consumed PVI. The pullets had 99.83 % of the ideal weight of the line for week 15. The feed conversion ratio varied depending on the stimulation of intake and the weight gain in each productive week. The PVI provoked the highest feed conversion ratio in week 14, this was due to the fact that the weight gain in relation to the control was lower than in the previous week (32.38 vs 52.43 g) and the feed consumption maintained the same trend.
In the pre-lay phase, the use of PVI improved (P<0.05) the body weight of the pullets at weeks 16 and 17. Also, at week 16, the group with PVI decreased feed conversion ratio (P<0.05) and the other indicators did not change due to the effect of the diets (P>0.05). In the period of 1-17 weeks, PVI promoted feed intake (P<0.05), although without changes (P>0.05) in feed conversion and viability (table 6).
Items | Experimental treatments | SEM± | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | Processed vegetable ingredient | |||
Week 16 | ||||
Body weight (g) | 1125.05 | 1165.16 | 5.427 | 0.021 |
Feed intake (g) | 532.53 | 513.75 | 16.245 | 0.422 |
Viability (%) | 99.83 | 99.83 | ||
Feed conversion ratio | 33.67 | 31.16 | 5.965 | 0.002 |
Week 17 | ||||
Body weight (g) | 1162.65 | 1214.44 | 7.132 | <0.001 |
Feed intake (g) | 485.78 | 497.10 | 19.428 | 0.684 |
Viability (%) | 100.00 | 100.00 | ||
Feed conversion ratio | 12.92 | 10.09 | 0.276 | 0.089 |
Week 1-17 | ||||
Feed intake (g) | 6879.10 | 7639.75 | 21.528 | 0.050 |
Viability (%) | 99.30 | 99.14 | 0.084 | 0.860 |
Feed conversion ratio | 6.10 | 6.48 | 0.136 | 0.058 |
Uniformity (%)* | 89.90 | 90.42 | 0.357 | 0.089 |
*According to method±10
At week 16, it is observed that the PVI improved the body weight of the pullets by 40 g. The pullets are 97.90 % of the ideal line weight for week 16. At week 17, it is observed that the PVI improved the body weight of the pullets by 51.79 g. The pullets had 98.70 % of the ideal weight of the line for this week and the feed conversion ratio does not statistically increase. Consequently, it is known that pullets can be subjected to different stressors, especially when the holding conditions are not optimal, which directly affects the productive response and viability. Kamel et al. (2021)Kamel, N. F., Hady, M. M., Ragaa, N. M. & Mohamed, F. F. 2021. "Effect of nucleotides on growth performance, gut health, and some immunological parameters of broiler chicken exposed to high stocking density". Livestock Science, 253: 104703, ISSN: 1871-1413. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104703. assure that stressful conditions can improve the effect of nucleotides on intestinal morphology.
In this sense, Leung et al. (2019)Leung, H., Patterson, R., Barta, J., Karrow, N. & Kiarie, E. 2019. "Nucleotide-rich yeast extract fed to broiler chickens challenged with Eimeria: impact on growth performance, jejunal histomorphology, immune system, and apparent retention of dietary components and caloric efficiency". Poultry Science, 98(10): 4375-4383, ISSN: 0032-5791. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez213. informed better results with the use of nucleotides in pullets subjected to Eimeria spp. It should be noted that even though the production conditions were optimal, this new feed product provoked a functional effect due to growth promotion. Globally (1-17 weeks), it is observed that despite the fact that the use of PVI caused a stimulation of the consumption of the birds, the feed efficiency was similar in both groups, because the live weight increased by 4.08 % compared to the control. Although there are few studies that evaluate feeds rich in peptides in pullets, other studies in fast-growing birds indicate similar results (Feng et al. 2007Feng, J., Liu, X., Xu, Z. R., Wang, Y. Z. & Liu, J. X. 2007. "Effects of fermented soybean meal on digestive enzyme activities and intestinal morphology in broilers". Poultry Science, 86(6): 1149-1154, ISSN: 0032-5791. https://doi.org/10.93/ps/86.6.1149., Karimzadeh et al. 2016Karimzadeh, S., Rezaei, M. & Teimouri-Yansari, A. 2016. "Effects of canola bioactive peptides on performance, digestive enzyme activities, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology and gut microflora in broiler chickens". Poultry Science Journal, 4(1): 27-36, ISSN: https://doi.org/10.22069/PSJ.2016.2969. and Osho et al. 2019Osho, S. O., Xiao, W. W. & Adeola, O. 2019. "Response of broiler chickens to dietary soybean bioactive peptide and coccidia challenge". Poultry Science, 98(11): 5669-5678, ISSN: 0032-5791. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez346.). Thus, PVI could be considered as an alternative to subtherapeutic antibiotics, although further studies are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
On the other hand, Zuidhof et al. (2017)Zuidhof, M. J., Fedorak, M. V., Ouellette, C. A. & Wenger, I. I. 2017. "Precision feeding: Innovative management of broiler breeder feed intake and flock uniformity". Poultry Science, 96(7): 2254-2263, ISSN: 0032-5791. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pex013 mentioned that a heterogeneous flock can cause delayed start of lay, low egg production and variability in egg weight. In this sense, the use of PVI did not depress the uniform development of the poultry mass, which may favor the synchronization of the arrival at sexual maturity with egg production. It is important to noted that Gous (2018)Gous, R. M. 2018. "Nutritional and environmental effects on broiler uniformity". World's Poultry Science Journal, 74(1): 21-34, ISSN: 0043-9339. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043933917001039. refers that a good uniformity is greater than 80 %, according to table 2, the results showed higher percentages according to the ±10 method (89.90 vs 90.42 %).
Conclusions
⌅The dietary inclusion with a processed vegetable ingredient (MrFeed® Pro50 C) naturally promoted the growth of the pullets from the third week old, without changes in viability, uniformity, feed intake and feed conversion ratio in the period from 0 to 17 weeks.