Africa is the center of origin of Cenchrus genus, previously called Pennisetum, and its varieties (Cenchrus purpureus) are widely used for the production of animal food, mainly as forage (Pereira et al. 2017) or through direct grazing (Gomide et al. 2011). This is determined by its high capacity to use light energy, carrier of the C4 photosynthetic cycle, high DM yields, acceptable quality (Coombs et al. 1973) and it adapts, grows and develops in a wide variety of soils and climatic conditions (Febles and Herrera 2015Febles, G. J. y Herrera, R.S. 2015. Introducción y características. En: Producción de biomasa de variedades y clones de Pennisetum purpureum para la ganadería. p. 1-11. Ed. R.S. Herrera, EDICA, Cuba. ISBN: 978-959-7171-67-6.). In addition, it can be used for other purposes, such as: production of energy (Chakraborty et al. 2012) and bioethanol (Santos et al. 2018), paper industry (Madakadze et al. 2010) and natural herbicide (Norhafizah et al. 2013).
Different varieties have been used in Cuba since the beginning of the 20th century, such as the Napier, which spread throughout the country very quickly due, among other factors, to its high yields and acceptable chemical composition. Subsequently, other varieties were introduced, one of which was the King grass, which in the mid-1980s occupied 85% of the country's forage areas and displaced those traditionally used, which was determined for its high capacity to convert light energy into biomass, its ecological plasticity, high biomass yields and adequate quality (Herrera 2009Herrera, R.S. 2009. Mejoramiento de Pennisetum purpureum en Cuba. I Taller de tecnologías Ganaderas Sostenibles para Ambientes Adversos y Degradados. Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias Jorge Dimitrov, Granma, Cuba.).
On the other hand, due to the importance achieved by this genus, genetic improvement programs are developed (Sinche et al. 2021) with the objective of obtaining varieties that surpass those traditionally used. Also, at the Instituto de Ciencia Animal, a breeding program for C. purpureus was developed with the aim of improving the productive indicators of the most used variety (King grass), in commercial production and adapting to current climatic and soil conditions, including varieties tolerant to drought and salinity (Herrera 2020Herrera R.S. 2020. Obtención y evaluación de clones de Cenchrus purpureus con Tolerancia a la sequía y salinidad. Capítulo 9. pp 162-183. Editoras: Milagros de la C. Milera Rodríguez, Tania Sánchez Santana y Martha Hernández Chávez. Editorial Estación Experimental de Pastos y Forrajes Indio Hatuey, Matanzas, Cuba. ISBN: 978-959-7138-44-0 Versión impresa ISBN: 978-959-7138-45-7 Versión digital.).
Due to the above, the objective of this article is to report the results achieved in the evaluation of Cenchrus purpureus varieties obtained by in vitro tissue culture tolerant to drought.
Materials and Methods
⌅Location. the experiment was carried out at the Miguel Sistachs Naya pasture station belonging to Instituto de Ciencia Animal. The soil was Typical Red Ferralitic (Hernández et al. 2015Hernández, J. A.; Pérez, J. J. M.; Bosch, I. D. y Castro, S. N. 2015. Clasificación de los suelos de Cuba. Ed. Ediciones INCA, Mayabeque, Cuba. 93p. ISBN 978-959-7023-77-7. ) whose chemical composition appears in table 1 and some climate indicators are shown in the table 2.
pH | mg/100 g | OM, % | Total salts, % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
KCl | H2O | P2O5 | K2O | ||
4.7 | 6.3 | 2.2 | 7.3 | 2.1 | 0.44 |
Indicator | Years | Historical | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | ||
Rain, mm | 954.1 | 1520.4 | 1291.4 | 1381.0 |
Minimum temperature, °C | 19.6 | 18.7 | 18.9 | 18.4 |
Maximum temperature, °C | 30.0 | 28.9 | 29.0 | 29.2 |
Average temperature, °C | 25.7 | 23.5 | 24.6 | 24.0 |
Treatment and design. A total of eight new Cenchrus purpureus varieties (CT-600, CT-601, CT-602, CT-603, CT-605, CT-607, CT-608 and CT-609) obtained at Instituto de Ciencia Anima were evaluated by in vitro tissues culture with tolerance to drought (Herrera et al. 2003Herrera, R.S., Chaple, Z., Cruz, A.M., Romero, A. & García, M. 2003. ¨Obtainment of Pennisetum purpureum plantlets resistant to drought and salinity. Technical note¨. Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science 37(2): 187-189, ISSN: 2079-3472. ), from Cuba CT-115 variety, which was used as a control. A random block design with four replications in 5 x 4 m plots was used.
