Tithonia diversifolia is a fast-growing shrub, native to Central America, with appropriate agronomic characteristics for its exploitation and use in the edaphoclimatic conditions of Cuba (Ruiz et al. 2014Ruiz, T.E., Febles, G.J., Galindo, J., Savón, L., Chongo, B., Torres, V., Cino, D.M., Alonso, J., Martínez, Y., Gutiérrez, D., Crespo, G., Mora, L.M., Scull, I., La O, O., González, J., Lok, S., González, N. & Zamora, Z. 2014. "Tithonia diversifolia, its possibilities in cattle rearing systems". Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 48(1):79-82, ISSN: 2079-3480. ). Its forage, of high nutritional value, is the subject of physiological, biochemical, productive and health researches to promote its use as animal food (Rodríguez et al. 2018Rodríguez, B., Savón, L., Vázquez, Y., Ruiz, T.E. & Herrera, M. 2018. "Evaluación de la harina de forraje de Tithonia diversifolia para la alimentación de gallinas ponedoras". Livestock Research for Rural Development, 30(3):8-16, ISSN: 0121-3784. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/6/olug22118.htm. and Rodríguez et al. 2019Rodríguez, R., Galindo, J., Ruiz, T., Scull, I. & Gómez, S. 2019. "Valor nutritivo de siete ecotipos de Tithonia diversifolia colectados en la zona oriental de Cuba. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 31(8):40-48, ISSN: 0121-3784. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/6/olug22118.htm.).
Numerous secondary compounds, which are considered essential to prevent disease and other zootechnical damage, are reported in its composition (Rivera et al. 2018Rivera, J.E., Chará, J., Gómez-Leyva, J. F., Ruíz, T. & Barahona, R. 2018. "Variabilidad fenotípica y composición fitoquímica de Tithonia diversifolia A. Gray para la producción animal sostenible". Livestock Research for Rural Development, 30(12): 64, ISSN: 0121-3784. http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd22/6/olug22118.htm. and Ladeska et al. 2019Ladeska, V., Dewanti, E. & Sari, D.I. 2019. "Pharmacognostical studies and determination of total flavonoides of Paitan (Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray". Pharmacognosy Journal, 11(6): 1256-1261, ISSN: 9753575. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2019.11.195. ). However, these can limit the use of the plant when are in high amounts. Chagas-Paula et al. (2012)Chagas-Paula, D.A., Oliveira, R.B., Rocha, B.A & Da Costa, F.B. 2012. "Ethnobotany, chemistry, and biological activities of the genus Tithonia (Asteraceae)". Chemistry & Biodiversity, 9(2): 210-235, ISSN: 1612-1872. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201100019. , Gonzalez et al. (2019)González, L., Díaz, M., Castro, I., Fonte, L., Lugo, Y. & Altunaga, N. 2019. "Pytochemical characterization and total antioxidant activity of different extracts from Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl) A. Gray". Pastos y Forrajes, 42(3): 243-248, ISSN: 2078-8452. and Ladeska et al. (2019)Ladeska, V., Dewanti, E. & Sari, D.I. 2019. "Pharmacognostical studies and determination of total flavonoides of Paitan (Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray". Pharmacognosy Journal, 11(6): 1256-1261, ISSN: 9753575. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2019.11.195. indicated the phenolic compounds among the majority groups of this species. However, these can limit the use of the plant when they are in high amounts. Chagas-Paula et al. (2012)Chagas-Paula, D.A., Oliveira, R.B., Rocha, B.A & Da Costa, F.B. 2012. "Ethnobotany, chemistry, and biological activities of the genus Tithonia (Asteraceae)". Chemistry & Biodiversity, 9(2): 210-235, ISSN: 1612-1872. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201100019. , Gonzalez et al. (2019)González, L., Díaz, M., Castro, I., Fonte, L., Lugo, Y. & Altunaga, N. 2019. "Pytochemical characterization and total antioxidant activity of different extracts from Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl) A. Gray". Pastos y Forrajes, 42(3): 243-248, ISSN: 2078-8452. and Ladeska et al. (2019)Ladeska, V., Dewanti, E. & Sari, D.I. 2019. "Pharmacognostical studies and determination of total flavonoides of Paitan (Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray". Pharmacognosy Journal, 11(6): 1256-1261, ISSN: 9753575. https://doi.org/10.5530/pj.2019.11.195. showed the phenolic compounds among the majority groups of this species.
