Due to the extension reached by Cenchrus purpureus in the tropical world, several are the countries, universities and research centers that study the varieties from this genus, including those obtaining through genetic improvement programs using different methods (Herrera and Martínez 2015 Herrera, R.S. & Martínez, R. O. 2015. Mejoramiento genético. En: Producción de biomasa de variedades y clones de Pennisetum purpureum para la ganadería. p. 13-32. Capítulo II. ISBN: 978-959-7171-67-6. Ed. R.S. Herrera, EDICA, Mayabeque, Cuba. , Guimaraes de Favare et al. 2019Guimaraes de Favare, H., Goncalves de Abreu, J., Vieira de Barros, L., Gomes da Silva, F., Mendes Ferreira, L.M., Aparecido Barelli, M.A., Martins da Silva Neto, I., Avelino Cabral, C. E., Peixota, W.M., da Silva Campos, F.I., da Silva Ledo, F.J., Ribeiro da Silva, V. Q. & Santos Herrera, L. D. 2019. ¨Effect of Elephant grass genotypes to bioenergy production¨. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 38 (1):1-11. ISSN: 2457-0591.DOI:10.9734/JEAI/2019/v38i130289., Sinche et al. 2021Sinche, M., Kannan, B., Paudel, D., Corsxato, C., Lopez, Y., Wang, J. & Altpeter, F. 2021. "Development and characterization of Napier grass (Cenchrus purpureus Schumach) mapping population for flowering-time-and biomas-related traits reveal individuals with exceptional potential and hybrid vigor". GCB Bioenergy, 1: 1561-1575. ISSN: 1757-1707, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12876., Vander Pereira et al. 2021Vander Pereira, A., de Andrade Lira, M., Campolina Machado, J., de Miranda Gomide, C.A., Martins, C.E., da Silva Ledo, F.J. & Figueiredo Daher, R. 2021. "Elephant grass, a tropical grass for cutting and grazing" Revista Brasileira de Ciencias Agrarias, 16(3) e9317, ISSN: 1961-0997. DOI 10.5039lagraria.v18i3a9317. and Lire Wachamo 2022Lire Wachamo, H. 2022. Diversity and genome-wide association in napier grass (Cenchrus purpureus L.) collections for agronomic and drought-tolerance related traits. MSc. Thesis. Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia.).
At the Instituto de Ciencia Animal were obtained, by in vitro tissue culture, new C. purpureus varieties tolerant to drought and salinity (Herrera et al. 2003Herrera, R.S., Chaple, Z., Cruz, A. M., Romero, A. & García, M. 2003. "Obtainment of Pennisetum purpureum plantlets resistant to drought and salinity. Technical note". Cuban J. Agric. Sci. 37:187-189. ISSN: 2079-3472.) and were evaluated in the western region of the country (Granma), those tolerant to drought (Díaz 2007Díaz, D. 2007. Evaluación agronómica de nuevas variedades de Pennisetum purpureum en condiciones de sequía del Valle del Cauto. Tesis de Maestría. IIA Jorge Dimitrov, Granma., Ray et al. 2016Ray, J., Herrera, R. S., Benítez, D., Díaz, D. & Arias, R. 2016. "Multivariate analysis of the agronomic performance and forage quality of new clones of Pennisetum purpureum drought tolerant in Valle del Cauto, Cuba". Cuban J. Agric. Sci. 50:639-648. ISSN: 2079-3472. and Arias et al. 2018 Arias, R. C., Ledea, J. L., Benítez1, D. G., Ray, J. V. & Ramírez de la Ribera, J. L. 2018. ¨Performance of new varieties of Cenchrus purpureus, tolerant to drought, during dry period¨. Cuban J. Agric. Sci, 52(2): 203-214, ISSN: 2079-3472., 2019aArias, R.C., Reyes, J. J., Ledea, J. L., Benítez, D. G., Ray, J. V. & Hernández, L. G. 2919a. ¨Agro productive response of new varieties of Cenchrus purpureus¨. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 22: 79-86, ISSN: 1870-0462. bArias, R.C., Reyes, J. J., Ray, J. V., Benítez, D. G., Hernández, L. G. & Ledea, J. L. 2019b. ¨Morphometric indicators in new megatermal varieties of Cenchrus purpureus tolerant to water stress¨. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 22: 115-125, ISSN: 1870-0462.) and to medium soil salinity (Ledea et al. 2017Ledea Rodríguez, J. L., Benítez Jiménez, D. G., Arias Pérez, R. C. & Guerra Manso, A. 2017. "Comportamiento agronómico de cultivares de Cenchrus purpureus tolerantes a la salinidad". Rev. prod. anim., 29 (3):18-28. ISSN 2224-7920., Álvarez et al. 2019Álvarez Báez, Y., Herrera García, R. S., Méndez Martínez, Y., Ramírez de la Ribera, J. L. & Verdecia Acosta, D. M. 2019. "Evaluation of Cenchrus purpureus varieties with salinity tolerance in Valle del Cauto, Cuba. Agronomic performance". Cuban J. Agric. Sci. 53(2): 169-176. ISSN: 2079-3472. and Álvarez 2021Álvarez Báez, Y. 2021. Comportamiento productivo de nuevas variedades de Cenchrus purpureus en el Valle del Cauto, Cuba. Tesis presentada en opción al grado científico de Doctor en Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Granma, Cuba. ) showed promising results.