Procedure. During the dry season, conventional soil preparation was carried out and a distance of 1m between rows was used. In the planting, a similar number of buds per row were ensured. Irrigation was applied at the time of planting and three times later to ensure adequate humidity and establishment. One hundred and twenty days after sowing, the establishment cut was made to start the evaluation process without the application of irrigation or fertilization. The experiment lasted three years.
Measurements. Sampling was carried out every 60 and 90 days in the rainy and dry seasons, respectively, where five tillers were taken per row in each replication to determine: plant height considered from the base to the apical cone, percentage of leaves and stems, DM yield and population as described by Herrera (2006)Herrera, R.S. 2006. Fisiología, y muestreos. En: Fisiología producción de biomasa y sistemas silvopastoriles en pastos tropicales. Abono orgánico y biogás. EDICA. La Habana. p.89..
Statistical analysis. The database was created and analysis of variance was performed (Di Rienzo et al. 2012Di Rienzo, J.A., Casanoves, F., Balzarini, M.G., González, L., Tablada, M. & Robledo, C.W. 2012. InfoStat. Version 2012 [Windows]. Grupo InfoStat, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina. Available: http://www.infostat.com.ar.) according to the experimental design and the mean values were compared according to Duncan (1955)Duncan, D.B. 1955. "Multiple Range and Multiple F Tests". Biometrics 11(1): 1-42, ISSN: 0006-341X. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478. . The theoretical assumptions of the analysis of variance were verified for all the variables, based on the Shapiro and Wilk (1965)Shapiro, S. & Wilk, B. 1965. "An análisis of variante test for normalita (complete simples)". Biometrika, 52(3&4): 591-611, ISSN: 0006-3444. https://doi.org/10.2307/2333709. tests for the normality of errors and Levene (1960) Levene, H. 1960. Robust tests for the equality of variance. Contributions to Probability and Statistics. Ed. Stanford. Univesity Press, California, USA, pp. 278-292. for the variance homogeneity and there was only the need to transform the population variable using √x.
Results and Discussion
⌅Throughout the experimental stage, there were significant differences between the varieties in each climatic season for height (table 3). This is an indicator that expresses the plant growth in response to environmental conditions (climate and soil) and the management to which they are subjected. This could be determined by the biochemical and physiological particularities of each variety (Sinche et al. 2021) and, therefore, they will show better growth under conditions of humidity or rainfalls stress, an aspect that does not happen in the rainy season, where the climatic factors such as rainfalls, temperatures, intensity and duration of light, among other aspects, do not limit the growth and development of grasses.