Phenolic compounds, also called polyphenols, are a large group of secondary metabolites found in most plant-based foods.
Current literature refers that diets rich in polyphenols can improve health and reduces the incidence of diseases in animals and humans (Prescha et al. 2018Prescha, A., Zabłocka-Słowińska, K., Płaczkowska, S., Gorczyca, S., Łuczak, A., Majewska, M. & Grajeta, H. 2018. "Diet quality and its relationship with antioxidant status in pacients with rheumatoid arthritis". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2018(8506343): 1-10, ISSN: 1942-0900. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/8506343. and Scull et al. 2020Scull, I., Savón, L., Spengler, I. & Herrera, M. 2020. "Evaluation of the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of Mucuna pruriens (L) cv. utilis forage meal and their polyphenols extract in Sprague Dowley rats". Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 54(2): 243-255, ISSN: 2079-3480.). These compounds are attributed antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties (Rejeki et al. 2017Rejeki, D., Hardian, S. & Addy, S. 2017. "Antimicrobial Activity of Tithonia diversifolia, Elephantopus scaber, and Kigelia africana Against Plant Pathogens". Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology, 3(4): 56-61, ISSN: 2469-7869. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20170304.11. and Omokhua et al. 2018Omokhua, A.G., Abdalla, M.A., Staden, J.V. & McGaw, L.J. 2018. "A comprehensive study of the potential phytomedicinal use and toxicity of invasive Tithonia species in South Africa". BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 18(272):2-15, ISSN: 1472-6882. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2336-0. ).
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of growth age on the polyphenol content of Tithonia diversifolia materials, collected in the eastern part of Cuba.
Materials and Methods
⌅Location, soil and climate. The study was carried out from 2017-2018, at the Miguel Sistachs Naya Experimental Center, from Instituto de Ciencia Animal de Cuba (ICA), located at 22°,81ʼ North latitude and 82°,01ʼ West longitude, in San José de Las Lajas, Mayabeque province (Academia de Ciencias de Cuba 1989Academia de Ciencias de Cuba. 1989. Nuevo Atlas Nacional de Cuba. Instituto Cubano de Geodesia y Cartografía. La Habana, Cuba, p. 41.). The samples of tithonia materials studied are in the Institute germplasm bank. The soil in the area is red ferralitic, rapidly drying, clayey and deep on limestone (Hernández et al. 2019Hernández, A., Pérez, J.M., Bosch, D. & Castro, N. 2019. "Clasificación de los suelos de Cuba: énfasis en la versión de 2015". Cultivos Tropicales, 4(1): a15-e15, ISSN: 1819-4087.), moderately acidic with pH=6.1. The content of Ca, Mg and K was 7.86, 0.70 and 1.38 cmol/kg. Likewise, the P2O4 was 81.64 kg/ha and the OM, 1.38 %. According to the data from ICA Meteorological Station, rainfalls in the experimental period averaged 84.3 mm, with a minimum monthly value of 0 mm in December and a maximum value of 231 mm (July). Figures 1 and 2 show the monthly distribution of rainfalls and days with rain in the experimental stage, as well as the historical mean.
Treatments and collection design of vegetative material. The treatments consisted of the evaluation of seven materials (2, 3, 12, 14, 17, 23 and 24) of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) Gray (tithonia), belonging to Asteraceae family, collected in Granma area, in eastern Cuba, through a completely random design, with ten repetitions. These materials were selected from the evaluation of 24 of them, according to their promising characteristics, agronomic response, chemical composition and ability to activate fermentative processes (Ruiz et al. 2018Ruiz, T.E., Alonso, J., Torres, V., Valenciaga, N., Galindo, J., La O, O., Febles, G., Díaz, H., Tuero, R. & Mora, C. 2018. "Evaluation of materials collected from Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) Gray in the area of Las Tunas and Granma in eastern Cuba". Avances en Investigación Agropecuaria, 22(1):19-27, ISSN: 0188-7890.).