However, in the western region of the country with a rainfall pattern up to 1400 mm annual (Herrera et al. 2018Herrera, R.S., García, M. & Cruz, A. M. 2018. "Study of some climate indicators at the Institute of Animal Science from 1967 to 2013 and their relation with grasses". Cuban J. Agric. Sci, 52(4): 411-421, ISSN: 2079-3472.), the drought tolerant varieties did not show an effective response, due to the high rainfall volume during the dry season (Herrera 2022Herrera, R. S. 2022. "Evaluation of Cenchrus purpureus varieties tolerant to drought in the western region of Cuba". Cuban J. Agric. Sci, 56(2): 1-9, ISSN: 2079-3472.). These evaluations were made without irrigation and fertilization as same in Granma province.
These elements determined the questioning about of what could be their performance if during the rainy season, strategic nitrogen fertilization were applied and irrigation were not used in the dry season, which was the objective of this research.
Materials and Methods
⌅Location. The experiment was carried out at the Miguel Sistachs Naya pasture station belonging to Instituto de Ciencia Animal, San José de las Lajas, Mayabeque, Cuba. The rainfalls and temperature during the experimental stage are shown in table 1.
Indicator | Months | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
J | F | M | A | M | J | J | A | S | O | N | D | |
Min.t, °C | 10.0 | 19.4 | 20.2 | 20.0 | 21.1 | 22.5 | 20.7 | 20.6 | 20.5 | 20.1 | 16.8 | 17.5 |
Max.t, °C | 24.3 | 26.0 | 29.2 | 27.3 | 30.9 | 27.9 | 27.3 | 31.9 | 31.3 | 30.5 | 26.0 | 25.0 |
A.t, °C | 18.7 | 22.1 | 25.2 | 25.0 | 25.0 | 25.3 | 25.8 | 24.7 | 25.5 | 24.8 | 21.5 | 22.9 |
Rain, mm | 12.0 | 46.0 | 37.0 | 62.0 | 234.0 | 151.0 | 180.0 | 383.0 | 152.0 | 44.0 | 51.0 | 55.0 |
Min.t: minimum temperature Max.t: maximum temperature A.t: average temperature
Experimental design and treatments. A random block design with five replications was used. A total of eight Cenchrus purpureus varieties (CT-600, CT-601, CT-602, CT-603, CT-604, CT-605, CT-608 and CT-609) drought tolerant obtained by in vitro tissue culture (Herrera et al. 2003Herrera, R.S., Chaple, Z., Cruz, A. M., Romero, A. & García, M. 2003. "Obtainment of Pennisetum purpureum plantlets resistant to drought and salinity. Technical note". Cuban J. Agric. Sci. 37:187-189. ISSN: 2079-3472.) were evaluated and compared with C. purpureus CT-115 which was its parent. During the dry season was fertilized with 150 kgN/ha fractionated in three times (50 kgN/ha/application) and phosphoric and potassium fertilizer was not used. The soil was Typical Red Ferralitic (Hernández et al. 2015Hernández, J. A., Pérez, J. J. M., Bosch, I. D. & Castro, S. N. 2015. Clasificación de los suelos de Cuba. Ed. Ediciones INCA, Mayabeque, Cuba. 93p. ISBN 978-959-7023-77-7.) and its composition appears in table 2.
