Due to the rapid development, the strains of poultry production present high energy demand, requiring the use of ingredients with high caloric concentration such as corn, sorghum, and the use of oils and fats in diets (da Silva et al. 2018da Silva, V. C., da Fonseca, S. S., Valentim, J. K. & Geraldo, A. 2018. "Desempenho de frangos de corte alimentados com dietas com redução energética contendo diferentes tipos de emulsificantes". Revista Acadêmica Ciência Animal, 16 (1): 1-11, ISSN: 2596-2668. http://dx.doi.org/10.7213/1981-4178.2018.16009. ). Young animals have a lower capacity to digest fat compared to older and adult animals, and the type of lipid is also an important factor (Valentim et al. 2020Valentim, J.K., Garcia, R.G., Pietramale, R.T., Velarde, J.M.D.S., Barbosa, D.K., de Castilho, V.A.R. & Lima, H.J.D.A. 2020. "Aditivos emulsificantes em dietas para produção de aves!". Pesquisa, Sociedade e Desenvolvimento, 9 (3): 1-22, ISSN: 2525-3409. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i3.2597. ).
Characteristics such as chain size, degree of establishment, melting point, and fatty acid composition of triacylglycerols present certain differences in emulsification and lipase attack in the small intestine, where the most significant digestion of lipids occurs (Maugeri-Filho et al. 2019Maugeri-Filho, F., Goldbeck, R. & Manera, A.P. 2019. Produção de oligossacarídeos. In: Urgel, A. L. (Org.), Biotecnologia Industrial-Vol. 3: Processos fermentados e enzimáticos. 107-143 p. Blucher, São Paulo, SP, ISBNe: 978-85-212-1458-8. ). The use of products to favor the emulsification of fats from animal diets is based on the fact that this action increases the active surface in dietary fats for lipase action (Fonseca et al. 2018Fonseca, S.S. da Silva., Valentim, J.K. & Geraldo, A. 2018. "Efeito da adição de diferentes emulsificantes na dieta sobre o rendimento de carcaça de frangos de corte". Revista Acadêmica Ciência Animal, 16 (1): 1-13, ISSN: 2596-2668. http://dx.doi.org/10.7213/1981-4178.2018.16010. ), facilitating the hydrolysis of triglyceride molecules in fatty acids and monoglycerides; besides, it favors the formation of micelles of lipolysis products, enhancing the absorption (Raber et al. 2009Raber, M.R., Ribeiro, A.M.L., Mello, K.A. & Arnaiz, V. 2009. "Suplementação de glicerol ou de lecitina em diferentes níveis de ácidos graxos livres em dietas para frangos de corte". Ciência Animal Brasileira, 10(3): 745-753, ISSN: 1804-6891. ).
According to Sá et al. (2019)Sá, L.C.R.D., Nascimento, L.M., Mascarenhas, M.D.M., Rodrigues, M.T.P., Gomes, K.R.O. & Frota, K.D.M.G. 2019. "Factores asociados con el perfil lipídico de adolescentes". Revista Chilena de Nutrición, 46(1): 32-38, ISSN: 0717-7518. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0717-75182019000100032. for animals to use fat, they must digest and absorb it into the gastrointestinal tract. Because fat is insoluble in water, it is difficult to enter into an aqueous medium, as in the gastrointestinal tract, emulsification is required for the digestion of fats (Manzke et al. 2016Manzke, N.E., Gomes, B.K., Lima, G.J.M. & Xavier, E.G. 2016. "Nutrição de leitões neonatos: importância da suplementação". Archivos de Zootecnia, 65(252): 585-591, ISSN: 1885-4494. https://doi.org/10.21071/az.v65i252.1931. ). Regardless of the source of oil or fat, a sequence of hydrolysis reactions of the macromolecules resulting in the lipid molecule being absorbed is required. These processes require an adequate condition and preparation of lipid molecules, aiming at the efficient action of digestive enzymes (pancreatic lipase, colipase) and bile salts (Souza et al. 2019Souza, F.A., da Silva, V.G., Tormen, S.H., Tamura, C., de Jesus, B.V., Koester, D.L. & Bitencourt, T.B. 2019. "Utilização de resíduos agroindustrias para produção de lipídios microbianos por yarrowia lipolytica qu/Use of agro-industrial waste for the production of microbial lipids by yarrowia lipolytica qu69". Brazilian Journal of Development, 5(7): 8801-8810, ISSN: 2525-8761. https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv5n7-087. ).