Varieties | Years | |
---|---|---|
1 | 3 | |
Rainy season | ||
CT-115 | 75.34a | 79.58ab |
CT-600 | 84.92ab | 83.58abc |
CT-601 | 81.84ab | 86.58bc |
CT-602 | 79.92ab | 77.23a |
CT-603 | 88.42ab | 88.33c |
CT-605 | 78.25ab | 75.75a |
CT-607 | 73.00a | 76.73a |
CT-608 | 92.92b | 89.88c |
CT-609 | 86.25ab | 89.78c |
SE ± | 3.53** | 1.89*** |
Dry season | ||
CT-115 | 66.25a | 65.63a |
CT-600 | 85.25b | 86.88de |
CT-601 | 69.63a | 72.13ab |
CT-602 | 89.63b | 99.00f |
CT-603 | 65.25a | 78.65bcd |
CT-605 | 92.00b | 90.00ef |
CT-607 | 67.13a | 76.00abc |
CT-608 | 84.63b | 84.63cde |
CT-609 | 86.50b | 90.75ef |
SE ± | 1.75*** | 2.54*** |
abcdValues with uncommon letters differ at P<0.05 (Duncan1955Duncan, D.B. 1955. "Multiple Range and Multiple F Tests". Biometrics 11(1): 1-42, ISSN: 0006-341X. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478. )
** P<0.01 *** P<0.001
On the other hand, Guimaraes de Favare et al. (2019) when evaluating 13 varieties of Cenchrus purpureus for bioenergy production found that the height did not differ between them in the dry period and there were differences in the rainy period in both experimental years, but in the second year the height was lower. A similar pattern of performance was previously reported by Herrera and Ramos (2015)Herrera, R.S. & Ramos, N. 2015. Factores que influyen en la producción de biomasa y calidad. En: Producción de biomasa de variedades y clones de Pennisetum purpureum para la ganadería. p. 87-131. Capítulo VI. Ed. R.S. Herrera, EDICA, Mayabeque, Cuba.. However, it was encouraging in this research that, after three years of study, there was no decrease in height, which could be a reflection of its adaptation to the environment despite not using irrigation and nitrogen fertilization.
During the rainy season there was no variation in leaves content between the varieties in the three years studied. However, in the dry season of the first year, only CT-603 exceeded (P<0.001) the control (CT-115), while in the same period of the third year none exceeded CT-115 (table 4). This drew attention, since the response pattern varied over the years. However, the values recorded in the rainy period were encouraging despite the values recorded for rainfalls while, in the third year of study, with the exception of CT-603, all varieties showed higher leaves content compared to the first year. This performance should be studied in future experiments due to the role that leaves play in the Physiology and Biochemistry of plants. On the other hand, leaves content is a fundamental element for ruminants feeding, since it is the part most intake by animals, so it is an important element when selecting new varieties.
Varieties | Years | |
---|---|---|
1 | 3 | |
Rainy season | ||
CT-115 | 48.00 | 32.02 |
CT-600 | 45.98 | 30.84 |
CT-601 | 46.50 | 31.30 |
CT-602 | 44.37 | 30.30 |
CT-603 | 45.43 | 31.24 |
CT-605 | 47.99 | 30.84 |
CT-607 | 46.78 | 30.53 |
CT-608 | 44.26 | 30.61 |
CT-609 | 46.70 | 31.21 |
SE ± | 1.11 NS | 0.49 NS |
Dry season | ||
CT-115 | 46.23b | 45.39b |
CT-600 | 43.86b | 44.86b |
CT-601 | 44.81b | 44.81b |
CT-602 | 34.28a | 38.72ab |
CT-603 | 51.19c | 37.86ab |
CT-605 | 34.87a | 42.30ab |
CT-607 | 45.55b | 42.70ab |
CT-608 | 37.79a | 39.79ab |
CT-609 | 36.04a | 36.22a |
SE ± | 0.86*** | 1.91** |
abcValues with uncommon letters differ at P<0.05 (Duncan1955Duncan, D.B. 1955. "Multiple Range and Multiple F Tests". Biometrics 11(1): 1-42, ISSN: 0006-341X. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478. )
** P<0.01 *** P<0.001 NS: Not significant
Reyes-Perez et al. (2021) when evaluating five varieties of C. purpureus (Verde, Morado, Maralfalfa, CT-115 and Elefante) in Ecuador, found that leaves yield increased with fertilization and regrowth age and each variety showed a characteristic response pattern. Tulu et al. (2022) studied the effect of the year, the date and the cutting height in Napier and determined that the leaf/stem ratio decreased with the years of study and the cutting height, while the cutting date (month) had a varied effect. The mentioned authors relate these results to the performance of climatic factors, the plant age, the type of soil and the management of grass, among other aspects.