pH | mg/100g | OM, % | Total salts, % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
KCl | H2O | P2O5 | K2O | ||
4.9 | 6.7 | 2.9 | 7.8 | 3.0 | 0.39 |
Procedure. During the dry season, conventional soil preparation was performed and the plantation was carried out in the rainy season at a distance of 1m between rows. Plots of 25 m2 were delimited for each varieties and in each of them the same number of buds were distributed to guarantied the population homogeneity. The seed had five months and belongs to the germplasm bank from the Station. After one hundred and fifty days of sowing the establishment cut was made. From that moment cuts every 60 and 90 days were carried out in the rainy and dry season, respectively at a height of 10cm above soil level. The fertilizer was applied after each cut in the rainy season. Irrigation was not used during the dry season. The experiment lasted a year.
Sampling were carried out in the central rows leaving free the two of the plots side as border effect, for 15 m2 of harvestable area. In this area a total of five tillers were taken as sampling units and in each of them were measured: height, dry matter percentage of leaves, stems and whole plant, percentage of leaves and stems, length and wide of the fourth leaf completely open, number of green leaves per stem, foliar area, dry matter yield and population. All was performed according to the methodology described by Herrera (2006)Herrera, R.S. 2006. Fisiología, calidad y muestreos. En: Fisiología, producción de biomasa y sistemas silvopastoriles en pastos tropicales. Abono orgánico y biogás. p 1-108. Tomo I. ISBN: 959-7171-04-X. Eds. R.S. Herrera, I. Rodríguez y G. Febles. Instituto de Ciencia Animal, La Habana..
Statistical analysis. The database was created and analysis of variance was performed (Di Rienzo et al. 2012Di Rienzo, J.A., Casanoves, F., Balzarini, M.G., González, L., Tablada, M. & Robledo, C.W. 2012. InfoStat. Version 2012 [Windows]. Grupo InfoStat, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina. Available: http://www.infostat.com.ar.) according to the experimental design and the mean values were compared according to Duncan (1955)Duncan, D.B. 1955. "Multiple ranges and multiple f test". Biometrics, 11(1): 1-42, ISSN: 0006-341X. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478.. The theoretical assumptions of the analysis of variance were verified for all the variables, based on the Shapiro and Wilk (1965)Shapiro, S. & Wilk, B. 1965. "An análisis of variante test for normalita (complete simples)". Biometrika, 52(3&4):591-611, ISSN: 0006-3444. https://doi.org/10.2307/2333709. tests for the normality of errors and Levene (1960)Levene, H. 1960. Robust tests for the equality of variance. Contributions to Probability and Statistics. Ed. Stanford. Univesity Press, California, USA, pp. 278-292. for the variance homogeneity and there was only the need to transform the variables number of leaves per stem and population using √x.
Results
⌅The plants height differs (P <0.001) between varieties in both climatic seasons and CT-603 showed the lower value in both seasonal periods. However, drew the attention that the height of varieties was numerically higher, in general, in the rainy season (table3).
Variety | Dry season | Rainy season |
---|---|---|
CT-115 | 86.3de | 60.8ab |
CT-600 | 68.3ab | 58.5ab |
CT-601 | 80.0bcd | 66.8ab |
CT-602 | 73.0abc | 88.8d |
CT-603 | 66.5ª | 56.0a |
CT-604 | 104.5f | 73.7bcd |
CT-605 | 66.5c | 81.2cd |
CT-608 | 97.5ef | 80.2cd |
CT-609 | 82.7d | 71.4abc |
EE± | 4.1*** | 5.3*** |
abcdef Values with uncommon letters differ to P<0.05 Duncan (1955)Duncan, D.B. 1955. "Multiple ranges and multiple f test". Biometrics, 11(1): 1-42, ISSN: 0006-341X. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478. *** P<0.001
There were differences (P <0.05) in the dry matter percentage of leaf, stem and the whole plant between the varieties in both seasonal periods and the highest value, in general, was recorded by CT-604 (table 4). It is of highlighted, that plants had lower dry matter content in the dry season.