The fat emulsification process is the most important step in achieving the maximum metabolizable energy (ME) value added by the lipid source. However, the secretion of bile and lipase in laying hens is insufficient to obtain an optimal level of emulsification, resulting in a depression in the metabolizable energy values of the fat sources of the diet (Rovers and Excentials 2014Rovers, M. & Excentials, O. 2014. "Saving energy and feed cost with nutritional emulsifier". Internacional Poultry Production, 22 (4): 7-8. ISSN: 1364-565X.). To ensure that these fats are effectively absorbed by the digestive system, emulsifiers can be added to the diet (Valentim et al. 2020Valentim, J.K., Garcia, R.G., Pietramale, R.T., Velarde, J.M.D.S., Barbosa, D.K., de Castilho, V.A.R. & Lima, H.J.D.A. 2020. "Aditivos emulsificantes em dietas para produção de aves!". Pesquisa, Sociedade e Desenvolvimento, 9 (3): 1-22, ISSN: 2525-3409. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i3.2597. ).
However, in the current literature, there is little work related to laying hens. Therefore, due to the above objective, the goal of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of supplementation of an emulsifier in diets with different energy levels for laying hens on productive performance and egg quality. This is carried out besides defining the level of inclusion of the emulsifier appropriate to the metabolizable energy level of the diet that provides performance equal to or higher than the diet with recommended energy level for Hisex Brown laying hens in the period of 50 to 72 weeks of age.
Materials and Methods
⌅The experiment was conducted in the poultry laboratory of the Federal Institute of Minas Gerais, Bambuí Campus, with approval from the Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals, of the José do Rosário Vellano University (UNIFENAS), under opinion n° 13A/2015. We used 400 Hisex Brown semi-heavy laying hens from 50 to 72 weeks of age distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with five treatments and ten replicates with 8 laying hens in each.
The laying hens were installed in an experimental shed, consisting of 50 cages with individual dimensions of 0.45 m width x 0.50 m depth x 0.40 m height, with a density of 450 cm2/bird. The cages were equipped with a trough-type feeder and nipple drinker fountain. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. The rations were formulated according to the Hisex Lineage Manual (Isa Hendrix 2009Isa Hendrix. 2009. Guía de Manejo de la Nutrición de ponedoras comerciales, The Netherlands. 24 p), based on corn and soybean meal, with the inclusion of 2 % of soybean degummed oil (table 1).
Ingredients, % | PC | PC+E | LED 11.485 08+E | LED11.338 64+E | LED11.192 2+E |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Meal corn | 58.84 | 58.84 | 57.67 | 56.03 | 55.31 |
Soybean meal | 27.20 | 27.20 | 27.4 | 28.30 | 27.8 |
Soybean oil | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 | 2.00 |
Limestone | 9.25 | 9.25 | 9.25 | 9.25 | 9.25 |
Salt | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 |
Dicalcium phosphate | 1.91 | 1.91 | 1.91 | 1.91 | 1.91 |
Kaolin | 0.08 | 0.07 | 1.04 | 1.78 | 3.00 |
DL-Met | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 |
Emulsifier 6 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
Mineral premix 7 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
Vitamin Premix8 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 | 0.10 |
Calculated nutrient content | |||||
ME, kJ/kg | 11.620 | 11.620 | 11.474 | 11.328 | 11.182 |
CP, % | 17.000 | 17.000 | 17.000 | 17.000 | 17.000 |
SID Lys, % | 0.791 | 0.791 | 0.794 | 0.814 | 0.894 |
SID Met+Cis, % | 0.655 | 0.655 | 0.654 | 0.660 | 0.651 |
SID Trp, % | 0.187 | 0.187 | 0.187 | 0.192 | 0.189 |
Calcium, % | 4.000 | 4.000 | 4.000 | 4.000 | 4.000 |
Available P, % | 0.451 | 0.451 | 0.451 | 0.451 | 0.451 |
Potassium, % | 0.671 | 0.671 | 0.671 | 0.683 | 0.671 |
Sodium, % | 0.175 | 0.175 | 0.175 | 0.175 | 0.175 |
PC, positive control diet with 11.620 kJ ME/kg; PC+E, positive control diet supplemented with emulsifier (E) in 100 g/t; LED 11.485,08+E, low-energy diet (11.474 kJ/kg ME/kg) + E; LED 11.338,64+E, low-energy diet (11.328 kJ/kg ME/kg) + E; LED 11.192,2+E, low-energy diet (11.182 kJ ME/kg) + E. Low-energy diet. 6 The emulsifier composed of mono and fatty acid diglycerides (Guarantee level: min. 100.0 g/t. 7Mineral premix composition (per kg of product): manganese 75000 mg, iron 50000 mg, iode 1500 mg, zinc 70000 mg, copper 8500 mg, cobalt 200 mg; 8Vitamin Premix composition (per kg of product): vitamins: A 8000000 IU, B12 1000 mg, D3 2000000 μ, 15000 mg, K3 2000 mg, B2 4000 mg, B6 1000 mg, niacin 19900 mg, pantothenic acid 5350 mg, folic acid 200 mg, selenium 2500 mg, antioxidant 100000 mg; 8.