The stem content (table 5) showed an inverse performance to that mentioned above. However, this aspect can be unfavorable from the point of view of animal intake , since they, in the process of selecting food, first intake the leaves and ultimately the stems, but from the point of view of Plant Physiology, they favor the storage of soluble carbohydrates, especially in the lower parts of the stem, to facilitate the plant regrowth even in the absence of sufficient leaf area and, in addition, it allows the storage of appreciable amounts of water, which guarantees the metabolism and plant survival under stress conditions.
Varieties | Years | |
---|---|---|
1 | 3 | |
Rainy season | ||
CT-115 | 52.00 | 52.28 |
CT-600 | 54.03 | 53.76 |
CT-601 | 53.50 | 54.20 |
CT-602 | 55.64 | 55.64 |
CT-603 | 54.07 | 52.71 |
CT-605 | 52.01 | 52.01 |
CT-607 | 53.22 | 54.07 |
CT-608 | 55.74 | 54.97 |
CT-609 | 52.63 | 53.47 |
SE ± | 1.28 NS | 1.00 NS |
Dry season | ||
CT-115 | 53.77b | 54.61ª |
CT-600 | 56.14b | 55.14ª |
CT-601 | 55.19b | 55.19ª |
CT-602 | 65.73c | 61.28ab |
CT-603 | 48.81ª | 62.22ab |
CT-605 | 65.13c | 57.70ab |
CT-607 | 54.45b | 57.30ab |
CT-608 | 62.21c | 60.21ab |
CT-609 | 63.96c | 63.79b |
SE ± | 0.86*** | 1.91** |
Values with uncommon letters differ at P<0.05 (Duncan1955Duncan, D.B. 1955. "Multiple Range and Multiple F Tests". Biometrics 11(1): 1-42, ISSN: 0006-341X. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478. )
** P<0.01 *** P<0.001 NS: Not significant
On the other hand, Arias et al. (2018Arias, R.C., Ledea, J. L., Benítez, D.G., Ray, J.V. & Ramírez de la Ribera, J.L. 2018. "Performance of new varieties of Cenchrus purpureus, tolerant to drought, during dry period". Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 52(2): 203-214, ISSN: 2079-3472., 2019aArias, R.C., Reyes, J. J., Ledea, J. L., Benítez, D.G., Ray, J.V. & Hernández, L.G. 2019a. "Agro productive response of new varieties of Cenchrus purpureus". Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems 22: 79-86, ISSN: 1870-0462. bArias, R.C., Reyes, J.J., Ray, J. V., Benítez, D.G., Hernández, L.G. & Ledea, J.L. 2019b. "Morphometric indicators in new megatermal varieties of Cenchrus purpureus tolerant to water stress". Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 22: 115-125, ISSN: 1870-0462.) when evaluating some of the drought-tolerant varieties of C. purpureus (CT-601, CT-603, CT-605, CT-608 and CT-609) in the eastern region of the country, showed that the regrowth age increased the length, thickness and number of stem nodes, being these responses specific for each variety.
With the exception of the dry season of the first year, there were differences between varieties in yield for each seasonal period and for the annual total (table 6). The absence of differences in the first year of exploitation in the dry season is not easy to explain, especially if it is takes into account that in the rainy season there was. In the second year, in this same period, there were differences and the values tended to be lower when compared to the first year, which could be determined by the decrease in soil fertility due to the extraction of mineral elements that these plants make, especially nitrogen and potassium. This could be an indicator to carry out a strategic or maintenance fertilization using chemical fertilizers (if available) or organic from the second year of exploitation. The lowest values were recorded in the third year.