Variety | Dry season | Rainy season | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Leaf | Stem | Plant | Leaf | Stem | Plant | |
CT-115 | 21.50a | 11.78ab | 15.66ab | 19.82a | 12.58a | 16.01a |
CT-600 | 22.00a | 12.13b | 14.54a | 20.45a | 14.46bc | 17.29a |
CT-601 | 22.48a | 11.98b | 15.85ab | 20.16a | 13.80ab | 16.82a |
CT-602 | 22.65a | 12.54b | 16.56bc | 22.74c | 18.57c | 19.07b |
CT-603 | 21.62a | 11.39ab | 16.42bc | 20.99ab | 13.98ab | 17.11a |
CT-604 | 32.00b | 31.64d | 30.69d | 21.96bc | 13.41ab | 16.07a |
CT-605 | 21.31a | 10.74a | 14.97a | 20.94ab | 13.10ab | 16.73a |
CT-608 | 22.43a | 13.74c | 17.61c | 20.88ab | 13.72ab | 16.77a |
CT-609 | 23.96a | 14.62c | 17.60c | 21.16ab | 14.44bc | 17.14a |
EE± | 0.98*** | 0.39*** | 0.50*** | 0.43*** | 0.29** | 0.50** |
abcd Values with uncommon letters differ to P<0.05 Duncan (1955)Duncan, D.B. 1955. "Multiple ranges and multiple f test". Biometrics, 11(1): 1-42, ISSN: 0006-341X. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478.
In the rainy season the amount of leaves did not varied between varieties, but in the dry season the highest value (P<0.01) was recorded by CT-605 and did not differ of CT-601, CT-602 and CT-603, while CT-115 only reached 50.7 %. For the stem content there were differences between varieties in both seasonal periods and the performance was variable, but, in general, during the rainy season recorded the highest values (table 5).
Variety | Dry season | Raint season | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Leaf | Stem | Leaf | Stem | |
CT-115 | 50.7ab | 41.4ª | 32.02 | 54.61ª |
CT-600 | 44.1ª | 40.7ª | 30.84 | 55.14ª |
CT-601 | 52.9abc | 47.0ab | 31.30 | 55.19ª |
CT-602 | 56.1bc | 43.9ab | 30.30 | 61.28ab |
CT-603 | 53.5abc | 43.5ab | 31.24 | 62.22ab |
CT-604 | 47.3ab | 52.6b | 30.84 | 57.70ab |
CT-605 | 60.2c | 39.8ª | 30.53 | 57.30ab |
CT-608 | 45.7ª | 49.1ab | 30.61 | 60.21ab |
CT-609 | 48.3ab | 45.9ab | 31.21 | 63.79b |
EE ± | 2.9** | 3.2* | 0.49 NS | 1.99** |
abcValues with uncommon letters differ to P<0.05 Duncan (1955)Duncan, D.B. 1955. "Multiple ranges and multiple f test". Biometrics, 11(1): 1-42, ISSN: 0006-341X. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478.
* P<0.05 ** P<0.01 NS: Not significant
In the dry season the length leaves of CT-604 only differ (P<0.001) of all variables with the lower value (48.75 cm) while, in the rainy season the highest values were obtained in CT-605, CT-608 and CT-609 (82.33, 82.50 and 83.17 cm, respectively). In both seasonal periods the varieties CT-605, CT-608 and CT-609 recorded the higher (P<0.001) leaves width (table 6).
Variety | Dry season | Raint season | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Leaf | Stem | Leaf | Stem | |
CT-115 | 94.75b | 70.50a | 2.73bc | 1.82a |
CT-600 | 94.50b | 71.67ab | 3.08cde | 1.93a |
CT-601 | 95.25b | 79.50abc | 2.88cd | 2.04ab |
CT-602 | 93.75b | 76.67abc | 2.78bc | 1.99a |
CT-603 | 96.75b | 73.33abc | 2.48b | 1.94a |
CT-604 | 48.75a | 81.67bc | 1.50a | 3.28d |
CT-605 | 97.25b | 82.33bc | 3.50f | 2.52c |
CT-608 | 96.75b | 82.50c | 3.73e | 2.49c |
CT-609 | 95.75b | 83.17c | 3.23def | 2.41bc |
EE ± | 2.77*** | 3.36* | 0.11*** | 0.13*** |
abcdef Values with uncommon letters differ to P<0.05 Duncan (1955Duncan, D.B. 1955. "Multiple ranges and multiple f test". Biometrics, 11(1): 1-42, ISSN: 0006-341X. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478.)
* P<0.05 *** P<0.001
The number of leaves per stem did not differ between varieties in both seasonal periods with a range of values between 4.97 and 6.02 in the dry season and between 6.25 and 7.23 in the rainy season.