The diets were isonutritive, except for EM levels. The experimental groups were: positive control (PC) diet with 11.620 kJ/kg ME/kg; PC+E, positive control diet supplemented with emulsifier (E) in 100 g/t; LED 11.485,08+E, low-energy diet (11.474 kJ/kg ME/kg)+E; LED 11.338,64+E, low-energy diet (11.328 kJ/kg ME/kg) +E; LED 11.192,2+E, low-energy diet (11.182 kJ/kg ME/kg) +E.
The lighting program was executed according to the recommendations of the lineage manual, with a supply of 16 h day 1.
The performance variables were evaluated weekly and are described below:
Production and losses (eggs/d). Eggs were collected and recorded in spreadsheets twice a day, including intact eggs, and losses (broken, cracked and deformed). At the end of each week, production calculations were obtained in percentage. At the end of the experiment, an average of the production of all weeks evaluated was made.
Feed intake (g/d). The feed was supplied in buckets for its respective plot, was weighed at the end of each week to obtain the average feed/bird/day intake.
Average egg weight (g). At the end of each week, all intact eggs produced on the day were weighed on a digital scale to obtain the average weight of the egg (digital scale 0.05 g).
Feed conversion by mass. It was calculated by dividing the average feed intake (g) by the average mass of eggs produced (g), which is expressed in grams of feed consumed per gram of egg produced.
Feed conversion per dozen. It was calculated by dividing the average feed intake (g) by the number of dozens produced. For egg quality variables, in the last two consecutive days of each 21 days, 6 eggs of each repetition were submitted to the following analyses:
Specific gravity (SG). The specific gravity, where the method is based on the Archimedes principle and the value was obtained using the equation: SG = egg weight / (egg weight in water x temperature correction) was performed by the method proposed by Freitas et al. (2004)Freitas, E. R., Sakomura, N.K., Gonzalez, M.M. & Barbosa, N.A.A. 2004. "Comparação de métodos de determinação da gravidade específica de ovos de poedeiras comerciais". Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira, 39 (5): 509-512, ISSN: 1678-3921. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2004000500014. Soon after, a sample of two intact eggs from each experimental plot was collected and identified to determine the variables:
Yolk staining. The eggs were broken to determine the yolk color and analyzed by a single observer - always in the same place with the same lighting. A comparison was made with the color pattern scale (comparative scale from 1 to 15, Yolk Color Fan colorimetric disc).
Unit Haugh. The Haugh unit was calculated using the mathematical model, according to the methodology of Alleoni and Antunes (2001)Alleoni, A.C.C. & Antunes A.J. 2001. "Haugh unit as a measure of the quality of hen eggs stored under refrigeration". Scientia Agricola, 58 (4): 681-685, ISSN:1679-992X. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-90162001000400005. :
where: H = dense albumen height (mm), measured with the aid of a manual micrometer Mitutoyo of accuracy 0.1 μ; W = egg weight (g).