Experimental procedure. The sowing was carried out in the rainy season, at a distance between rows of 3.0 m and 50 cm between cuttings. Cuttings were used for planting, taken from the middle part of the stem, with an age of 80 days, a diameter of 2 cm and a length of 50 cm, in furrows 15 cm deep. The area was clean of weeds using a hoe and in dry conditions.
To start the experiment, the plantation was cut at a height of 15 cm, 120 d after sowing. A total of 10 plants (leaves and petioles) were random sampled for each of the ages (30, 60 and 90 d). The materials were dried in a forced air oven at 60 °C for 48 hours. Then they were milled to a particle size of 1 mm. The forage meal of each material was stored in amber- glass bottles, which were hermetically sealed until the time of performing the chemical analyses.
Determination of total polyphenols. The extraction of the phenolic compounds was carried out in an ultrasonic bath (Randelin Sonorlex brand, series 2000) for 15 min., with an acetone solution at 70 % v/v. The content of total polyphenols (TP) was determined by using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, according to Makkar (2003)Makkar, H.P.S. 2003. Quantification of tannins in tree and shrub foliage. A laboratory manual. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands. 102 pp, ISBN: 4020-1632-8. method. Analyzes were performed in triplicate. To determine the concentration of TP, a reference solution of tannic acid (Sigma Aldrich) of concentration (0.5 g/L) was used. Concentrations of 10 to 30 g/L of the reference solution were used in the preparation of the calibration curve.
Quantification of total condensed tannins. Total condensed tannins (TCT) were quantified from the extract of phenolic compounds, according to Makkar (2003)Makkar, H.P.S. 2003. Quantification of tannins in tree and shrub foliage. A laboratory manual. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands. 102 pp, ISBN: 4020-1632-8. methodology. For the determination, the reagent butanol/HCl 95:5 v/v was used in the presence of heat. The absorbance of the solution was read in a spectrophotometer at 550 nm, using the unheated mixture as reference.
Statistical analysis. For the analysis of the results, the statistical system Infostat (Di Rienzo et al. 2012Di Rienzo, J.A., Casanoves, F., Balzarini, M.G., González, L., Tablada, M. & Robledo, C.W. 2012. InfoStat versión 2012. Grupo InfoStat, FCA, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina, URL http://www.infostat.com.ar.) was used. An analysis of variance was performed, according to a completely random design in a 3 x 7 factorial arrangement. Growth age (30, 60, 90 d) and T. diversifolia materials (2, 3, 12, 14, 17, 23, 24) were considered as factors. Duncan's test was applied to compare the differences between means (Duncan 1955Duncan, D.B. 1955. "Multiple Range and Multiple F Tests". Biometrics, 11(1): 1-42, ISSN: 0006-341X. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478.). Where the interaction was non-significant, the main effects were reported.
Results and Discussion
⌅The content of total polyphenols in the dry season (table 1) showed interaction between the factors growth age (30, 60, 90 d) and T. diversifolia materials (2, 3, 12, 14, 17, 23, 24). However, in the total condensed tannins there were not interactions. The main effects are shown in figures 3 and 4.
Indicators, % DM |
Growth age Materials |
30 | 60 | 90 | SE (±) Signif. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total polyphenols | 2 | 0.95r | 2.15h | 2.43f | 0.01 P < 0.0001 |
3 | 1.14p | 1.99i | 4.62a | ||
12 | 1.67l | 1.85j | 2.21g | ||
14 | 1.02q | 1.82k | 2.58e | ||
17 | 1.60m | 1.65l | 4.04c | ||
23 | 1.21o | 1.84jk | 3.57d | ||
24 | 1.26n | 1.66l | 4.35b |
Different letters indicate significant differences for P < 0.05, according to Duncan (1955)Duncan, D.B. 1955. "Multiple Range and Multiple F Tests". Biometrics, 11(1): 1-42, ISSN: 0006-341X. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478.