There were differences (P<0.001) between varieties in leaf area/stem. In the dry season CT-604 variety showed the lower value, while in the rainy season recorded the higher area (table 7).
Variety | Dry season | Rainy season |
---|---|---|
CT-115 | 1841.48c | 923.09ª |
CT-600 | 1403.37b | 978.68ª |
CT-601 | 1459.88bc | 1143.62abc |
CT-602 | 1419.91b | 961.48ª |
CT-603 | 1686.96bc | 1015.92ab |
CT-604 | 486.28ª | 1839.63d |
CT-605 | 1523.72bc | 1475.12c |
CT-608 | 1654.04bc | 1374.86bc |
CT-609 | 1523.72bc | 1278.90abc |
EE± | 124.64*** | 126.08*** |
abcdValues with uncommon letters differ to P<0.05 Duncan (1955)Duncan, D.B. 1955. "Multiple ranges and multiple f test". Biometrics, 11(1): 1-42, ISSN: 0006-341X. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478.
*** P<0.001
The dry matter yield in both seasonal periods and in the annual total differed (P<0.001) between varieties. In the dry season the higher values were reached by the varieties CT-605, CT-608 and CT-609 and the lower value was to CT-115. In the rainy season the lower value was to CT-605. In the annual total CT-608 reached the highest (P<0.001) yield with 19.06 t DM/ha (table 8).
Variety | Dry season | Rainy season | Anual total |
---|---|---|---|
CT-115 | 3.42ª | 11.26ab | 14.68de |
CT-600 | 3.47ª | 10.53ab | 14.00ef |
CT-601 | 4.70bc | 11.93b | 16.63bc |
CT-602 | 4.43abc | 12.70b | 17.13b |
CT-603 | 3.66ab | 11.64b | 15.30cd |
CT-604 | 4.53abc | 12.89b | 17.42b |
CT-605 | 5.01c | 8.55ª | 13.56f |
CT-608 | 5.64c | 13.42b | 19.06ª |
CT-609 | 5.25c | 11.11ab | 16.36bc |
EE ± | 0.40*** | 0.68*** | 0.50*** |
abcdef Values with uncommon letters differ to P<0.05 Duncan (1955)Duncan, D.B. 1955. "Multiple ranges and multiple f test". Biometrics, 11(1): 1-42, ISSN: 0006-341X. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478.
***P<0.001
The population at the beginning of the experi-ment varied between varieties in a close range (7.3-10.2 tillers/5 m) and the lower value (P<0.001) was to CT-604. When finish the experimental stage, there were not differences between varieties (table 9).
Variety | Biginning | End |
---|---|---|
CT-115 | 3.2c (10.2) | 3.22 (10.73) |
CT-600 | 3.0bc (9.0) | 2.99 (8.52) |
CT-601 | 3.0bc (9.0) | 3.16 (9.85) |
CT-602 | 3.2c (10.2) | 2.99 (9.36) |
CT-603 | 3.1bc (9.6) | 2.99 (8.78) |
CT-604 | 2.7ª (7.3) | 3.10 (9.40) |
CT-605 | 3.0bc (9.0) | 3.07 (9.53) |
CT-608 | 3.1bc (9.6) | 3.10 (9.60) |
CT-609 | 2.9b(8.4) | 4.21(10.43) |
SE ± | 0.07*** | 0.06 NS |
abcValues with uncommon letters differ to P<0.05 Duncan (1955)Duncan, D.B. 1955. "Multiple ranges and multiple f test". Biometrics, 11(1): 1-42, ISSN: 0006-341X. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478. ***P<0.001 ( ) Real values NS: Not significant
Discussion
⌅Height is an indicator of development degree and physiological state of the plant and depends on variables as fertilization, irrigation, soil, climate and varieties, among other factors. This is an indicator useful in improvement programs for varieties selection (Jabessa et al. 2022Jabessa, T., Bekele, K., Tesfaye, G. & Amare, Z. 2022. "Evaluation of Elephant Grass (Pennisetum purpureum L) Accessions for Their Agronomic Performances in Lowland Areas of Guji Zone, Southern Oromia, Ethiopia". American Journal of Biological and Environmental Statistics, 8(1): 31-35 ISSN: 2471-979X doi: 10.11648/j.ajbes.20220801.14.).