Egg components. Eggs were broken and the shells, yolk, and albumen were separated and then the egg constituents were weighed on a digital balance with an accuracy of 0.01 g for the quantification of shell, yolk and albumen percentage, taking into account - the total weight of the egg. The shells were washed and dried in a forced ventilation oven at 65 °C for 72 hours, then weighed on a digital precision scale and the percentage of the shell was calculated concerning to the total weight of the eggs.
Shell thickness and weight. The shells were washed in running water and dried at room temperature for 24 h, then the shells were weighed to determine the percentage of eggshell. Soon after the shells were measured with the aid of a manual micrometer (Mitutoyo of accuracy 0.1 μ) at three different points.
Statistical analysis. The laying hens were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with five treatments and ten replicates with 8 laying hens in each. The variables studied were submitted to the statistical premises of normality of residues and the homogeneity of variances and after the analysis of variance was performed through the Sisvar program (Ferreira 2008Ferreira, D.F. 2011. Sisvar: a computer statistical analysis system. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, 35(6), https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-70542011000600001. ). When the analysis of variance was significant, the Tukey test was applied at 5 % probability.
Results and Discussion
⌅There was no significant difference (P>0.05) for the performance variables studied (table 2). The reduction of metabolizable energy values in diets supplemented with non-emulsifying agents did not affect the performance of laying hen (P>0.05).
Variables | PC | PC+E | LED 11.485, 08+E | LED11.338, 64+E | LED11.192, 2+E | EE± | P- value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Egg production (%) | 93.49 | 92.08 | 92.00 | 92.94 | 89.37 | 3.52 | 0.076 |
Feed intake (g) | 119.2 | 122.4 | 125.3 | 126.5 | 120.7 | 6.42 | 0.123 |
Egg weight (g) | 63.27 | 64.03 | 63.70 | 64.11 | 64.19 | 2.27 | 0.544 |
Feed conversion by mass (g/g) | 02.0156 | 02.0874 | 02.1477 | 02.1243 | 02.1487 | 7.25 | 0.098 |
Viable eggs (%) | 98.87 | 99.42 | 99.31 | 99.46 | 99.44 | 0.69 | 0.123 |
Laying hens fed diets reduced in metabolizable energy, from 11.474 to 11.182 kJ/kg supplemented with emulsifier showed results similar to those fed diet with 11.620 kJ/kg of ME. The supplementation of emulsifiers in laying hen diets is not yet well discussed in the literature. Studies conducted by Roy et al. (2010)Roy, A., Haldar, S., Mondal, S. & Ghosh, T.K. 2010. "Effects of supplemental exogenous emulsifier on performance, nutrient metabolism, and serum lipid profile in broiler chickens". Veterinary Medicine International, 1-9, ISSN: 2090-8113. https://doi.org/10.4061/2010/262604. and Wang et al. (2016)Wang, J.P., Zhang, Z.F., Yan, L. & Kim, I.H. 2016. "Effects of dietary supplementation of emulsifier and carbohydrase on the growth performance, serum cholesterol and breast meat fatty acids profile of broiler chickens". Animal Science Journal, 87(2): 250-256, ISSN: 1740-0929. https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.12412. prove the efficiency of supplementation with exogenous emulsifiers in low-energy diets, with better performance of broilers compared to those who received diets with low energy levels and free of this additive.
Corroborating the present study, Valentim et al. (2018)Valentim, J.K., Carneiro, S.A., Geraldo, A., Dallago, G.M., de Oliveira, J.É.F. & de Oliveira, M.J.K. 2018. " Uso de emulsificante e óleo de macaúba em dietas para poedeiras comerciais e seus efeitos sobre desempenho e qualidade de ovos". Revista Científica Rural, 20(1): 275-286, ISSN: 2525-6912. concluded that the inclusion of macaúba oil in substitution of soybean oil in diets supplemented with emulsifiers did not influence the performance variables analyzed. There was potentiation in the absorption of intestinal micelles from the diet with better utilization of fatty acids, as reported by Raber et al. (2009)Raber, M.R., Ribeiro, A.M.L., Mello, K.A. & Arnaiz, V. 2009. "Suplementação de glicerol ou de lecitina em diferentes níveis de ácidos graxos livres em dietas para frangos de corte". Ciência Animal Brasileira, 10(3): 745-753, ISSN: 1804-6891. , monoglycerides are essential for the incorporation of fatty acids in food digestibility. Thus, there were no performance impairments - even with the reduction of the metabolizable energy level of the diet.