In the dry season, the TP content differed between the materials. It increased (P < 0.0001) with the growing age and the highest values were reached at 90 d. Material 3 showed the highest concentrations.
The concentration of TCT did not differ between the materials studied in this period. However, the evaluation of the growth age factor showed variations between days. The highest values (P = 0.0008) were recorded at 90 d.
In the rainy season, there were interactions between the tithonia materials and the days of growth for TP and TCT (table 2)
Indicators, % DM | Growth age Materials |
30 | 60 | 90 | SE (±) Signif. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total polyphenols | 2 | 0.35lm | 0.45k | 0.49j | 0.01 P < 0.0001 |
3 | 0.45k | 0.64i | 0.74fg | ||
12 | 0.74fg | 0.78de | 0.92a | ||
14 | 0.34m | 0.47jk | 0.75efg | ||
17 | 0.21n | 0.39l | 0.77def | ||
23 | 0.77ef | 0.87b | 0.83c | ||
24 | 0.68h | 0.73g | 0.81cd | ||
Condensed tannins | 2 | 0.18n | 0.38m | 0.42l | 001 P < 0.0001 |
3 | 0.52k | 0.74i | 1.22e | ||
12 | 0.33m | 0.88h | 2.33a | ||
14 | 0.40l | 0.63j | 0.98g | ||
17 | 0.34m | 1.02f | 1.34d | ||
23 | 0.62j | 1.45c | 1.67b | ||
24 | 0.65j | 1.23e | 1.44c |
Different letters indicate significant differences for P < 0.05, according to Duncan (1955)Duncan, D.B. 1955. "Multiple Range and Multiple F Tests". Biometrics, 11(1): 1-42, ISSN: 0006-341X. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478.
In the rainy season, the concentrations of TP and TCT differed between materials and increased (P < 0.0001) with the growth age. The highest values were reached at 90 d. In material 12 the highest levels of these metabolites were found (0.92 and 2.33 % DM).
The content of TP and TCT in this experiment showed an increase with the growth age, regardless of the season of the year. Boukhris et al. (2015)Boukhris, M., Hadrich, F., Chtourou, H., Dhouib, A., Bouaziz, M. & Sayadi, S. 2015. "Chemical composition, biological activities and DNA damage protective effect of Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér. Essential oils at different phenological stages". Industrial Crops and Products, 74: 600-606, ISSN: 0926-6690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.05.051. studied the effect of the phenological state on the chemical composition of essential oils from plants of the Pelargonium graveolens species. These authors pointed out that the expression and activity of the genes and enzymes involved in secondary metabolism vary with the different stages of plant development.
Verdecia et al. (2018)Verdecia, D.M., Herrera, R.S., Ramírez, J.L., Bodas, R., Leonard, I., Giráldez, F.J., Andrés, S., Santana, A., Méndez-Martínez, Y. & López, S. 2018. "Yield components, chemical characterization and polyphenolic profile of Tithonia diversifolia in Valle del Cauto, Cuba". Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 52(4): 457-471, ISSN: 2079-3480., when studying the chemical composition of T. diversifolia, reported that this performance can be related to the increase in the synthesis of phenolic compounds during the maturation stage of the plant. These authors found an increase in the concentration of TP and TCT up to 180 d (0.64 and 1.45 % DM) in the rainy season. The TP content was lower than that obtained in this study. While the TCT levels were lower than those found in the rainy season, and higher than those recorded in the dry season. Omokhua et al. (2018)Omokhua, A.G., Abdalla, M.A., Staden, J.V. & McGaw, L.J. 2018. "A comprehensive study of the potential phytomedicinal use and toxicity of invasive Tithonia species in South Africa". BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 18(272):2-15, ISSN: 1472-6882. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-018-2336-0. evaluated the phytomedicinal potential of T. diversifolia cultivated in Africa, and found TP concentrations of 1.49 % DM. These results were higher than those obtained in this study in the rainy season and lower than those of the dry season. These differences could be controlled by other factors, which also affect the development of the plant in the ecosystem: environmental variations, genotype, growth rate, nutritional conditions of the soil, and predation (Sampaio and Da Costa 2018Sampaio, B.L. & Da Costa, F.B. 2018. "Influence of abiotic environmental factors on the main constituents of the volatile oils of Tithonia diversifolia". Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia, 28 (2):135-144, ISSN: 0102-695X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjp.2018.02.005. ).