In the western region of Cuba, Arias et al. (2019aArias, R.C., Reyes, J. J., Ledea, J. L., Benítez, D. G., Ray, J. V. & Hernández, L. G. 2919a. ¨Agro productive response of new varieties of Cenchrus purpureus¨. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 22: 79-86, ISSN: 1870-0462. b)Arias, R.C., Reyes, J. J., Ray, J. V., Benítez, D. G., Hernández, L. G. & Ledea, J. L. 2019b. ¨Morphometric indicators in new megatermal varieties of Cenchrus purpureus tolerant to water stress¨. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 22: 115-125, ISSN: 1870-0462. reported that in both seasonal periods the height showed significant differences between Cenchrus purpureus varieties tolerant to drought. Similar performance shows Herrera (2022)Herrera, R. S. 2022. "Evaluation of Cenchrus purpureus varieties tolerant to drought in the western region of Cuba". Cuban J. Agric. Sci, 56(2): 1-9, ISSN: 2079-3472. when evaluating the same varieties in the western region of Cuba. In both researchers was clearly showed the genotype-environmental effect, since numerical values were different in both regions and this was fulfilled in the results of this experiment.
On the other hand, it is important to highlight that the plants height was superior in the dry season regard to the rainy season. This is logical and can be attributing to two main elements: the residual effect of nitrogen fertilization in the rainy season and the differences of regrowth age between both seasonal periods.
The values of dry matter percentage of the whole plant were in the range of the reported by Díaz (2007)Díaz, D. 2007. Evaluación agronómica de nuevas variedades de Pennisetum purpureum en condiciones de sequía del Valle del Cauto. Tesis de Maestría. IIA Jorge Dimitrov, Granma. and Herrera (2013)Herrera, R.S. 2013. Clones de Pennisetum purpureum tolerantes a la sequía y salinidad. XXIII Reunión de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Producción Animal y IV Congreso Internacional de Producción Animal Tropical. CD-ROM. in the evaluation of these varieties in the eastern and western region, respectively. However, the CT-604 showed high value which is probable that indicate certain sensitive to maintain the adequate water balance under stress conditions, aspect that should be depth study in future researchers. On the other hand, Maleko et al. (2019)Maleko, D., Mwilawa, A., Msalya, G., Pasape, L. & Mtei, K. 2019. "Forage growth, yield and nutritional characteristics of four varieties of napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach) in the west Usambara highlands, Tanzania". Scientific African 6 e00214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2019.e00214. when evaluating these indicators found values variability between Napier varieties. These indicators depend on different factors which are climatic elements, specially relative humidity and rainfalls. These elements made the plant to be forced to maintain their water balance and therefore, they give variability to the dry matter content of the leaf, stem and the whole plant.
Alves et al. (2022)Alves, J. P., Mendes, S. S., Galeano, E. S., Orrico Junior, M. A. P., Fernandes, T., Retore, M., Orrico, A. C. A. & Lopes, L. da S. 2022. "Forage Production and Quality of BRS Capiaçu as a Response of Cutting Age and Nitrogen Application". Tropical Animal Science Journal, 45(2):179-186. ISSN 2615-787X. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2022.45.2.179. reported that Napier leaves content varied with the regrowth age and the fertilization, while Herrera (2020)Herrera, R. S. 2020. Obtención y evaluación de clones de Cenchrus purpureus con Tolerancia a la sequía y salinidad. Capítulo 9. pp 162-183. Editoras: Milagros de la C. Milera Rodríguez, Tania Sánchez Santana y Martha Hernández Chávez. Editorial Estación Experimental de Pastos y Forrajes Indio Hatuey, Matanzas, Cuba. ISBN: 978-959-7138-44-0 Versión impresa ISBN: 978-959-7138-45-7 Versión digital. when evaluating Cenchrus varieties tolerant to drought found differences between them in leaves value and the highest values were recorded, in general, during the rainy season and showed their decrease with the production time. On the other hand, it was encouraging that CT-605 showed the highest leaves content in the dry season. This could be a positive aspect of this variety since, despite the high value of leaves content, the dry matter percentage is relatively low, which show the existence of an adequate mechanism to maintain water balance in the plant and to avoid high transpiration.