Variety | Rainy season | Dry season | Total |
---|---|---|---|
First year | |||
CT-115 | 12.14b | 3.24 | 15.38b |
CT-600 | 11.44b | 3.32 | 14.76b |
CT-601 | 12.68b | 3.01 | 15.69b |
CT-602 | 12.63b | 2.09 | 14.72b |
CT-603 | 13.05b | 2.48 | 15.53b |
CT-605 | 19.15c | 2.67 | 21.82c |
CT-607 | 7.61a | 2.56 | 10.17a |
CT-608 | 13.59b | 3.20 | 16.79b |
CT-609 | 13.81b | 2.50 | 16.31b |
SE ± | 0.74*** | 0.42 NS | 1.05*** |
Second year | |||
CT-115 | 11.26ab | 3.59d | 14.85ab |
CT-600 | 10.53ab | 2.59abc | 13.12ab |
CT-601 | 11.93b | 3.36cd | 15.26b |
CT-602 | 12.70b | 2.18a | 14.88ab |
CT-603 | 11.64b | 2.94abcd | 14.58ab |
CT-605 | 12.89b | 3.48d | 16.37ab |
CT-607 | 8.55ª | 3.01bcd | 11.56a |
CT-608 | 13.42b | 3.37cd | 16.79ab |
CT-609 | 11.11ab | 2.28ab | 13.39ab |
SE ± | 0.68*** | 0.18*** | 2.55* |
Third year | |||
CT-115 | 3.06a | 0.44b | 3.50a |
CT-600 | 4.47ab | 0.51b | 4.98c |
CT-601 | 4.92b | 0.39b | 5.31d |
CT-602 | 10.00c | 0.15a | 10.15f |
CT-603 | 3.92ab | 0.57bc | 4.49b |
CT-605 | 8.65c | 0.40b | 9.05e |
CT-607 | 4.30a | 0.51b | 4.81c |
CT-608 | 10.00c | 0.75c | 10.75f |
CT-609 | 4.31ab | 0.44b | 4.75c |
SE ± | 0.41*** | 0.05*** | 0.07*** |
abcdValues with uncommon letters differ at P<0.05 (Duncan1955Duncan, D.B. 1955. "Multiple Range and Multiple F Tests". Biometrics 11(1): 1-42, ISSN: 0006-341X. https://doi.org/10.2307/3001478. )
* P<0.05 *** P<0.001 NS: Not significant
Reyes et al. (2021) found in four varieties of C. purpureus that the yield of green biomass and dry matter increased with fertilization and age. Sinche et al. (2021), when evaluating a population of Napier hybrids, found that indicators such as height, stem diameter, flowering, and yield varied among the hybrids. Ventra Rios et al. (2022), when they studied the response of Taiwan (C. purpureus) grass to cutting frequency, reported that yields increased with the regrowth age. Arias et al. (2019a)Arias, R.C., Reyes, J. J., Ledea, J. L., Benítez, D.G., Ray, J.V. & Hernández, L.G. 2019a. "Agro productive response of new varieties of Cenchrus purpureus". Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems 22: 79-86, ISSN: 1870-0462. when evaluating some of the drought-tolerant varieties in the eastern region of Cuba reported increases in yields with the regrowth age. All this information has in common the specific and individual response of each of the studied plants.
All of the above is confirmed by the results published by Arias et al. (2019b)Arias, R.C., Reyes, J.J., Ray, J. V., Benítez, D.G., Hernández, L.G. & Ledea, J.L. 2019b. "Morphometric indicators in new megatermal varieties of Cenchrus purpureus tolerant to water stress". Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 22: 115-125, ISSN: 1870-0462. when studying physiological indicators such as absolute and relative growth rate, leaf area and leaf area index, leaf area duration and biomass duration in C. purpureus varieties with drought tolerance. The six varieties showed values that individually characterized each of them and confirmed their biochemical and physiological individuality.
In the evaluated period (table 7), there were no significant differences for the population of the varieties and the values at the end of the experiment were similar to those registered in the first year, since the varieties did not suffer depopulation. This is positive if it is taking into account that during the three years of research both irrigation and fertilization was used.