In this study, the variability in the concentration and class of phenolic compounds that the materials had between the experimental periods can be attributed to the environmental conditions in which the plants were developed and their genetic characteristics. Sampaio et al. (2016)Sampaio, B.L., Edrada-Ebel, R. & Da Costa, F.B. 2016. "Effect of the environment on the secondary metabolic profile of Tithonia diversifolia: a model for environmental metabolomics of plants". Scientific Reports, 6: 29265, ISSN: 2045-2322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep29265. , when researching the influence of different environmental factors on the metabolite profile of T. diversifolia, argued that plants under stress conditions, induced by climatic factors, can cause changes in the production of different types of metabolites. In addition, the mentioned authors point out that stress due to solar radiation, specifically UV-B (280-320 nm), affects the production of phenolic compounds: tannins, anthocyanins, flavonoids and derivatives of cinnamic acid. These compounds help dissipate solar energy and protect against the deleterious effects of UV radiation.
Herrera et al. (2020)Herrera, R.S., Verdecia, D.M. & Ramirez, J.L. 2020. "Chemical composition, secondary and primary metabolites of Tithonia diversifolia related to climate". Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 54(3): 425-433, ISSN: 2079-3480., when studying the secondary metabolites of T. diversifolia related to climate, found high correlations of phenolic compounds with temperatures (maximum, minimum and average). The best correlations were obtained in total condensed tannins and free condensed tannins, with temperatures, rainfalls and its distribution.
During the development of the experiment, the volume of rain fell considerably, as well as the number of rainy days with respect to the historical average (figures 1 and 2), which undeniably had an effect on the development of the plants.
Water stress could cause a reduction in the photosynthetic rate and, consequently, an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). To overcome stress limitations, plants adopted alternative mechanisms. These involved the increase in the production of phenolic substances (natural antioxidants) to eliminate ROS, maintain redox balance and be able to survive in adverse conditions (Khare et al. 2020Khare, S., Singh, N.B., Singh, A., Hussain, I., Niharika, K., Yadav, V., Bano, C., Yadav, R.K. & Amist, N. 2020. "Plant secondary metabolites synthesis and their regulations under biotic and abiotic constraints". Journal of Plant Biology, 63(11): 1-14, ISSN: 1438-8677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12374-020-09245-7. ). According to Morales et al. (2017)Morales, A., Zurita-Silva, A., Maldonado, J. & Silva, H. 2017. "Transcriptional responses of Chilean quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) under water deficit conditions uncovers ABA-independent expression patterns". Frontiers Plant Science, 8: 1-13, ISSN: 1664-462X. https://doi.org/10.3389//fpls.2017.00216. , anthocyanins, substances with high antioxidant activity, accumulate in plant tissues and provide resistance to drought conditions. Phenolic compounds are metabolites that are characterized by having one or more aromatic rings in their molecular structure, joined to at least one hydroxyl group (Huajun et al. 2016Huajun, Lv., Li, J., Wu, Y., Garyali, S. & Wang, Y. 2016. "Transporter and its engineering for secondary metabolites". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 100(14): 6119-6130, ISSN: 0171-1741. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-016-7605-6. ). This configuration is what gives them their high antioxidant capacity, so they can eliminate free radicals by donating hydrogen atoms and protect the plant from the damage they cause (González et al. 2019González, L., Díaz, M., Castro, I., Fonte, L., Lugo, Y. & Altunaga, N. 2019. "Pytochemical characterization and total antioxidant activity of different extracts from Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl) A. Gray". Pastos y Forrajes, 42(3): 243-248, ISSN: 2078-8452.). However, relatively high concentrations of these metabolites can hinder growth, in response to different types of stress (Khare et al. 2020Khare, S., Singh, N.B., Singh, A., Hussain, I., Niharika, K., Yadav, V., Bano, C., Yadav, R.K. & Amist, N. 2020. "Plant secondary metabolites synthesis and their regulations under biotic and abiotic constraints". Journal of Plant Biology, 63(11): 1-14, ISSN: 1438-8677. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12374-020-09245-7. ). The results of this experiment corroborate this hypothesis. Material 3 showed the highest concentration of TP in the dry season. Ruiz et al. (2018)Ruiz, T.E., Alonso, J., Torres, V., Valenciaga, N., Galindo, J., La O, O., Febles, G., Díaz, H., Tuero, R. & Mora, C. 2018. "Evaluation of materials collected from Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) Gray in the area of Las Tunas and Granma in eastern Cuba". Avances en Investigación Agropecuaria, 22(1):19-27, ISSN: 0188-7890., when evaluating the growth of these T. diversifolia materials, showed that material 3 highlighted in the slow recovery group, at 30 d. Also, it did not change in its growth over time (30, 60 and 90 d), and was always part of the group with the lowest growth.