Guimarães de Favare et al. (2019)Guimaraes de Favare, H., Goncalves de Abreu, J., Vieira de Barros, L., Gomes da Silva, F., Mendes Ferreira, L.M., Aparecido Barelli, M.A., Martins da Silva Neto, I., Avelino Cabral, C. E., Peixota, W.M., da Silva Campos, F.I., da Silva Ledo, F.J., Ribeiro da Silva, V. Q. & Santos Herrera, L. D. 2019. ¨Effect of Elephant grass genotypes to bioenergy production¨. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 38 (1):1-11. ISSN: 2457-0591.DOI:10.9734/JEAI/2019/v38i130289., Jabessa et al. (2022)Jabessa, T., Bekele, K., Tesfaye, G. & Amare, Z. 2022. "Evaluation of Elephant Grass (Pennisetum purpureum L) Accessions for Their Agronomic Performances in Lowland Areas of Guji Zone, Southern Oromia, Ethiopia". American Journal of Biological and Environmental Statistics, 8(1): 31-35 ISSN: 2471-979X doi: 10.11648/j.ajbes.20220801.14. and Tesfaye Atumo et al. (2022)Tesfaye Atumo, T., Gudero Mengesha, G., Fanta Heliso, M. & Kebede Kalsa, G. 2022. "Yield Dynamics and Nutrient Quality of Napier Grass (Pennisetum purpureum) Varieties under Consecutive Harvests". Ethiopian Journal of Science and Sustainable Development, 9 (1),1-9 e-ISSN 2663-3205. reported the high variability of length and width of leaves as a result of Napier variety effect, location and season of the year. In addition, these indicators are considered essentials in the evaluation of new varieties. This same performance was obtained in this research and it is important to add that, these leaves indicators are basics in the physiology and metabolism of the plant because it is the place where photosynthesis is performed.
These varieties yields are in the range of values obtained by Herrera et al. (2012)Herrera, R.S., García, M., Cruz, A. M. & Romero, A. 2012. "Assessment of Pennisetum purpureum clones obtained by in vitro tissue culture". Cuban J. Agric. Sci. 46:427- 434. ISSN: 2079-3472. and Álvarez et al. (2013)Álvarez, A., Herrera, R.S., Díaz, L. & Noda, A. 2013. "Influence of rainfall and temperature on biomass production of Pennisetum purpureum clones". Cuban J. Agric. Sci. 47:413-417. ISSN: 2079-3472. when evaluating, without irrigation and fertilization, Cenchrus purpureus varieties obtaining by tissue culture from CT-115 and were characterized by having better agronomic indicators than it partners, although three of the studied varieties (CT-605, CT-608 and CT-609) achieved higher yields, especially during the dry season. The above is determined by fertilization effect on the rainy season, because when previously evaluating (Herrera 2022Herrera, R. S. 2022. "Evaluation of Cenchrus purpureus varieties tolerant to drought in the western region of Cuba". Cuban J. Agric. Sci, 56(2): 1-9, ISSN: 2079-3472.) these same varieties without fertilization there was not the mentioned response.
On the other hand, Ray et al. (2016)Ray, J., Herrera, R. S., Benítez, D., Díaz, D. & Arias, R. 2016. "Multivariate analysis of the agronomic performance and forage quality of new clones of Pennisetum purpureum drought tolerant in Valle del Cauto, Cuba". Cuban J. Agric. Sci. 50:639-648. ISSN: 2079-3472. evaluated under drought conditions (800 mm annual rainfall) a group of Cenchrus varieties drought tolerant and among the ones that showed the best results are studied in this research. This means that, when the plant nutrition increase through strategic fertilization, the plant nutritional profile favorable changes to the best adaptation to water stress.
The previous was showed by Herrera et al. (2016) Herrera, R. S., García, M. & Cruz, A. 2016. "Relación entre algunos indicadores climáticos con la altura, rendimiento y población de clones de Pennisetum purpureum". Avances en Investigación Agropecuaria 20(2): 33-41. ISSN: 2683 1716. when performing a study of relation between climatic factors and the yield of Pennisetum varieties. These authors point out that the Pearson correlation coefficients between yield and rain or their distributions are specific for each climatic season and this showed that the plant has the particular ability of adapting to volume and rain distribution.
On the other hand, population varied in a closely range and these varieties, above all the promising, maintained the same population during the experimental period and strengthens the previous.
The previous show the need to carry out the economic valuation of the obtained results in this study, since it is possible to produce forage during the dry season with the varieties CT-605, CT-608 and CT-609 with productivity superior to the species currently used.