Short-chain fatty acids and water-soluble free glycerol can be absorbed directly into enterocytes, while long and medium-chain fatty acids, monoglycerides and cholesterol molecules should be incorporated into micelles. This compounds suffer the influence of amphipathic agents, which are molecules with hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties, such as bile salts and monoglycerides in a smaller proportion (Santana et al. 2017Santana, M.C.A., Rodrigues, J.H.F., Cavali, J. & Aragão, B.L.F. 2017. "Lipídeos: classificação e principais funções fisiológicas". REDVET. Revista Electrónica de Veterinaria, 18(8): 1-14, ISSN: 1695-7504. ).
Micelles are fat droplets formed in the intestinal treats that contain lipids, bile salts, and lipid digestion products (Valentim et al. 2019Valentim, J.K., Bitttencourt, T.M., Lima, H.J.D., Moraleco, D.D., Tossuê, F.J.M., Silva, N.E.M. & Silva, L.G. 2019. "Pigmentantes vegetais e sintéticos em dietas de galinhas poedeiras Negras". Boletim De Indústria Animal, 76:(1) 1-9, ISNN: 1981-4100. https://doi.org/10.17523/bia.2019.v76.e1438. ). They become soluble fatty constituents and can to move in the aqueous intestinal environment, presenting the polar part of the conjugated bile salts on the surface, while the apolar part occupies the central portion of the micelle (Macari et al. 2002Macari, M., Furlan, R.L. & Gonzales, E. 2002. Fisiologia aviária aplicada a frangos de corte. Jaboticabal: FUNEP, 375 p, ISBN: 85-87632-48-5.).
Micelles are driven to intestinal microvilli by peristaltic movements and release monoglycerides, fatty acids, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins into the enterocytes by the action of the fatty-acid binding protein, which is responsible for transporting fatty acids from microvilli to the cytosol of enterocytes (Juntanapum et al. 2019Juntanapum, W., Poeikhampha, T., Poungpong, K., Rakangthong, C., Kromkhun, P. & Bunchasak, C. 2019. "The Effects of Supplementing Lysophosphatidylcholine in Diet on Production Performance, Egg Quality and Intestinal Morphology of Laying Hens". Poultry Science, 18(5): 238-243, ISSN: 0049-9339. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2019.238.243. ).
According to Araújo (1995)Araújo, J. 1995. Food chemistry: theory and practice. 2nd ed. Viçosa, UFV publisher. 335 pp. the emulsifiers have in their chemical structure, spatially separated hydrophilic and hydrophobic segments, due to this, these compounds can reduce the surface tension at the interface of the immiscible phases thus allowing them to mix forming the emulsion (a mixture of immiscible liquids that form a dispersion of droplets in a continuous phase), facilitating the formation of micelles and absorption in the intracellular medium.
Rovers and Excentials (2014)Rovers, M. & Excentials, O. 2014. "Saving energy and feed cost with nutritional emulsifier". Internacional Poultry Production, 22 (4): 7-8. ISSN: 1364-565X. report that the addition of emulsifiers to diets can be used as a strategy to increase the metabolizability of lipids and, consequently, the energy efficiency of animals, which results in lower cost associated with feeding, and contributes to animal production more economically and sustainably.
There were no effects (P>0.05) of the treatments on egg quality variables: specific gravity, yolk color, yolk percentage, albumen percentage, shell thickness and Haugh unit (table 3). There was an effect (P<0.05) of the treatments only on the percentage of eggshell, where the PC treatment differed only the PC+E treatment, not differing from the other treatments.