The differences found in the responses of each plant material under the same environmental conditions suggest that genetic characteristics also influenced on the composition of these compounds. Chemical variation in a species can influence on its climatic adaptation and protection against different stress factors. This supports their ability to survive and resist (Del Val-Días et al. 2017Del Val-Díaz, R., Miranda-Ramírez, J.M., Flores-Estrada, M.X., Gómez-Leyva, J.F., Solorio-Sánchez, B., Solorio-Sánchez, F.J. & González-Palomares, S. 2017. "Diversidad genética de Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl) Gray de Michoacán: análisis con marcadores de ADN-SSR". Ciencia y Tecnología Universitaria, 4(3):10-14, ISSN: 2007-7750, https://doi.org/reaxion.ut.leon.edu.mx. ).
The equality in the content of TCT, which was observed in the materials in the dry season, could indicate that they reacted in a similar way to environmental stress in this climatic season. The materials emitted similar responses to physiological changes associated with adverse environmental conditions, which led to the synthesis of similar concentrations of CT (Valares 2011Valares, C. 2011. Variación del metabolismo secundario en plantas debido al genotipo y al ambiente. Tesis en opción al Grado de Doctor en Ciencias. Universidad de Extremadura, España. ). The CT levels found in this study did not exceed the limits in which intake and digestibility can be affected (García et al. 2008García, D.E., Medina, M.G., Clavero, T., Humbría, J., Baldizán, A. & Domínguez, C.E. 2008. "Preferencias de árboles forrajeros por cabras en las zonas bajas de los Andes venezolanos". Revista Científica, FCV-LUZ, 18(2): 188-196, ISSN: 0798-2259. ). Considering the beneficial effects associated with these compounds, the incorporation of forages in ruminant diets could reduce methane emissions, as well as improve weight gain, some meat quality parameters and milk production of productive animals (Jenko et al. 2018Jenko, C., Bonato, P., Fabre, R., Perlo, F., Tisocco, O. & Teira, G. 2018. "Adición de taninos a dietas de rumiantes y su efecto sobre la calidad y rendimiento de la carne". Ciencia, Docencia y Tecnología, 29(56): 224-241, ISSN: 1851-1716. and Ku-Vera et al. 2020Ku-Vera, J.C., Jiménez-Ocampo, R., Valencia-Salazar, S.S., Montoya-Flores, M.D., Molina-Botero, I.C., Arango, J., Gómez-Bravo, C.A., Aguilar-Pérez, C.F & Solorio-Sánchez, F.J. 2020. "Role of secondary plant metabolites on enteric methane mitigation in ruminate". Frontiers Veterinary Science, 7(584): 1-14, ISSN: 2297-1769. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvet.2020.00584.).
Conclusions
⌅The T. diversifolia materials showed differences in the content and type of phenolic compounds in both seasons of the year, with their concentrations increasing as plant growth progressed. These studies will contribute to selecting the materials with the greatest biological potential for animal feeding. Future researches are recommended, which can elucidate the biological activity of these substances and their relation with the beneficial effects in animals.