Variety | Years | |
---|---|---|
1 | 3 | |
Rainy season | ||
CT-115 | (10.73)3.22 | (11.18)3.34 |
CT-600 | (8.52)2.99 | (8.85)2.98 |
CT-601 | (9.85)3.16 | (10.30)3.21 |
CT-602 | (9.36)2.99 | (9.25)3.04 |
CT-603 | (8.78)2.99 | (9.13)3.02 |
CT-605 | (9.40)3.10 | (9.55)3.09 |
CT-607 | (9.53)3.07 | (9.73)3.12 |
CT-608 | (9.60)3.10 | (9.78)3.13 |
CT-609 | (10.43)4.21 | (10.90)3.30 |
SE ± | 0.56 | 0.08 |
Dry season | ||
CT-115 | (10.17)3.19 | (10.70)3.27 |
CT-600 | (8.94)2.99 | (8.63)2.94 |
CT-601 | 9.67)3.11 | (9.23)3.07 |
CT-602 | (8.18)2.86 | (8.78)2.96 |
CT-603 | (8.82)2.97 | (8.58)2.93 |
CT-605 | (9.18)3.03 | (9.23)3.04 |
CT-607 | (9.42)3.07 | (9.20)3.03 |
CT-608 | (8.94)2.99 | (9.15)3.02 |
CT-609 | (22.56)4.75 | (9.93)3.15 |
SE ± | 0.50 | 0.08 |
( ) Real values
These varieties were evaluated (Díaz 2007Díaz, D. 2007. Evaluación agronómica de variedades de Pennisetum purpureum en condiciones de sequía en el Valle del Cauto. Tesis presentada en opción al título académico de Master en Pastos y Forrajes. Estación Experimental de Pastos y Forrajes ¨Indio Hatuey¨. Matanzas. Cuba., Arias et al. 2018Arias, R.C., Ledea, J. L., Benítez, D.G., Ray, J.V. & Ramírez de la Ribera, J.L. 2018. "Performance of new varieties of Cenchrus purpureus, tolerant to drought, during dry period". Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 52(2): 203-214, ISSN: 2079-3472., 2019aArias, R.C., Reyes, J. J., Ledea, J. L., Benítez, D.G., Ray, J.V. & Hernández, L.G. 2019a. "Agro productive response of new varieties of Cenchrus purpureus". Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems 22: 79-86, ISSN: 1870-0462. bArias, R.C., Reyes, J.J., Ray, J. V., Benítez, D.G., Hernández, L.G. & Ledea, J.L. 2019b. "Morphometric indicators in new megatermal varieties of Cenchrus purpureus tolerant to water stress". Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 22: 115-125, ISSN: 1870-0462. and Ray et al. 2018Ray, J.V., Almaguer, R F., Ledea, J. L., Benítez, D.G., Arias, R.C. & Rosell, G. 2018. "Evaluation of varieties of Cenchrus purpureus tolerant to drought under pre-montain conditions". Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science 52 (1): 75-85, ISSN: 2079-3472.) in the pasture station of Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias Jorge Dimitrov, located in Cauto Valley, Bayamo, Granma and that area is characterized by soils with low fertility and rainfalls regimes that reach 700-800 mm of rain and drought periods that extend up to seven months). The results showed the adaptability of the varieties and, above all, the yields achieved in the dry season, where rainfalls did not exceed 50mm, so their performance against drought stress is unquestionable. In addition, promising results were obtained when evaluating the ruminal passage rate and ruminal degradability of these varieties (Ledea et al. 2016Ledea, J.L., La O. O. & Ray, J.V. 2016. "Characterization of in situ ruminal degradabilty of dry matter in new varieties of drought tolerant Cenchrus purpureus" Cuban Journal of Agricultural Science, 50(3): 421-433, ISSN: 2079-3472., 2017Ledea-Rodríguez, J. L., La O-León, O. & González-García, H. 2017. "Tasa de pasaje ruminal de la materia seca y orgánica de variedades de Cenchrus purpureus". Ciencia en la frontera: revista de ciencia y tecnología de la UACJ. XIV: 39-47, ISSN: 2007-042X.).
However, this was not the response found in the varieties in this study, which was determined by the high rainfalls that occurred in the second and third year of research (table 2), which limited the plants from expressing their production potential under drought stress conditions. However, in the first year of research, the value of rainfalls was lower than the rest of the experimental years and below the historical value, which could influence on the yields obtained that year. The previous determines the need to carry out future researches under of water stress conditions, as well as to use strategic fertilization in the rainy season in the western region of Cuba.