Variables | PC | PC+E | LED 11.485, 08+E | LED11.338, 64+E | LED11.192, 2+E | EE± | P - value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Specific gravity (g/cm³) | 1.0900 | 1.0900 | 1.0890 | 1.0900 | 1.0900 | 0.13 | 0.097 |
Yolk color | 5.90 | 6.07 | 5.75 | 5.88 | 5.83 | 4.31 | 0.187 |
Egg yolk (%) | 25.42 | 25.28 | 25.28 | 25.00 | 25.19 | 3.27 | 0.321 |
Egg shell (%)** | 9.57b | 9.90a | 9.67ab | 9.70ab | 9.80ab | 2.23 | <0.05 |
Albumen (%) | 65.02 | 64.83 | 65.05 | 65.30 | 65.02 | 1.30 | 0.213 |
EC6 (mm) | 0.4780 | 0.4880 | 0.4810 | 0.4880 | 0.4830 | 3.99 | 0.224 |
UH7 | 83.30 | 83.39 | 81.83 | 80.25 | 82.44 | 3.70 | 0.087 |
**P<0.05 by Tukey Test; 1. 7UH: Haugh Unit 6EC: Peel thickness
There was no significant effect on egg quality, even with the reduction of the energy level, and it was possible to infer that the action of emulsifier on feed lipids was beneficial in providing more energy to laying hens through better absorption of these fatty acids by the intestinal wall (Hu et al. 2019Hu, X.Q., Wang, W.B., Liu, L., Wang, C., Feng, W., Luo, Q.P. & Wang, X.D. 2019. "Effects of fat type and emulsifier in feed on growth performance, slaughter traits, and lipid metabolism of Cherry Valley ducks". Poultry Science, 98(11): 5759-5766, ISSN: 0049-9339. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps/pez369. ). The high percentage of viable eggs indicated that the energy reduction of diets supplemented with emulsifiers in the levels of this experiment did not affect the quality of the shell, taking into account the daily nutritional needs of the laying hens. Maugeri-Filho et al. (2019)Maugeri-Filho, F., Goldbeck, R. & Manera, A.P. 2019. Produção de oligossacarídeos. In: Urgel, A. L. (Org.), Biotecnologia Industrial-Vol. 3: Processos fermentados e enzimáticos. 107-143 p. Blucher, São Paulo, SP, ISBNe: 978-85-212-1458-8. stated that a lecithin-based emulsifier is beneficial to poultry performance when used to replace diet fat.
Klementavičiūtė et al. (2016)Klementavičiūtė, J., Gružauskas, R., Šašytė, V., Daukšienė, A., Kliševičiūtė, V., Racevičiūtė-Stupelienė, A. & Dovidaitienė, G. 2016. "Effect of medium chain fatty acids and emulsifier on quality parameters of laying hen‘s eggs". Veterinarija ir Zootechnika, 73 (95): 1-5, ISSN: 2669-2511. evaluating the addition of the medium-chain and emulsifier fatty acids in the diet of laying hens, found that fatty acid supplementation improved egg yolk color parameters and its association with emulsifier significantly reduced egg weight by 1.12 % (P<0.05) and 0.24 % albumen egg pH (P<0.05).
Juntanapum et al. (2019)Juntanapum, W., Poeikhampha, T., Poungpong, K., Rakangthong, C., Kromkhun, P. & Bunchasak, C. 2019. "The Effects of Supplementing Lysophosphatidylcholine in Diet on Production Performance, Egg Quality and Intestinal Morphology of Laying Hens". Poultry Science, 18(5): 238-243, ISSN: 0049-9339. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2019.238.243. when experimenting to evaluate the effects of Lysophosphatidylcholine (PCL) supplementation in diets on productive performance, egg quality and intestinal morphology of laying hens, concluded that PCL supplementation (0.05 and 0.10 %) significantly improved feed conversion rate, increased egg size, decreased food intake and reduced feed cost by egg weight.
Research on the valorization of diet energy is a key point of the use of emulsifiers nowadays, the search for the reduction of production costs and dependence on agricultural inputs trigger the greater use of this efficient additive in poultry production. Emulsifier supplementation in diets with different energy levels for Hisex Brown laying hens within the period of 50 to 72 weeks of age provides performance and internal and external quality of eggs, similar to that of laying hens receiving a balanced diet with the recommended energy levels for the phase.
For semi-heavy laying hens Hisex Brown in the production phase, it is recommended to include 100 g of the emulsifier additive evaluated per ton of feed, with a reduction of 438,9 kJ (11.485,08 kJ/kg) of metabolizable energy per kg of feed.